洞庭湖黄颡鱼生物学特性

20 0 0年 3～ 5月 ,收集洞庭湖黄颡鱼 1 5 5尾 ,对其生物学特性进行研究。结果表明 ,黄颡鱼鳍式为D Ⅱ ,2～ 6,A 1 9～ 2 2 ,主要以虾、小型底栖鱼类、软体动物为食。体重 (W :g)与体长 (L :cm)关系为 :W =7 9861× 1 0 -2 L2 4471;体长生长方程为Lt=2 3 0 482 [1 -e-0 592 8(t+ 0 13 54) ];体重生长方程为 :Wt=3 68 3 90 9[1 -e-0 592 8(t+ 0 13 54) ]3 。生长速度以 1～ 2龄最快 ,以后逐步减慢 ,绝对繁殖力为 1 3 45～ 72 0 8粒 ,相对繁殖力为 48～ 78 3粒 g。繁殖力系数F =1 1 5 4977L1 453 9;性成熟年龄为 1 + 龄 ,自然性成熟雌鱼W =3 0 67g,L =1 0 2 9cm ,黄颡鱼人工养殖宜用 2年生产周期。     

黄颡鱼和杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”形态及性腺发育的比较

选取相同养殖条件的10月、22月和34月龄的黄颡鱼和新品种杂交黄颡鱼(黄颡鱼P. fulvidraco♀×瓦氏黄颡鱼P. vachelli♂)“黄优1号”进行形态及性腺发育的比较研究。通过形体指标测量发现“黄优1号”生长性能显著优于黄颡鱼; 在22月和34月龄黄颡鱼中, 雄性的体重是雌性的2倍左右, 雄性生长速度显著高于雌性; 而在“黄优1号”中, 两性生长异形现象被显著减弱。基于性腺解剖形态分析发现雌性“黄优1号”卵巢完全退化, 呈细线状结构且没有卵子产生, 故“黄优1号”雌鱼完全不育; 雄性“黄优1号”精巢组织呈现透明状和退化状态。精巢组织切片HE染色分析发现10月龄“黄优1号”的精小囊为空腔状几乎没有精子产生, 22月和34月龄“黄优1号”的精小囊内出现极少量精子。计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)分析发现, 相比于黄颡鱼, “黄优1号”精巢中精子量非常少, 有效活力低下; 经过繁殖能力测试, 22月龄“黄优1号”雄鱼不具备繁殖能力。新品种杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”在生长性能提高上显现了杂交优势, 具有推动黄颡鱼产业发展的潜力。     

黄颡鱼与长须黄颡鱼种间的RAPD标记

黄颡鱼属(Pelteobagrus Bleeker, 1865-属鲇形目( Siluri formes), 科(Bagridae-。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼与黄颡鱼的耗氧率及窒息点

在平均水温25℃条件下,测得平均体重10.0 g的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)及平均体重12.6g的黄颡鱼(P.fulvidraco)耗氧率分别为0.21和0.23 mg/g.h,窒息点分别为0.91和0.75 mg/L;平均体重75.8 g的瓦氏黄颡鱼及平均体重85.4 g的黄颡鱼耗氧率分别为0.16和0.12 mg/g.h,窒息点分别为0.77和0.54 mg/L。分析表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼的耗氧率和窒息点都高于黄颡鱼。     

黄颡鱼的寄生蠕虫

黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus fulvidraco(Richardson)和瓦氏黄颡鱼P.vachellii(Richardson)是我国常见的二种小鱼,栖息于河川支流和湖泊中,除西南、西北和少数地区外,均普遍存在。它们寄生有多种寄生虫,并传播寄生虫病。我们近年来在福建许多县市进行黄颡鱼复殖     

