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1.
Zhang CL Zheng BQ Lao JP Mao LJ Chen SY Kubicek CP Lin FC 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2008,78(5):833-840
Many endophytic fungi are known to protect plants from plant pathogens, but the antagonistic mechanism has rarely been revealed.
In this study, we wished to learn whether an endophytic Aspergillus sp., isolated from Taxus mairei, would indeed produce bioactive components, and if so whether (a) they would antagonize plant pathogenic fungi; and (b) whether
this Aspergillus sp. would produce the compound also under conditions of confrontation with these fungi. The endophytic fungal strain from
T. mairei was identified as Aspergillus clavatonanicus by analysis of morphological characteristics and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS rDNA) of rDNA. When
grown in surface culture, the fungus produced clavatol (2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylacetophenone) and patulin (2-hydroxy-3,7-dioxabicyclo
[4.3.0]nona-5,9-dien-8-one), as shown by shown by NMR, MS, X-ray, and EI-MS analysis. Both exhibited inhibitory activity in
vitro against several plant pathogenic fungi, i.e., Botrytis cinerea, Didymella bryoniae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium ultimum. During confrontation with P. ultimum, A. clavatonanicus antagonized its growth of P. ultimum, and both clavatol as well as patulin were formed as the only bioactive components, albeit with different kinetics. We conclude
that A. clavatonanicus produces clavatol and patulin, and that these two polyketides may be involved in the protection of T. mairei against attack by plant pathogens by this Aspergillus sp. 相似文献
2.
Endophytic fungi are rich in orchids and have great impacts on their host plants. 53 endophytes (30 isolates from Dendrobium devonianum and 23 endophytic fungi from D. thyrsiflorum) were isolated, respectively, from roots and stems of Dendrobium species. All the fungi were identified by way of morphological and/or molecular biological methods. 30 endophytic fungi in
D. devonianum were categorized into 11 taxa and 23 fungal endophytes in D. thyrsiflorum were grouped into 11 genera, respectively. Fusarium was the dominant species of the two Dendrobium species in common. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of fermentation broth of these fungi was explored using agar
diffusion test. 10 endophytic fungi in D. devonianum and 11 in D. thyrsiflorum exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one pathogenic bacterium or fungus among 6 pathogenic microbes (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus). Out of the fungal endophytes isolated from D. devonianum and D. thyrsiflorum, Phoma displayed strong inhibitory activity (inhibition zones in diameter >20 mm) against pathogens. Epicoccum nigrum from D. thyrsiflorum exhibited antibacterial activity even stronger than ampicillin sodium. Fusarium isolated from the two Dendrobium species was effective against the pathogenic bacterial as well as fungal pathogens. The study reinforced the assumption that
endophytic fungi isolated from different Dendrobium species could be of potential antibacterial or antifungal resource. 相似文献
3.
S. K. Gond V. C. Verma A. Kumar V. Kumar R. N. Kharwar 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(10):1371-1375
Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy, living, and symptomless tissues of inner bark, leaf, and roots of Aegle marmelos, a well-known medicinal plant, growing in different parts of India including Varanasi. A total of 79 isolates of endophytic
fungi were isolated, representing 21 genera, adopting a standard isolation protocol. Members of the deuteromycotina were more
prevalent than ascomycotina and others. The result was quite encouraging in terms of maximum isolates recovery from hyphomycetes
(78.5%) followed by ascomycetes (8.9%) and coelomycetes (7.6%) respectively, which corroborates previous studies in same area.
However, 5.1% isolates remained unidentified and were classified under Mycelia Sterilia. No isolate was obtained from either
basidiomycotina or from zygomycotina. Fusarium spp. had maximum colonization frequency (8.00%) in this plant. The other dominant endophytic genera were Aspergillus spp., Alternaria sp., Drechslera sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Curvularia sp., Nigrospora sp., and Stenella sp. Only two ascomycetous members Chaetomium globosum and Emericella sp. (perfect state of Aspergillus sp.) were obtained from the bark sample. These results indicated that distribution of endophytic fungi within the A. marmelos is not even. Bark harbors more endophytic fungi than leaf and root. 相似文献
4.
