不同土地利用方式下土壤动物群落的聚类与排序

对广州天河城市化地区林地、草地和农田3种土地利用方式下,6个代表性的样地中小型土壤动物群落进行了调查,共捕获中小型土壤动物1623个,共26个类群,其中线虫纲( Nematoda)、蜱螨目(Acarina)和弹尾目(Collembola)为优势类群,共占总捕获量的79.1％.不同样地生境中土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同.总体来看,林地、农田、草地土壤动物群落的Shannon多样性指数、复杂性指数均依次降低,Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均以林地为最高.对土壤动物的聚类和排序结果表明,研究区中小型土壤动物可划分为4大类,其中第1类由3种优势类群组成;第一、二排序轴分别反映了土壤理化性质、土地利用类型(以人类干扰程度不同为主要特征)对土壤动物组成及分布的影响.     

呼伦贝尔草地风蚀沙化土壤动物对环境退化的响应

为揭示草地沙化过程中土壤动物与土壤环境要素的相互关系,采用野外调查和实验室检测相结合的方法,对呼伦贝尔沙化草地不同沙化阶段土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷、土壤水分含量、pH值,以及土壤动物群落结构、种群密度、多样性等进行了比较研究.共获得土壤动物4门6纲12目,优势类群中小型土壤动物仅线虫目1类,占总捕获量的94.3%;大型土壤动物为鞘翅目和半翅目2类,占总捕获量的79.7%.随草地沙化程度的不断加剧,土壤动物类群数量、种群密度、多样性和均匀性均呈明显递减趋势,严重沙化草地土壤中的土壤动物完全消失.回归分析表明,呼伦贝尔不同沙化阶段草地0～20cm土层土壤动物密度与土壤养分含量、土壤含水量、pH值及地表枯落物量呈显著线性相关,说明土壤动物群落对沙化草地土壤环境的改变较敏感.     

黑土区免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落结构特征

为探讨免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落组成、结构和季节变化,于2015年4、7和10月,在中国科学院吉林省梨树县保护性耕作试验基地,对免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率各样地进行大型土壤动物群落调查。结果获得大型土壤动物26类,隶属2门5纲13目,线蚓为优势类群,不同类群在各处理样地所占数量比例存在差异。免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率样地大型土壤动物个体密度、类群丰富度和多样性指数均高于常规耕作样地。各处理样地大型土壤动物群落个体密度的最高值均出现在10月,类群数量和多样性则以7月最高。不同土壤动物类群对免耕秸秆覆盖频率增加的响应存在差异。相对常规耕作,免耕秸秆覆盖频率的增加可显著提高腐食性类群密度。     

EM堆肥对黑土耕作区中小型土壤动物群落的影响

2012年5、7和9月在哈尔滨市典型黑土农田区,采用定点试验的方法设置空白对照、低浓度、中浓度和高浓度4个处理样地,分析不同浓度EM堆肥处理对中小型土壤动物群落组成、垂直结构、季节性动态和多样性的影响.结果表明: 不同浓度EM堆肥处理下共捕获中小型土壤动物7860只,平均密度49125只·m^-2,隶属于3纲10目,划分为30个类群.EM堆肥处理增加了中小型土壤动物类群数量,低浓度处理中小型土壤动物个体密度低于空白对照样地,但随着EM堆肥浓度的增加,中小型土壤动物个体密度均有所增加;中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度的垂直分布具有表聚性特征;中小型土壤动物群落存在一定的季节变化特征;不同浓度EM堆肥处理样地中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数均有所增加,土壤有机质对这种多样性的变化影响相对较大;EM堆肥处理下中小型土壤动物对土壤环境因子的响应不同,常见类群和优势类群对土壤环境的变化有较强的适应性,而稀有类群相对敏感,受到特定的环境因子的影响.说明EM堆肥处理可在一定程度上改善黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落结构、增加其多样性.     

拉萨拉鲁湿地夏季土壤动物的群落特征

2010年6～7月,对拉鲁湿地5个生境的土壤动物进行了调查,共捕获大型和中小型干生土壤动物41类,18 446只,隶属于3门7纲14目32科17属。土壤动物的优势类群为线蚓科,占总捕获量的10.95%。常见类群有27类,占总捕获量的84.63%,其中螨类占总捕获量的32.5%,弹尾类占总捕获量的31.43%。各生境的土壤动物数量和种类在土壤各层的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性。5个生境分布的土壤动物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H’)从大到小依次为3#>5#>4#>1#>2#。5个生境间土壤动物的相似程度由极不相似到中等不相似(S值为0.105～0.400)。     