黄颡鱼鱼苗的养殖

黄颡鱼 (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) ,鱼危科 ,体青黄色 ,大都具有不规则褐色斑纹 ,喜欢生活在静水或江河的缓流中 ,白天趴在水底休息 ,夜晚游到水面上觅食。黄颡鱼的肉质细嫩 ,味道鲜美 ,营养价值高 ,人工养殖大有可为。从天然水域中捕捞鱼苗 ,一是数量有限 ,二是质量没有保证 ,三是天然苗养殖成活率低。人工繁殖是一条解决苗种问题的行之有效的途径 ,也是致富的新门路。1　亲鱼的选择与暂养要人工繁殖黄颡鱼苗种 ,首先需要性成熟的亲鱼 ,黄颡鱼的生长比较慢 ,在 3龄以上才能性成熟 ,雌鱼在南方地区一般 4～ 5月开始产卵 ,北方地区 6月以后…     

应用DNA分子标记鉴定黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼及其杂交种的研究

为区分黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson）及其杂交种,前期研究构建了一个YY超雄黄颡鱼的BAC文库并筛选到了一个包含性别连锁标记Pf62-Y的BAC克隆。研究对该BAC克隆进行测序并鉴定到了一个新基因Inad-like,而且Inad-like的外显子序列在X和Y染色体上基本一致。通过黄颡鱼Inad-like的外显子序列及序列的保守性我们设计引物在瓦氏黄颡鱼中扩增获得了其部分内含子序列。通过内含子序列比对,发现瓦氏黄颡鱼比黄颡鱼少了一个DNA片段。基于黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼的显著遗传差异,设计了一对引物,该引物在黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼基因组中分别扩增出1908和1178 bp DNA片段,而且在杂交黄颡鱼中同时扩增出这两个DNA片段。总之,这个新的遗传标记提供了一种稳定、高效识别黄颡鱼及其与瓦氏黄颡鱼杂交种的方法。     

开放流水养殖模式下暂养时间对黄颡鱼肌肉品质和营养价值的影响

文章旨在探索开放流水养殖模式下, 暂养对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉品质和营养价值的影响。试验选用处于快速生长期的大规格鱼种(15.69±2.28) g黄颡鱼为试验对象, 随机分为4组, 分别暂养0(对照组)、20d、30d和40d, 每组3个重复。试验期间投喂黄颡鱼配合饲料, 在养殖过程中定期测量水质。在试验结束后对其生长性能、血清生化指标、肌肉氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及质构特性进行比较。结果显示: (1)暂养期间试验池的水质氨态氮含量在0.03—0.05 mg/L, 亚硝态氮含量均在0.01 mg/L, 溶氧水平均超过9.0 mg/L。(2)暂养时间延长, 黄颡鱼末体重和增重率呈上升趋势, 特定生长率呈下降趋势, 各组间差异显著(P<0.05); 暂养20d、30d和40d组的成活率、肥满度、肝体比及脏体比组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(3)暂养30d和40d组血清中的白蛋白和总蛋白含量显著高于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05), 但其γ-谷氨酰基转移酶和碱性磷酸酶活性、总胆固醇和总胆汁酸含量显著低于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05); 对照组、暂养20d和30d组血清中的总胆红素含量和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于暂养40d组(P<0.05d); 暂养30d和40d组黄颡鱼血清中肌酐含量和尿酐比显著低于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05)。(4)暂养30d和40d组黄颡鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05), 但粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05); (5)暂养30d和40d组氨基酸总量(ΣAA)、必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)、非必需氨基酸总量(ΣNEAA)、鲜味氨基酸总量(ΣDAA)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)显著高于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05), 且4组黄颡鱼肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。(6)暂养40d组黄颡鱼肌肉中二十碳五烯酸+二十二六烯酸(EPA+DHA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。(7)暂养40d组黄颡鱼肌肉的硬度和胶黏性显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 弹性、咀嚼性和回复性显著高于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05)。在试验设置暂养条件下, 暂养40d可更好提升黄颡鱼肌肉品质和营养价值, 同时增加氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量, 减少池塘养殖鱼体中存在的土腥味, 增加黄颡鱼养殖效益。     