Jing Li Jianglin Zhao Lijian Xu Ligang Zhou Xiaolin Li Jingguo Wang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(5):733-737
About 63 fungal endophytic isolates were separated from rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in China. The isolates were characterized and grouped based on
the culture characteristics and the morphology of colony growth and conidia. Eleven representative ones were selected for
further taxonomical identification. Five genera namely Fusarium, Gliocladiopsis, Gliomastix, Aspergillus and Cylindrocarpon were identified on the basis of their morphological characterizations. Of them, the most frequent genus was Fusarium (i.e. Ppf1, Ppf3 and Ppf14). Their ITS-rDNA sequences were compared with those available in the GeneBank databases to obtain
the closest related species by BLAST analysis as well as to analyze their phylogenetic affiliation. The isolates were identified
as Gliocladiopsis irregularis (Ppf2), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Ppf4), Padospora sp. (Ppf6), Gliomastix murorum var. murorum (Ppf7), Aspergillus fumigatus (Ppf9), Pichia guilliermondii (Ppf10), Neonectria radicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon) (Ppf12) and one uncultured mycorrhizal ascomycete (Ppf13) separately based on their morphological and molecular features.
The molecular characters of the endophytic fungi were basically coincident with their morphology. The broad diversity and
taxonomic spectrum were exhibited by the endophytic fungi from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. 相似文献
5.
Silvina Larran Analía Perelló María Rosa Simón Virginia Moreno 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(4):565-572
In order to study the species composition of endophytes from wheat healthy plants in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and
to determine their infection frequencies from leaves, stems, glumes and grains, wheat plants were collected from five cultivars
at five growth stages from crop emergence to harvest. A total of 1,750 plant segments (leaves, stems, glumes and grains) were
processed from the five wheat cultivars at five growth stages, and 722 isolates of endophytic fungi recovered were identified
as 30 fungal genera. Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Epicoccum nigrum, Cryptococcus sp., Rhodotorula rubra, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium graminearum were the fungi that showed the highest colonization frequency (CF%) in all the tissues and organs analysed. The number of
taxa isolated was greater in the leaves than those in the other organs analysed. 相似文献
6.
JH Zhao YL Zhang LW Wang JY Wang CL Zhang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2012,28(5):2107-2112
An endophytic fungus was isolated from the root of the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera Lam. Based on analyzing the rDNA sequence, the fungus was identified as Nigrospora sp. This is the first report of the isolation of endophytic Nigrospora from M. oleifera. By bioassay-guided fractionation, four antifungal secondary metabolites were isolated from liquid cultures of the fungus
Nigrospora sp. LLGLM003, and their chemical structures were determined to be griseofulvin (1), dechlorogriseofulvin (2), 8-dihydroramulosin (3) and mellein (4) on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Compound 2, 3 and 4 were isolated from Nigrospora sp. for the first time. In vitro antifungal assay showed that griseofulvin displayed clear inhibition of the growth of 8
plant pathogenic fungi. Dechlorogriseofulvin and mellein exhibited only weak antifungal activities, whereas 8-dihydroramulosin
displayed no antifungal activities. 相似文献
7.
F. W. Wang Z. M. Hou C. R. Wang P. Li D. H. Shi 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(10):2143-2147
The metabolites of endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. from the leaf of Hopea hainanensis were reported for the first time. By bioassay-guided fractionation, the EtOAc extract of a solid-matrix steady culture of
this fungus afforded six compounds, which were identified through a combination of spectral and chemical methods (IR, MS,
1H- and 13C-NMR) to be monomethylsulochrin (1), rhizoctonic acid (2), asperfumoid (3), physcion (4), 7,8-dimethyl-iso-alloxazine (5) and 3,5-dichloro-p-anisic acid (6). Compounds 2, 3 and 6 were obtained from Penicillium sp. for the first time. All of the six isolates were subjected to in vitro bioactive assays including antifungal action against
three human pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger and cytotoxic activity against the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid tumor KB cell line and human liver cancer HepG2 cell line.
As a result, compounds 2–4 and 6 inhibited the growth of C. albicans with MICs of 40.0, 20.0, 50.0 and 15.0 μg/ml, respectively and the compound 6 showed growth inhibition against A. niger with MICs of 40.0 μg/ml. In addition, compounds 1–3 and 6 exhibited cytotoxic activity against KB cell line with IC50 value of 30.0, 20.0, 20.0, 5.0 μg/ml, respectively and against HepG2 cell line with IC50 value of 30.0, 25.0, 15.0, 10.0 μg/ml, respectively. 相似文献
8.
Endophytic actinomycetes from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were screened and evaluated for their anti-microbial activity against an array of pathogenic fungi and bacteria.
