光呼吸研究进展——Ⅰ.光呼吸和氮代谢的关系与光呼吸的生理功能

光呼吸乙醇酸途径的阐明,使人们对光合碳途径的认识前进了一步。从现知的乙醇酸途径来看,它似乎是一个损耗光合固定的碳素和能量的过程。据推算,在正常的大气条件下(此时 RuDP 羧化酶和加氧酶活性比例为4:1),由乙醇酸途径放出的C0_2占光合固定的 CO_2 14％。实测的结果表明,C_3植物光呼吸放CO_2可达净光合所固定的CO_2的14—75％。因此人们曾设想,若用某些     

不同磷营养水平对烟草叶片光合作用和光呼吸的影响

随着磷营养水平的提高,烟草叶片的CO_2补偿点下降、光合速率上升。光呼吸在缺磷时最高。用光呼吸抑制剂处理烟草叶片后,光合的最适磷浓度提高。当CO_2浓度为560μl/L时,缺磷的烟草叶片在从21％O_2转入2％O_2时出现光合振荡,表明光呼吸与磷营养有密切关系。光呼吸在形成乙醇酸时所释放的磷,有回补叶绿体进行光合作用所需的磷的作用。     

关于光呼吸与光合作用关系的研究——Ⅱ 环境因素对光合作用的影响及其与光呼吸的关系

采用光强、光质、照光时间、温度、气体成分以及叶水势、光合抑制剂等多种因素处理小麦叶片,观察这些因素对光合作用影响及其与光呼吸关系。结果证明,在各种因素的影响下,光合作用与光呼吸变化始终保持平行关系,而且在多数情况下,二者始终保持25％左右的比值,并发现二者比值变化受温度的调节。 发现光合与光呼吸从照光初始达最大速率(饱和值),要经过一个“滞后期”,小麦在10～15℃下,大约需55分钟,水稻在30℃下约需30分钟。 光呼吸猝发现象受光强、照光时间及高O_2影响;提高光强、延长照先时间或提高O_2浓度都可提高猝发强度,猝发强度一般可达33～81×10~(-3)CO_2mg dm~(-2)min~(-1)     

大豆叶片RuBP含量测定及其应用

RuBP(1,5-二磷酸核酮糖)是植物光合碳代谢的重要中间产物。经RuBPCase/Oase的催化,RuBP可与CO_2羧化,行光合碳还原途径(C_3环);也可与O_2作用,行光合碳氧化循环(C_2环)。植物光合器官中RuBP含量可调节和影响光合,光呼吸的强弱,改变Calvin循环的运转状况。因此,测定植物光合器官中的RuBP含量在光合与光呼吸研究中具有重要意义。     

大豆和玉米光呼吸的控制

本文根据RuDP(1,5-二磷酸核酮糖)羧化酶的动力学特性测定了大豆光合作用和光呼吸的相对速率。在该羧化酶上,CO_2和O2对RuDP进行着争夺。高浓度的CO_2和低浓度的O_2,有利于RuDP羧化为三磷酸甘油酸,因而促进光合作用。低浓度的CO_2和高浓度的O_2则有利于RuDP的加氧反应而成为P-乙醇酸,因而促进光呼吸。在玉米上,PEP(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸)羧化酶-苹果酸酶偶起了增加维管束鞘细胞中CO_2浓度的作用。四碳植物的维管束鞘细胞是RuDP羧化酶存在的场所。玉米的RuDP羧化酶对O_2也敏感,所以在维管束鞘内提高CO_2的浓度就能促进光合而减弱光呼吸。由于在800ppmCO_2和21％O_2的标准大气条件下,光呼吸及其相伴随的氧对光合的抑制作用,会明显地抑制大豆的净光合,同时由于迄未证明光呼吸有何重要的生理功能,因而正在试图设法减少或消除大豆和其他三碳植物的光呼吸。     

