频差在立体视觉信息加工中的作用 Ⅱ、频差“克服”视差

双眼立体视觉机制至今不很清楚,存在不少争论,研究它具有深远意义。我们的兴趣是从心理物理、电生理和理论模型三方面开展工作,最终目标是试图搞清楚视觉立体信息处理类机制。本文主要利用心理物理学方法研究频差克差视差的问题。我们利用自己研制的一种多功能立体图形发生器产生左边为非均匀条纹、右边为均匀条纹的一系列具有不同视差的立体图对。在感知到“阶梯”后,用三种方法使得“阶梯”感变平:①改变均匀条纹的频率,②改变均匀条纹与被试的距离,③改变非均匀条纹与被试者的距离。从而实现了频差“克服”视差。我们的结果支持用频差来解释双眼倾斜现象,它使我们相信频差是视差在初级视系统中的表象形式。     

频差在立体视觉信息加工中的作用 Ⅱ、频差“克服”视差

双眼立体视觉机制至今不很清楚,存在不少争论,研究它具有深远意义。我们的兴趣是从心理物理、电生理和理论模型三方面开展工作,最终目标是试图搞清楚视觉立体信息处理类机制。本文主要利用心理物理学方法研究频差克差视差的问题。我们利用自己研制的一种多功能立体图形发生器产生左边为非均匀条纹、右边为均匀条纹的一系列具有不同视差的立体图对。在感知到“阶梯”后,用三种方法使得“阶梯”感变平:①改变均匀条纹的频率,②改变均匀条纹与被试的距离,③改变非均匀条纹与被试者的距离。从而实现了频差“克服”视差。我们的结果支持用频差来解释双眼倾斜现象,它使我们相信频差是视差在初级视系统中的表象形式。     

不同视觉通道中频差所引起的深度感知

为了解体视倾斜效应(Stereoscopic tilt effect)是否能在视觉系统的不同空间频率通道中由双眼频差(Binocular diffrequency)所引起,我们设计了二组心理物理实验.观察到了Wilson频率调制曲线的第二及第四峰值的二个频道(1.7周 度和4.0周 度)中双眼频差所引起的倾斜感知.它们在同样频差率(频率和中心频率之比)下,引起相等倾斜感知.在一定频差率范围内(0.070-1.30),倾斜感知和频差率成正比关系.     

双眼频差平行加工深度的模拟

我们过去的计算分析工作和心理物理实验证明双眼频差率和视差成正比,再根据目前已知的神经生理学研究结果,提出了一个从频差平行加工深度的方案.并在计算机上对三个不同倾斜锥线的立体图对进行了重建深度的模拟.结果满意.对这种平行加工的优点进行了讨论.     

不同时间频率光栅刺激引起的视觉诱发电位(VEP)方位效应的差异

以人视觉诱发电位(VEP)反应为指标,在不同的时间频率下测定了 VEP 对方波光栅刺激的反应幅度与光栅方位的关系。当光栅方位固定时,光栅闪烁的时间频率不同,VEP 反应的波形、潜伏期和反应频率差别很大,但其反应幅度均呈现方位选择性。当光栅的时间频率为9.1Hz时,光栅为垂直和水平方位时引起的 VEP 反应幅度比倾斜方位时都大,对任何光栅方位,VEP反应幅度与光栅对比度的对数呈线性关系;与此相反,当光栅时间频率为0.4Hz 时,光栅为倾斜方位时引起的 VEP 反应幅度比垂直和水平方位时更大。     

视网膜感受野数学模型的空间频率特性的研究

我们曾对视网膜感受野提出了一个数学模型,本文对这一模型的空间频率特性进行了研究。首先对于原来的模型作了一些简化,并假设联系密度函数k(x)为二个正态分布之差,然后进行福里叶(Fourier)变换,从频率域来讨论K(ω)的特性。结果表明:K(ω)也是二个正态分布之差的函数,不过它们的方差和峰值与实域(时空域)上的正态分布不同。对K(ω)的分析表明它可以对输入图形进行某种校正。本文还求出|K(ω)|为最大值时的频率ω~*,确定了抑制直流分量的条件。对于k(x)仍由二个正态分布之差组成,但数学期望不同的情况,进行了分析。最后,对视网膜感受野模型与侧抑制神经网络之间的关系,进行了讨论。     