A total of 55 separate isolates were obtained from 20 plants, and 60% of these showed inhibitory activity against one or more
pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Actinomycetes were most commonly recovered from roots (54.5% of all isolates), followed by
stems (23.6%), and leaves (21.8%). The dominant genus was Streptomyces (49.09% of all isolates), while Streptosporangium (14.5%), Microbispora (10.9%), Streptoverticillium (5.5%), Sacchromonospora sp. (5.5%), and Nocardia (3.6%) were also recovered. Streptomyces isolates AzR 006, 011, and 031 (all from roots) had acute activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens, while AzR027, 032, and 051 (also all from roots) showed activity against Escherichia coli. Meanwhile, an isolate of Nocardia sp. from leaves (AzL025) showed antagonism against Bacillus subtilis. Overall, 32 of the 55 were found to have broad spectrum significant antimicrobial activity, while about 4% of them showed
strong and acute inhibition to pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Isolates of Streptomyces AzR031, 008, and 047, Nocardia sp. AzL025, and Streptosporangium sp. AzR 021 and 048 are of particular interest because they showed significant antagonistic activity against root pathogens,
including Pythium and Phytophthora sp. Thus, many of the isolates recovered from A. indica in this study may be used in developing potential bio-control agents against a range of pathogenic fungi and bacteria and
in the production of novel natural antimicrobial compounds. These results not only further our understanding of plant–microbe
interactions but also indicate that there is an untapped resource of endophytic microorganisms that could be exploited in
the biotechnological, medicinal, and agricultural industries. 相似文献
9.
Lactic acid bacteria isolated from Boza, a cereal-fermented beverage from Belogratchik, Bulgaria, were screened for the production of bacteriocins. With the first screening, 13 of the 52 isolates inhibited the growth of Listeria innocua and Lactobacillus plantarum. The cell-free supernatant of one of these strains, classified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum ST99, inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, several Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Clostridium spp., Carnobacterium spp., L. mesenteroides and Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited. Maximum antimicrobial activity, i.e. 6,400 arbitrary units (AU)/ml, was recorded in MRS broth after 24 h at 30°C. Incubation in the presence of protease IV and pronase E resulted in loss of antimicrobial activity, confirming that growth inhibition was caused by a bacteriocin, designated here as mesentericin ST99. No loss in activity was recorded after treatment with -amylase, SDS, Tween 20, Tween 80, urea, Triton X-100, N-laurylsarcosin, EDTA and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. Mesentericin ST99 remained active after 30 min at 121°C and after 2 h of incubation at pH 2 to 12. Metabolically active cells of L. innocua treated with mesentericin ST99 did not undergo lysis. Mesentericin ST99 did not adhere to the cell surface of strain ST99. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate (70% saturation), followed by Sep-Pack C18 chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC on a C18 Nucleosil column yielded one antimicrobial peptide. 相似文献
10.
Zhi Bin Zhang Qing Gui Zeng Ri Ming Yan Ya Wang Zheng Rong Zou Du Zhu 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(3):479-486
A strain LF70 endophytic fungus was isolated from the leaves of Huperzia serrata. The fungus was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides LF70 according to its morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequence analysis. The strain could produce
Huperzine A (HupA) identified through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
authentic HupA. The amount of HupA produced by this endophytic fungus was quantified to be 56.84 μg/L by HPLC, which was higher
than that of other reported endophytic fungi, Acremonium sp., Blastomyces sp., and Botrytis sp. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of HupA produced by strain LF70 was also similar to authentic HupA in vitro.
Isolation of such a fungus may provide a promising alternative approach to producing HupA, which is used in treating Alzheimer’s
disease and preventing further memory degeneration. 相似文献
11.
Karseno Kazuo Harada Takeshi Bamba Susilaningsih Dwi Aparat Mahakhant Tomoaki Yoshikawa Kazumasa Hirata 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(7):999-1003
During growth of the freshwater cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria sp. BTCC/A0004, and Scytonema sp. TISTR 8208, a pink pigment is released into the growth medium. The pigment from each source had a molecular weight of
approximately 250 kDa and had adsorption maxima at 560 and 620 nm. These results suggest that pink pigment is a phycoerythrin-like
protein. It inhibited the growth of green algae, Chlorella fusca and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but not other cyanobacteria or true bacteria. The concentration at which growth inhibition 50% occurred was 0.5, 6 and more
than 10 mg ml−1, respectively. 相似文献
12.