关于光呼吸与光合作用关系的研究——Ⅲ.小麦叶片CO_2猝发及其与光合作用的关系

小麦叶片断光后CO_2猝发强度随断光前光强增加而增强。在空气中,小麦叶片CO_2猝发时间在1.5分钟左右,断光后0.5分钟内猝发最强。在无CO_2气流中,小麦CO_2猝发量显著增强,约为空气中猝发量的5～6倍。体外供给乙醇酸,能增加猝发量和延长猝发时间。随氧浓度提高,光合受抑,而猝发量增强,旺盛期猝发时间缩短。氧浓度对猝发的影响只有在断光前才起作用。氧浓度在2％以下,观察不到猝发。CO_2浓度虽可增加光合,增强猝发之势,但也有抑制光呼吸,降低猝发的效应,而后者一般是主要的。光呼吸,暗呼吸释放的CO_2都能在光下被光合作用再固定,再固定数量随外界CO_2浓度提高而增高,随氧浓度提高而下降。     

干出和沉水不同条件下羊栖菜光合作用碳源获得机制比较(英文)

经济海洋褐藻羊栖菜(Hizikia fusiforme(Harv.)Okamura)低潮时常常周期性地暴露于空气中。为了认识这种海藻在潮汐循环背景下的光合特征,对其在高潮沉水和低潮干出不同条件下的光合作用碳素获得机制进行了比较。沉水时,羊栖菜主要利用海水中HCO_3~-作为外源无机碳源驱动光合作用;而在干出条件下,其光合作用的主要碳源为空气中的CO_2。在这两种不同环境条件下,光合作用与pH值的关系不同:沉水状态时,羊栖菜在高pH值(10.0)下光合活性很弱;而在干出条件下,羊栖菜在高pH值时仍有较高的光合活性。然而,光合作用无论是在沉水还是在干出条件下,对外源碳源的获得都表现出对胞外碳酸酐酶(CA)强烈的依赖性,并且其光合速率都受周围环境中无机碳源水平的限制。此外,在沉水和干出两种环境条件下,羊栖菜光合作用都表现出对氧气的敏感性。这表明,在羊栖菜中,依赖胞外CA的碳源获得机制不能使细胞内CO_2浓度提高到阻碍其光呼吸的程度。增加空气中或海水中无机碳的浓度,能促进羊栖菜的光合作用,进而增加这种海藻的水产养殖产量。     

光下无CO_2气体处理对叶片光合强度的影响

小麦等C_3植物的叶片在光下经无CO_2或低CO_2气体处理后,通入高CO_2气体,光合强度出现“升、降、升”的波动,而玉米等C_4植物无此现象。不同植物的光合波动幅度不同。强光、高CO_2、低O_2等能缩短第一次光合上升时间,增大光合下降幅度;而低CO_2、高O_2等则减少光合下降幅度。此现象与RuBP及ATP的含量变化有关。     

光合单位和叶片光合的“理论速率”

在通常空气中,大气的低CO_2浓度使光合作用的羧化反应起着限制作用,21％的O_2浓度又引起光呼吸的损耗,使叶片的表观光合速率大大低于它所具有的真光合能力。在消除这限制和损耗之后,叶片的光合速率可以达到它的极限值,这就是叶片的光合单位密度和它的周转率的乘积。把这个数值称为“理论速率”是因为这是叶片内部光合机构运转的极限速率。     

光呼吸条件下栾树和辣椒光合电子流的分配研究

用Li-6400光合仪同时测定了栾树和辣椒在温度为30℃、CO2浓度为380μmol·mol-1下的气体交换和叶绿素荧光数据。结果表明,栾树在饱和光合有效辐射时光合电子用于碳同化、光呼吸和其他途径的量分别为72.68、45.68和29.40μmol·m-2.s-1;辣椒在光合有效辐射为2000μmol·m-2.s-1时光合电子用于碳同化、光呼吸和其他途径的量分别为142.24、40.24和131.52μmol·m-2.s-1。揭示了在光呼吸条件下用Valentini和Epron等方法高估了辣椒和栾树的光合电子用于光呼吸的量,同时也高估了光呼吸在辣椒和栾树中的保护作用。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Primeval cells: Possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms

Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H⁺+2e^– at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.     

用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构

用离散量的方法,对2208个分辨率在2.5I以上的高精度的蛋白质结构中四类超二级结构进行了识别。从蛋白质一级序列出发,以氨基酸(20种氨基酸加一个空位)和其紧邻关联共同为参数,当序列模式固定长取8个氨基酸残基时,对“822”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到78.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到76.7%;当序列模式固定长取10个氨基酸残基时,对“1041”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到83.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到79.8%。