视网膜感受野数学模型的空间频率特性的研究

我们曾对视网膜感受野提出了一个数学模型,本文对这一模型的空间频率特性进行了研究。首先对于原来的模型作了一些简化,并假设联系密度函数k(x)为二个正态分布之差,然后进行福里叶(Fourier)变换.从频率域来讨论K(ω)的特性。结果表明:K(ω)也是二个正态分布之差的函数,不过它们的方差和峰值与实域(时空域)上的正态分布不同。对K(ω)的分析表明它可以对输入图形进行某种校正。本文还求出|K(ω)|为最大值时的频率ω,确定了抑制直流分量的条件。对于k(x)仍由二个正态分布之差组成,但数学期望不同的情况,进行了分析。最后,对视网膜感受野模型与侧抑制神经网络之间的关系,进行了讨沦。     

不同年龄组立体视及图形诱发电位的对比研究

由微机产生动态随机点立体图(DRDS)和黑白棋盘格图形刺激 ,记录了30名立体视觉正常的成人、30名学龄儿童和30名学龄前儿童的动态立体视诱发电位 (DDEP)和双眼棋盘格图形刺激的诱发电位(PVEP)。实验结果表明 ,三组动态立体视诱发电位的N波潜伏时有显著差异 ,随着年龄的增长 ,N波潜伏时缩短 ;而棋盘格刺激的视觉诱发电位的P100波的潜伏时无显著性差异 ,但波幅有显著差异 ,学龄儿童的波幅最高 ,成人的波幅最低。由DEP在各个年龄组的演变规律与棋盘格图形VEP的演变规律的不一致揭示了视觉系统中立体视发育和类似于棋盘格刺激的较为初级的视功能发育是不同步的 ,它们具有不同的发育规律 ;12岁以下儿童立体视仍具有可塑性。     

一种研究蛋白质晶体中分子堆积的图形程序—PACKING

在蛋白质晶体结构研究中常需分析分子在晶胞内的堆积,本文介绍一种用于IRIS-4D计算机的图形软件,可显示分子在晶胞中的堆积图形、计算原子之间的距离和键角等,进行分子置换、模拟不同的分子堆积模型。     

看东西有立体感是怎么一回事?

答:所说的立体感就是立体视觉,是人对三维空间各种物体远近、前后、高低、深浅和凹凸的感知能力,是人在进化发展历程中获得的一项特有的双眼高级视觉功能。人在用双眼看同一物体时,这一物体的影象就分别落在了两眼的视网膜上,形成基本相同的两个影象。由于左右两眼有一定的距离,这样物体的每一点在两眼视网膜上的投影的对应点就不完全相同,而是有一个微小的位置差移,这个差移称为视差。当眼睛将视差传到大脑,经加工后,大脑就可把两眼传入的两个平面影象合成一个完整的立体影象,即立体视觉。     

Stereoscopic Vision in the Absence of the Lateral Occipital Cortex

Both dorsal and ventral cortical visual streams contain neurons sensitive to binocular disparities, but the two streams may underlie different aspects of stereoscopic vision. Here we investigate stereopsis in the neurological patient D.F., whose ventral stream, specifically lateral occipital cortex, has been damaged bilaterally, causing profound visual form agnosia. Despite her severe damage to cortical visual areas, we report that DF''s stereo vision is strikingly unimpaired. She is better than many control observers at using binocular disparity to judge whether an isolated object appears near or far, and to resolve ambiguous structure-from-motion. DF is, however, poor at using relative disparity between features at different locations across the visual field. This may stem from a difficulty in identifying the surface boundaries where relative disparity is available. We suggest that the ventral processing stream may play a critical role in enabling healthy observers to extract fine depth information from relative disparities within one surface or between surfaces located in different parts of the visual field.     

