亮腹釉小蜂低温贮藏适宜龄期与温度的优化筛选

【目的】筛选适宜低温贮藏的亮腹釉小蜂Tamarixia radiata Waterston最佳龄期和温度,为柑橘木虱Diaphrina citri Kuwayama生物防治提供充足的天敌产品。【方法】在实验室条件下,观察了亮腹釉小蜂1-5日龄蛹的发育形态以及2、4、6、8、10℃贮藏10 d对亮腹釉小蜂羽化率的影响。以亮腹釉小蜂3日龄蛹为对象,研究了其在10℃条件下,储藏3、6、9 d后对羽化成蜂产卵量的影响。【结果】亮腹釉小蜂属于完全变态昆虫,属于典型的离蛹。随着发育时间的增加,亮腹釉小蜂蛹的颜色不断加深,分节明显。在贮藏10 d的情况下,随着日龄的增加其平均羽化率升高,4日龄蛹在8℃和3日龄蛹在10℃温度处理下贮藏10 d后其羽化率84.17%和86.23%,与对照无显著性差异,但4日龄蛹在10℃、5日龄蛹在8℃、10℃条件下均未达到期望贮藏的10 d期限。在10℃条件下,贮藏3 d的亮腹釉小蜂3日龄蛹羽化后,其前20 d的平均单雌产卵量达到159.9粒,贮藏6 d和9 d的蛹羽化后其前20 d单雌产卵量则分别为159.6粒和101.9粒,对照组亮腹釉小蜂前20 d的平均单雌产卵量为214.8粒,与3、6、9 d处理组差异显著。【结论】亮腹釉小蜂适宜低温贮藏的虫期为3日龄蛹,且以10℃低温贮藏3-6 d为最佳方案。     

日木食蚧蚜小蜂低温贮藏条件研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere为橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势天敌之一。为了探明该蜂的贮藏条件,本研究将1日龄、3日龄的日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹在10℃、12℃、14℃条件下分别贮藏7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27 d,观察其羽化率及羽化后的成蜂寿命、产卵量、寄生率等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化率随贮藏温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一温度贮藏相同时间后3日龄蛹羽化率均高于1日龄蛹。贮藏时间是日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹存活的重要影响因子,3日龄蛹10℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.00%,贮藏27 d,羽化率仅为44.67%;12℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.67%,27 d蛹羽化率达88.00%;在14℃贮藏25 d后在人工气候箱内有小蜂羽化。低温贮藏蛹羽化后的成虫寿命随贮藏温度的降低而缩短;14℃贮藏后,羽化成蜂寿命随贮藏时间增加而显著缩短,10℃、12℃降低不明显;10℃贮藏23 d后寿命仅为10.11 d。3日龄蛹12℃贮藏19、21、23、25、27 d后羽化成蜂产卵量及寄生率均随贮藏时间的增加而降低,在贮藏27 d时最低,分别为34.33%、51.67%。综上所述,在12℃条件下短期贮藏日本食蚧蚜小蜂3日龄蛹27 d以内对其存活影响不大,12℃、3日龄蛹可作为该蜂的贮藏条件。     