鄱阳湖黄颡鱼生物学研究

本文对翻阳黄颡鱼种内性状变异,食性,年龄和生长,成熟系数,周年变化,繁殖力等生物学特性进行了研究,为进一步利用和增养殖黄颡提供了理论依据。     

棉籽粕和菜籽粕替代部分鱼粉对黄颡鱼肉质及肌肉发育相关基因表达的影响

文章旨在研究菜籽粕与棉籽粕复合替代饲料鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉品质及肌纤维发育相关基因表达的影响。实验设计了5组等氮等能的饲料, 以含鱼粉25%的处理组为对照饲料(FM), 以菜籽粕与棉籽粕3﹕2混合后分别替代其中的10%、20%、30%和40%鱼粉, 设置了RM10、RM20、RM30和RM40 四个试验组。使用初始体质量为(2.38±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼, 分别用上述5种饲料饲喂10周。试验表明, 与对照组相比, 菜粕棉粕混合替代水平达到20%及以上时黄颡鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白与粗脂肪显著降低, 而水分和灰分则无显著差异; 肌肉中的羟脯氨酸含量呈现下降的趋势; 肌纤维中直径≥50 μm的纤维数量随着替代水平达到20%后不断减小, 而≤20 μm的纤维数量则呈现上升趋势; 植物蛋白源的替代也会对黄颡鱼的肌肉质构产生一定的影响。此外, 肌肉纤维发育相关基因myod、myog和mrf4的mRNA水平随着替代水平上升而逐渐升高, 而myf5与mstn的基因表达在各组间无显著差异。TOR通路相关基因中的akt、tor和s6k1等基因随着替代水平升高而下降, 4e-bp1则随着替代水平升高而上升。T-SOD和CAT的活性、及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随替代水平升高而下降, MDA水平随替代水平达到20%后发生显著性上升。研究表明, 以菜籽粕和棉籽粕复合替代黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料中超过10%的鱼粉时, 会损害黄颡鱼的肌肉生长及肌肉品质。     

黄颡鱼重组生长激素的制备及对其鱼苗生长的影响

生长激素在渔业生产中具有重要的应用价值, 通过制备黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)同源重组生长激素并用于促生长实验, 从而为建立鱼苗快速培育方法提供理论依据。根据已知黄颡鱼生长激素(PfGH)基因cDNA序列, 利用IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE分析方法, Western印迹表明在IPTG终浓度1.0 mmol/L、温度17℃和培养时间14h的条件下, 黄颡鱼生长激素基因在大肠杆菌中大量表达, 获得重组生长激素蛋白。然后, 随机选取黄颡鱼分为4组放入室内水族箱中进行养殖, 每箱35尾, 体质量为(0.850.01) g, 每组设3个平行, 水体循环净化。用制备的重组生长激素浓度分别为0、1、5和10 mg/L对黄颡鱼进行浸泡处理, 每周一次, 0为对照组。在养殖4周后, 对各组增重率和特定生长率进行比较, 结果表明1 mg/L组增重率和特定生长率分别比对照组提高了29.67% (P0.05)和11.90% (P0.05), 5 mg/L组增重率和特定生长率分别比对照组提高了21.32% (P0.05)和8.83% (P0.05), 各组间体成分等均无明显差异。停用生长激素4周后, 各组黄颡鱼的生长性能、体成分等均无显著差异。研究表明通过原核表达可以获得黄颡鱼重组生长激素, 用于促进鱼苗生长培育的最佳浸泡浓度为1 mg/L。     

三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

用常规方法测定、分析了三角鲂(Megalobrama tarminalis)和长春鳊(Parabramis pekinensis肌肉中营养成分组成与含量.结果显示,三角鲂肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为18.19％和3.06％,长春鳊肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为19.38％和2.89％.三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉中均检测出18种氨基酸,其中包括了8种人体必需氨基酸.三角鲂肌肉中氨基酸总量为76.27％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为32.17％,占氨基酸总量的42.18％;长春鳊肌肉中氨基酸总量为77.60％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为31.70％,占氨基酸总量的40.85％.必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准.三角鲂肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为甲硫氨酸加胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为63.55,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的32.81％;长春鳊肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为色氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为66.81,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的33.80％.脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量均较高,三角鲂为7.96％,长春鳊为3.11％.矿物元素比值合理.以上分析表明,三角鲂和长春鳊均为营养价值、经济价值都较高的优质鱼类,相比而言,三角鲂肌肉脂肪、脂肪酸含量和质量更优,而长春鳊肌肉在蛋白质、氨基酸组成与含量方面更优.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼2种寄生车轮虫形态分类