交替呈现随机点立体图对的时间特性

利用微机化的伪随机点立体图对发生器进行双眼体视的心理物理实验,研究交替呈现的随机点体图对(RDS)在达到双眼融合形成立体感知时信息输入的时间特性.实验结果表明,当RDS的交变频率达到4.8Hz以上时就能达到双眼的信息融合产生立体感知,但当交变频率低于62.5Hz时有图形的闪烁感.当交变频率等于62.5Hz时则产生稳定而清晰的立体感知.一幅RDS图对中的L(左)和R(右)图的呈现时间及其之间的交变时间的长短均对双眼的融合和立体感的形成有影响.L和R图的呈现时间和交变时间还存在一定的关系,以立体感形成为条件,如增大一定值的L和R图的呈现时间,则它们之间的交变时间必须相应减小,反之亦然.实验结果提示,双眼立体感知的形成不涉及单眼图象的长时记忆和短时记忆,仅有瞬时的视觉存储.     

Binocular single vision and perceptual processing.

Stimuli with small binocular disparities are seen as single, despite their differing visual directions for the two eyes. Such stimuli also yield stereopsis, but stereopsis and single vision can be dissociated. The occurrence of binocular single vision depends not only on the disparities of individual stimulus elements, but also on the geometrical relation of different parts of the pattern presented to each eye. A pair of vertical bars with opposite binocular disparities is seen as single if the pair is moderately widely spaced but not if it is narrow. Vertical alignment and identity in length of such bars also increase the occurrence of double vision. It is argued that these effects reflect the extraction of features of the monocular patterns, with these detected monocular features determining the binocular percept. Single and double vision of bars differing in orientation can be similarly analysed. The occurrence of relatively elaborate processing of monocular signals does not exclude the possibility that binocular interaction can occur between signals that have not been so processed. Multiple sites or types of binocular interaction are likely.     

Stereoscopic Offset Makes Objects Easier to Recognize

Binocular vision is obviously useful for depth perception, but it might also enhance other components of visual processing, such as image segmentation. We used naturalistic images to determine whether giving an object a stereoscopic offset of 15-120 arcmin of crossed disparity relative to its background would make the object easier to recognize in briefly presented (33-133 ms), temporally masked displays. Disparity had a beneficial effect across a wide range of disparities and display durations. Most of this benefit occurred whether or not the stereoscopic contour agreed with the object’s luminance contour. We attribute this benefit to an orienting of spatial attention that selected the object and its local background for enhanced 2D pattern processing. At longer display durations, contour agreement provided an additional benefit, and a separate experiment using random-dot stimuli confirmed that stereoscopic contours plausibly contributed to recognition at the longer display durations in our experiment. We conclude that in real-world situations binocular vision confers an advantage not only for depth perception, but also for recognizing objects from their luminance patterns and bounding contours.     

The (In)Effectiveness of Simulated Blur for Depth Perception in Naturalistic Images

We examine depth perception in images of real scenes with naturalistic variation in pictorial depth cues, simulated dioptric blur and binocular disparity. Light field photographs of natural scenes were taken with a Lytro plenoptic camera that simultaneously captures images at up to 12 focal planes. When accommodation at any given plane was simulated, the corresponding defocus blur at other depth planes was extracted from the stack of focal plane images. Depth information from pictorial cues, relative blur and stereoscopic disparity was separately introduced into the images. In 2AFC tasks, observers were required to indicate which of two patches extracted from these images was farther. Depth discrimination sensitivity was highest when geometric and stereoscopic disparity cues were both present. Blur cues impaired sensitivity by reducing the contrast of geometric information at high spatial frequencies. While simulated generic blur may not assist depth perception, it remains possible that dioptric blur from the optics of an observer’s own eyes may be used to recover depth information on an individual basis. The implications of our findings for virtual reality rendering technology are discussed.