米亚罗林区不同森林恢复方式下中小型土壤动物多样性

为了查明川西不同森林恢复方式下中小型土壤动物多样性,2008年11月对米亚罗林区的次生红桦林、人工云杉林和次生冷杉林的中小型土壤动物进行了调查.共获得中小型土壤动物15234个,隶属于3门9纲10目97科144个类群.线虫纲个体数占总体的71.85%,弹尾目占13.16%,蜱螨目占9.49%,其他类群占0.36%.3种森林中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度大小顺序均为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林＞人工云杉林;Shannon多样性指数为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林=人工云杉林;Margalef丰富度指数和密度-类群指数为次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林＞人工云杉林;Pielou均匀性指数为人工云杉林＞次生红桦林＞次生冷杉林;Simpson优势度指数为次生冷杉林＞次生红桦林=人工云杉林.不同群落间的个体密度无显著差异(P＞0.05),但相似性系数表明人工云杉林的中小型土壤动物群落结构组成与天然次生林有较大差异.红桦林土壤动物的垂直分布的表聚性程度低于云杉林和冷杉林.研究表明,次生红桦林比人工云杉林和次生冷杉林能更有效地提高土壤动物多样性,促进地下生态功能恢复.     

水东枣园土壤动物与土壤环境的关系

１９９２年１２月－１９９３年２月,对安徽省宣州市东枣园土壤动物进行了调查,共获大、中小型土壤动物５８７５个,分隶属于５门、１１纲、２８目、３５类。螨类、线虫类为优势类群,线蚓类、弹尾类为常见类群,通过７个样地对比得出：枣树种植年代愈久,土壤动物愈丰富,其类群数随土壤养分的增加而增加,随ＰＨ值和土壤容重的增大而减少,且其类群与个体数随土壤深度的增加而递减。     

东营盐生植物园土壤动物群落多样性研究

【背景】生物多样性是生物安全的重要内容之一,其包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个方面。环境污染、农药污染、重金属污染、海水倒灌、人类活动等诸多因素导致了物种多样性的降低。保护生物多样性是黄河三角洲大规模开发建设必须考虑的关键问题之一。【方法】用Tullgren干漏法分离、采集山东省黄河三角洲地区东营盐生植物园的土壤动物标本,对其多样性进行研究。【结果】蜱螨目是该地区的主要优势类群,占捕获土壤动物总数量的78．95％;另一优势类群为弹尾目,占捕获土壤动物总数量的14．03％;膜翅目和鞘翅目是常见类群,分别占捕获土壤动物总数量的3．57％和1．43％;其他均为稀有类群。在调查的10块样地中,优势类群弹尾目个体数量变化明显,在不同样地问的分布数量存在明显差异。东营盐生植物园土壤动物多样性与均匀度变化规律一致。【结论与意义】蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和鞘翅目构成了东营盐生植物园土壤动物的主体,对该区土壤动物群落多样性特征起着决定性作用。该区稀有类群多,但稀有物种数量较少,如不采取有效措施,该区的稀有物种随时有灭绝的危险。同时,盐胁迫作用的增强,能够影响土壤动物的数量与分布。因此,我们应在关注盐碱地改造进程的同时,更加关注该区土壤动物多样性的变化。     

乌鲁木齐市水磨沟公园土壤动物群落多样性研究

为了研究水磨沟公园土壤动物群落结构,于2006年4月15日至9月21日在水磨沟公园不同高度选择3个取样区,每个取样区设立两个不同的取样点,采集了0～5、5～10、10～15cm3个不同层次的大中型土壤动物.共获得土壤动物1153个,分别属于3门8纲18目,其中鞘翅目、中腹足目、小引类为优势类群,占全捕量的61%.蜘蛛目、伪蝎目、半翅目为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的2.34%,其余为常见类群.分析表明,在不同高度土壤动物群落物种组成和多样性之间有明显的区别;山顶土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数明显的高于山地土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数.同时随着土壤深度的增加土壤动物物种数量逐步减少,表现出明显的垂直分布特征.     

豚草入侵对中小型土壤动物群落结构特征的影响

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)是菊科豚草属的恶性杂草,在我国华南地区已成功入侵并造成严重危害。为了解豚草入侵对中小型土壤动物群落的影响效应,采用野外样地试验法研究了豚草入侵地中小型土壤动物的群落特征。全年4次采样共获得中小型土壤动物4174头,隶属于4门11纲26类,其中线虫类为优势类群,蜱螨目和弹尾目是常见类群。结果显示,豚草入侵改变了中小型土壤动物群落的结构特征,入侵地中小型土壤动物的总个体数以及线虫类、弹尾目动物的个体数显著增加,但中小型土壤动物类群数的变化不明显;在群落的物种多样性方面,豚草入侵显著提高了群落的密度-类群指数,物种丰富度、优势度指数亦有所上升,但差异不明显,而均匀度、Shannon-Wiener指数则趋于下降;在群落相似性方面,入侵区与其它处理区的差异较小。豚草入侵所引起的局部气候环境、凋落物、根系分泌物与土壤理化性质的变化可能是造成中小型土壤动物群落结构特征改变的主要原因。     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Activity of native and dextran-modified hyaluronidase in in vitro and in vivo systems