采用国际上使用的“统一特定描述”和“齿体定位描述”方法对寄生在瓦氏黄颡鱼(Peleteobagrus vachelli)鳃上的适度车轮虫(Trichodina modesta)和马氏车轮虫(T.mastu)2种车轮虫的虫体外形、附着盘、齿体、辐线、中央颗粒、核器、口围绕体等形态特征进行了较为详细的描述,并分别与已报道的其他适度车轮虫、马氏车轮虫种群及相似种的形态特征进行了比较.实验证实了瓦氏黄颡鱼为适度车轮虫的寄主新纪录.     

Isolation and characterization of twelve novel microsatellites in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

The yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco is a freshwater fish species. Due to overfishing and pollution of freshwater ecosystems, the wild stocks of this fish reduced substantially. We isolated and characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellites of this species. The number of alleles at the 12 microsatellite loci ranged from four to eight, with an average of 6.6/locus. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.72, whereas the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.60 to 0.86 (average: 0.80). All 12 microsatellites conformed to Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium and were in linkage equilibrium. These 12 novel microsatellites could facilitate studies of genetic diversity and population structure of the yellow catfish to supply necessary information of conservation of the yellow catfish.     

洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分分析及品质特性分析

通过对洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分进行分析, 并与其他产地克氏原螯虾进行比较, 进而较为科学的评定其品质特性。结果表明: 克氏原螯虾含肉率为20.21%, 水分和灰分含量分别为79.46%和1.17%, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别16.67%和0.77%; 对肌肉的质构特性分析表明克氏原螯虾肌肉硬度小, 易咀嚼; 肌肉中含18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种必需氨基酸, 必需氨基酸指数为80.02%, 氨基酸总含量为16.06%, 鲜味氨基酸含量为5.98%; 依据氨基酸化学评分, 克氏原螯虾的第一限制性氨基酸是含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨基酸和胱氨酸), 第二限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸。测定了克氏原螯虾肌肉中15种脂肪酸占肌肉鲜质量的含量, 其总脂肪酸含量为6.66‰, 其中不饱和脂肪酸含量为4.94‰, n-3与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸比值为1.73。综上所述, 洞庭湖克氏原螯虾具有较高的食用价值和养殖价值。     

饥饿胁迫对瓦氏黄颡鱼脂肪代谢的影响

在水温(252)℃条件下, 对初始体重为(23.652.82) g的瓦氏黄颡鱼进行30d饥饿处理, 于饥饿第0、第7、第15和第30天取样, 分析了饥饿胁迫对瓦氏黄颡鱼的生长、体成分、脂肪酸组成和脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响. 结果表明: 饥饿胁迫显著降低了瓦氏黄颡鱼肥满度、脂体比及肝体指数(p0.05). 肌肉脂肪含量也随着饥饿时间的延长而下降(p0.05). 肝脏中的饱和脂肪酸和肌肉中的单不饱和脂肪酸显著下降, 而肝脏中多不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸及肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸显著上升(p0.05). 此外, 肌肉中的n-6和n-3及肝脏中的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸显著上升, 而肝脏中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸显著下降(p0.05), 表明瓦氏黄颡鱼饥饿期间主要消耗饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸供能, 保留多不饱和脂肪酸. 饥饿胁迫15-30d, 瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏脂蛋白酯酶、肝酯酶及肉碱酰基转运酶mRNA表达显著高于对照组(0d)(p0.05), 而脂肪酸结合蛋白及脂肪酸合成酶mRNA的表达显著低于对照组(p0.05), 表明饥饿胁迫可能会促进肝脏脂肪分解供能, 降低脂肪的生物合成.     