蛹期薜荔榕小蜂的琼脂培养

【目的】薜荔Ficus pumila var. pumila瘦果具有极高的营养食用价值,其结实依赖薜荔榕小蜂Wiebesia pumilae传粉。本研究旨在探讨蛹期植食性寄生蜂室内培养的可能性。【方法】在不同温度(22, 24, 26, 28, 30和32℃)和光周期(0L∶24D, 10L∶14D, 12L∶12D, 14L∶10D和24L∶0D)条件下在琼脂培养基上培养薜荔榕小蜂蛹,测定薜荔榕小蜂蛹期各阶段的发育形态和历期,雌成蜂寿命以及虫瘿含水量,并观察虫瘿形态发育过程。【结果】在22~28℃范围内,薜荔榕小蜂蛹的发育速率随温度升高而加快,羽化时间也随之提前,但羽化率没有显著差异。28℃琼脂培养条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期最短,从预蛹发育至成虫的历期雌蜂为25.65 d,雄蜂为21.79 d,比同期自然条件下的雌、雄薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期缩短了44.00 d;30℃下,少部分榕小蜂蛹能发育至熟蛹期;32℃下,榕小蜂预蛹滞育,推测30℃可能是该种榕小蜂蛹发育的耐热极端温度。不同光周期条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期的发育速率及羽化率均无显著差异。在22~28℃范围内,温度越高,虫瘿含水量下降越快,培养时间越长,虫瘿含水量越低。28℃下琼脂培养的薜荔榕小蜂羽化时的虫瘿含水量(41.79%)极显著低于自然发育的个体(51.63%)。低含水量导致虫瘿壳非常坚硬,薜荔榕小蜂开掘出飞孔困难,这可能是琼脂培养条件下的薜荔榕小蜂羽化未能出飞的主要原因。【结论】本研究的琼脂培养方法为植食性寄生蜂蛹期发育的连续性观察,以及部分实验虫源的获取提供了可能。     

温度在柑橘凤蝶蛹滞育解除中的作用

调查温度在柑橘凤蝶Papillio xuthus L.滞育蛹解除中的作用。结果显示,羽化温度在15,20,25和30℃时,滞育蛹最早羽化分别在第45,16,11和第5天,发育历期分别为60.3,26.0,15.2和11.6d,羽化持续时间分别为35,19,14和15d。同时低温处理(10℃)显示,25℃时,低温处理0,20和40d后,滞育蛹分别在处理后第38,第14和第13天开始羽化,羽化时间持续分别为40,71和16d,发育历期分别为60.9,28.5和19.0d。结果表明,随着羽化温度升高和低温处理时间延长,滞育蛹羽化时间提前,发育历期缩短。但当羽化温度超过25℃后,滞育蛹发育历期差异已不显著。     

玉带凤蝶羽化时间的控制

对玉带凤蝶卵、蛹在 5～ 8℃下冷藏试验和越冬蛹的加温试验表明 ,已发育 1～ 2d的卵 ,其冷藏时间可达 7d ,孵化率达 93 % ,孵化率随冷藏前发育天数和冷藏天数的增加而降低 ;发育蛹的耐低温能力比卵弱 ,已发育 1d的蛹 ,冷藏 3d后 ,羽化率仅为 80 % ,羽化率随蛹冷藏前的发育天数和冷藏天数的增加而降低 ;越冬蛹加温 ,可促使其提早 2 3的时间羽化     

低温胁迫对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫过冷却能力及生长发育的影响

【目的】低温是影响昆虫生长发育和存活的关键因子之一。通过研究低温胁迫对沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica Joannis幼虫过冷却能力及生长发育的影响,为进一步预测其种群动态及分布范围奠定必要的基础。【方法】在室内,沙葱萤叶甲1龄幼虫经不同的低温处理后,测定其过冷却点及后期幼虫和蛹的发育历期及存活率。【结果】快速冷驯化对1龄幼虫的过冷却点存在极显著的影响,其中在﹣10℃下处理2 h后的过冷却点显著低于对照,而在﹣6℃下处理2 h后与对照无显著性差异。经低温处理存活的1龄幼虫在25℃下继续饲养至蜕皮为2龄幼虫,测得的过冷却点与对照均无显著差异。1龄幼虫经历不同低温处理后,1龄和2龄幼虫发育历期和幼虫总发育历期与对照相比均显著延长;蛹期与对照相比差异不显著;短时低温处理(2 h)对3龄幼虫发育历期无显著影响,而较低温度(﹣5℃)的长时间(2~6 d)处理却显著缩短了3龄幼虫发育历期,但0℃处理对3龄幼虫发育历期影响不显著。低温处理对后期1龄和2龄幼虫死亡率存在显著的影响,但对3龄幼虫和蛹的死亡率影响不显著。通常在低温处理时间相同的情况下,胁迫温度越低,对后期幼虫发育历期和死亡率影响越大;在处理温度相同的情况下,胁迫时间越长,对后期幼虫发育历期和死亡率影响越大。【结论】低温胁迫可以显著地提高沙葱萤叶甲幼虫的过冷却能力,但却延长了后期幼虫的发育历期及降低了其存活率,胁迫温度越低、时间越长,影响程度越大。     