Modified hyaluronidase derivatives have been obtained. Covalent coupling of the enzyme with aldehyde dextran results in 65-85% protein binding to the carrier, residual catalytic activity accounting for 90-100% of the baseline. Modified hyaluronidase is more thermostable than the native enzyme. The data on intravenous drug distribution in the mouse organs are promising and ensure effective use of modified hyaluronidase for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.     

Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares

In order to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of acute endometritis in cows and mares, we established an in vivo model in both species. Based on the results of an in vitro transmigration system, human recombinant interleukin-8 (rhIL-8; 1.25 microg per mare and 5 microg per cow in 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline) was used to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uteri. Peak numbers of uterine neutrophils were attracted after 6h, in both cows and mares. On average, mares responded more sensitively than cows, with 15 times higher numbers of rhIL-8-attracted uterine neutrophils (72+/-8 x 10(7)cells). In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo migrated neutrophils (uterine neutrophils) of both species displayed a significantly reduced MHC class I expression. Expression of the CD11a molecule was significantly enhanced on equine uterine neutrophils but downregulated on bovine cells. Compared with untreated autologous peripheral neutrophils, both uterine and in vitro migrated neutrophils showed no alteration of phagocytic capacity. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly upregulated in bovine and equine uterine neutrophils. This was also observed after in vitro migration of equine neutrophils, whereas ROS generation by bovine neutrophils was significantly depressed. In summary, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of human interleukin-8 has been reliably successful in cows and mares. The model permits the analysis of PMN migration into the uterus under defined and controlled conditions. The observed differences between cows and mares with respect to phenotypical and functional characteristics of in vivo attracted uterine cells point to species-related features of neutrophil migration. In vitro transmigrated bovine and equine cells partially differ in phenotype and function from uterine neutrophils. Therefore, the in vitro transmigration assay cannot completely represent the in vivo endometritis model described here.     

Importance of guanine nitration and hydroxylation in DNA in vitro and in vivo

Guanine (Gua) modification by nitrating and hydroxylating systems was investigated in DNA. In isolated calf thymus DNA, 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua were dose-dependently formed with peroxynitrite, and 8-NO(2)-Gua was released in substantial amounts. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) with H(2)O(2) and NO(2)(-) reacted with calf thymus DNA to form 8-NO(2)-Gua dose dependently without release of 8-NO(2)-Gua. The frequency of strand breaks was higher than the sum of 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua, particularly in the MPO-treated DNA, indicating the importance of other types of damage. The activation of human neutrophils and lymphocytes with phorbol ester did not induce 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua in their nuclear DNA. However, 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in calf thymus DNA co-incubated with activated neutrophils in the presence of NO(2)(-). No significant formation of 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in liver DNA from mice treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The incubation of peroxynitrite or MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-)-treated DNA with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) released 8-oxo-Gua, but not 8-NO(2)-Gua, indicating that 8-NO(2)-Gua is not a substrate for Fpg. Although 8-NO(2)-Gua was generated in isolated DNA by different nitrating systems, other types of damage were formed in abundance, and the lesion could not be found reliably in nuclear DNA, suggesting that the biological importance is limited.     

Interactions of cadmium and selenium in rat plasma in vivo and in vitro

⁷⁵Se and ¹⁰⁹Cd tracers were used to study the binding of Se and Cd to plasma proteins at various SeO₃^2? doses and times up to 24 h after the simultaneous subcutaneous administration of SeO₃^2? and CdCl₂ to adult male rats. The simultaneous injection of CdCl₂ and SeO₃^2? markedly increased both Se and Cd plasma levels over that in control animals. Gel permeation chromatography of plasma indicated that at all times up to 24 h Cd and Se were bound in an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1 in 330 000 and 130 000 dalton fractions. From 4 to 24 h, Cd and Se appeared in the 420 000 dalton fraction, also with an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1. The 330 000 dalton molecules appeared to have a maximal binding capacity for the Cd-Se complex at a concentration of approx. 30 μmol/ml of plasma, while the 130 000 and 420 000 dalton molecules show a higher binding capacity. Studies in vitro revealed that SeO₃^2? does not interact directly with Cd and plasma proteins. It is metabolized by erythrocytes to a form that interacts in an atomic ratio of 1 : 1 with Cd to form a protein-bound complex of 130 000 daltons.