Spontaneous calcium transients manifest in the regenerating muscle and are necessary for skeletal muscle replenishment

Tissue regeneration entails replenishing of damaged cells, appropriate cell differentiation and inclusion of regenerated cells into functioning tissues. In adult humans, the capacity of the injured spinal cord and muscle to self-repair is limited. In contrast, the amphibian larva can regenerate its tail after amputation with complete recovery of muscle, notochord and spinal cord. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. Here we show that upon injury muscle cell precursors exhibit Ca²⁺ transients that depend on Ca²⁺ release from ryanodine receptor-operated stores. Blockade of these transients impairs muscle regeneration. Furthermore, inhibiting Ca²⁺ transients in the regenerating tail prevents the activation and proliferation of muscle satellite cells, which results in deficient muscle replenishment. These findings suggest that Ca²⁺-mediated activity is critical for the early stages of muscle regeneration, which may lead to developing effective therapies for tissue repair.     

Essential oil composition of nine Apiaceae species from western United States that attract the female Indra Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio indra)

Aletes acaulis, Cymopterus hendersonii, Cymopterus panamintensis var. acutifolius, Lomatium rigidum, Lomatium scabrum var. tripinnatum, Musineon tenuifolium, Sphenosciadium capitellatum, Tauschia arguta and Tauschia parishii are among the twenty-two species of the Apiaceae family to which female Indra Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio indra: Lepidoptera) are attracted for oviposition. Because plant volatile oils are known to be attractants for female butterflies, the percent composition of the essential oils of each species was studied. Amongst the nine host plants 168 essential oil components were identified representing between 84% and 99% of the oils. Principal Components Analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on the essential oil compositions of the larval host plants against four non-larval host plants separated the hosts from the non-hosts into distinct clusters. Volatile components of the oils common to the nine species of Apiaceae are correlated with the expression of physiological attraction behavior by the butterfly.     

Parasitization of fifth instar tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta, by the uzi fly, Blepharipa zebina; a host-parasitoid interaction and its effect on host's nutritional parameters and parasitoid development

The uzi fly, Blepharipa zebina, is a well-known larval endoparasitoid of the tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. The present study dealt with the effect of the number of maggots developing per host on host nutritional parameters, parasitoid development and reproduction. Nutritional indices for ingestion, digestion, approximate digestibility, relative consumption rate, relative growth rate, and gain in body weight declined significantly with the increase in parasitoid burden, but the efficiency of conversion of digested food recorded a significant increase. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food remained little affected. The developmental period was significantly extended in larvae parasitized with 5 and 10 maggots per larva (mpl). Cocoon shell weight decreased by 27-63.5% in parasitized groups (1, 2, and 5 mpl) while larvae parasitized with 10 mpl could not spin cocoons. The maggot development period, recovery percentage, and fecundity of the uzi fly declined significantly with the increase in number of maggots developing per host.     

Essential oil composition of Hypericum L. species from Southeastern Serbia and their chemotaxonomy

The essential oils of the aerial parts of nine species of Hypericum (Hypericum barbatum, Hypericum hirsutum, Hypericum linarioides, Hypericum maculatum, Hypericum olympicum, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum richeri, Hypericum rumeliacum and Hypericum tetrapterum), collected from different locations in Southeast Serbia, were obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The essential oils investigated were characterized by a high content of non-terpene compounds and a low content of monoterpenes. The contents of non-terpenes, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in oils of the species H. barbatum, H. richeri and H. rumeliacum (section Drosocaprium) were similar and these oils were characterized by high contents of fatty acids. The oils of H. hirsutum and H. linarioides (section Taeniocarpium) contained a high percentage of n-nonane. There were similarities in contents of non-terpenes and sesquiterpenes in oils of species that belong to the section Hypericum (H. maculatum, H. perforatum and H. tetrapterum). The oil of H. olympicum differed from others by higher terpene content. A comparison was also carried out of the chemical composition of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of H. perforatum and it revealed that the highest concentration of non-terpene compounds was found in the flower and stem oil, while a high concentration of sesquiterpenes was characteristic for leaf oil. There were significant differences in the concentrations of the same compounds in the essential oils of H. maculatum, H. olympicum and H. perforatum, collected in different years from the same location which could be explained by seasonal differences. All data were statistically processed with principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The main conclusion from the above data is that genetic and environmental factors both play a role in determining the composition of essential oils of the Hypericum species studied.