不同光环境对粘虫生长发育的影响

【目的】研究不同光环境条件对粘虫Mythimna separata生长发育存活的影响,探讨影响粘虫生存的关键光环境因子,揭示昆虫对光环境的适应能力,为粘虫发生分布情况进行准确预测提供实验依据。【方法】选取特定波长和光强的LED灯作为供试光源,以不同发育阶段粘虫为供试昆虫,测定10种供试光源条件下粘虫各发育阶段的存活与发育情况。【结果】365nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫卵孵化率,比对照组卵孵化率降低了50.33%;420 nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫幼虫存活率、幼虫化蛹率和蛹羽化率,且能延长幼虫期和蛹期,比对照组幼虫存活率、化蛹率和蛹羽化率分别降低了72.00%、65.67%和72.87%,比对照组幼虫期和蛹期分别延长了12 d和11.4 d;420 nm和460 nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫成虫存活率,比对照组成虫存活率分别降低了44.44%%和40.00%。【结论】光强1000lx,波长365、420、460 nm的光环境能够抑制粘虫的生长发育,不利于粘虫生存。     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇发育、存活和繁殖的影响

探讨了在光照周期为14L◊10D、R.H.为70%±5%的恒温(12～35℃)条件下美洲斑潜蝇的发育、繁殖和存活,求得美洲斑潜蝇世代的发育起点温度与有效积温分别为8.77℃和295.69日度,给出了温度与各虫态发育速率间的函数关系。20～27.5℃时存活率较高,死亡主要发生在蛹期,35℃下蛹不能羽化。成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短;种群增长指数于27.5℃时达到最高。     

橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇卵及蛹的种间竞争

【背景】实蝇的竞争可能发生在生活史的各个阶段,但未见卵和蛹的种间竞争的相关报道。【方法】将橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵及蛹按照相应的比例或龄期分别进行混合培养,分析2种实蝇的卵或蛹混合后的发育历期和存活率是否受到彼此影响。【结果】橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵同龄等量混合,对彼此卵的历期和孵化率无影响。当橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的蛹为新鲜蛹时,分别与比它们蛹龄大1 d的对方蛹混合,蛹的羽化率分别为(87.67±3.61)%和(84.33±2.56)%,显著小于对照,说明在此混合蛹处理中,后化蛹者的发育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。【结论与意义】总体上,在卵和蛹期,橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇未产生竞争作用;但不排除蛹期竞争的可能性,这种竞争可能存在于特定的蛹期。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除条件研究

【目的】以柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵为繁殖寄主,对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolim滞育诱导及解除条件进行研究,以解决赤眼蜂工厂化生产和大面积应用中面临的的中、长期储存问题。【方法】通过观测不同发育阶段(寄生柞蚕卵在26℃培养40、96和144 h)、滞育诱导温度(10、13和16℃)和诱导时间对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导条件;通过观测滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对滞育解除的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育解除条件。【结果】在松毛虫赤眼蜂的不同发育阶段对其进行持续的低温刺激均能使其导入滞育,但以小幼阶段(26℃培养40 h)开始效果最佳,寄生卵在26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃和13℃下连续诱导31 d,滞育率可达100%和99.12%。滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对松毛虫赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间和解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率有较大影响,10℃诱导滞育后置于1℃冷藏的赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间最短,解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数更高,更耐储存。此条件下冷藏约30 d开始打破滞育,在正常发育下温度下羽化出蜂,60 d羽化出蜂率达到95.24%,冷藏4个月后羽化出蜂率仍在60%以上,单卵出蜂数高于50头。【结论】松毛虫赤眼蜂最佳滞育诱导条件为26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃连续低温诱导31 d;最佳滞育解除条件为1℃低温储存,但储存期不能超过4个月。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。