A bacterium, which was observed in all cultivations of Microcystis sp., was isolated and designated as Rhodococcus sp. KWR2. The growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, including four strains of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena variabilis, was suppressed by up to 75–88% by 2% (v/v) culture broth of KWR2 after 5 days. But KWR2 did not inhibit eukaryotic algae,
Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus sp. An extracellular algicidal substance produced by KWR2 showed a cyanobactericidal activity of 94% and was water-soluble
with a molecular weight of lower than 8 kDa. 相似文献
13.
F. A. Oguntoyinbo A. I. Sanni C. M. A. P. Franz W. H. Holzapfel 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(3):401-410
The Bacillus subtilis wild strains isolated from okpehe, a traditional fermented condiment used as seasoning in Nigeria, the reference and typed strains were investigated for their
phenotypic diversity and their technological parameters with a view to obtain adequate data that would enable selection of
appropriated starter cultures for vegetable protein fermentation in West Africa. All the 7 strains studied demonstrated diverse
phenotypic characteristics and they were identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on the API 50 CHB combined with API 20E profile. Specific sugars that indicated a good hydrolytic potential of the
wild strains were fermented. The highest proteinase activity of 90 AU/ml determined quantitatively was observed in the strain
Bacillus subtilis BFE 5372, the proteinase was identified by the APIZYM gallery as chymotrypsin. Highest amylase activity of 13 AU/ml was noticed
in strain Bacillus subtilis DSM 347 while only 4 strains produced polyglutamic acid with the strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5359 producing the highest polyglutamate activity of 2.5 mm. Although strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301 did not release detectable polyglutamate, the strain demonstrated antagonism against different bacteria and the
antimicrobial substance produced by strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301 was confirmed as a bacteriocin since its activities were lost after treatment with chymotrypsin and pepsin. The
data generated showed the technological parameters that can aid selection of wild strains such as Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301, BFE 5359 and BFE 5372 for optimization of condiment production. 相似文献
14.
Seventeen isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were evaluated for their pathogenicity against the tobacco spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard. In the laboratory all the fungal isolates were pathogenic to the adult female mites, causing mortality between 22.1 and 82.6%. Isolates causing more than 70% mortality were subjected to dose–response mortality bioassays. The lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) values ranged between 0.7×107 and 2.5×107 conidia ml−1. The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) values of the most active isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae strains varied between 4.6 and 5.8 days. Potted tomato plants were artificially infested with T. evansi and treated with B. bassiana isolate GPK and M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78. Both fungal isolates reduced the population density of mites as compared to untreated controls. However, conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones formulated in water. This study demonstrates the prospects of pathogenic fungi for the management of T. evansi. 相似文献
15.
Twenty-five Campylobacter isolates were screened for production of antimicrobial substances using a deferred antagonism assay. Sixteen isolates showed
activity against either Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Candida albicans. The inhibitory activity was sensitive to treatment with pronase E, trypsin and pepsin, suggesting that the antimicrobial
compound(s) are proteinaceous. Activity spectra of isolates included S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis, a drug-resistant clinical isolate of S. aureus and one isolate of C. albicans. Producing isolates showed cross-immunity and inhibitory activity was only observed on solid media. The findings of this
study suggest that Campylobacter produces proteinaceous inhibitory substances. 相似文献
16.
Farzana Ashrafi Neela L. Nonaka M. H. Rahman S. Suzuki 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(6):1095-1101
The transferability of the tetracycline (TC) resistance gene tet(M) from marine bacteria to human enteric bacteria was examined by a filter-mating method. Vibrio spp., Lactococcus garvieae, Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus sp., and Paenibacillus sp. were used as donors, and Escherichia coli JM109 and Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 were used as recipients. The combination of Vibrio spp. and E. coli resulted in 5/68 positive transconjugants with a transfer rate of 10−7 to 10−3; however, no transfer was observed with E. faecalis. In case of L. garvieae and E. faecalis, 6/6 positive transconjugants were obtained with a transfer rate of 10−6 to 10−5; however, no transfer was observed with E. coli. The tet(M) gene of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Paenibacillus were not transferred to either E. coli or E. faecalis. tet(M) transfer was confirmed in positive E. coli and E. faecalis transconjugants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization. All the donor strains did not harbor plasmids,
while they all harbored transposon Tn916. In the transconjugants, the transposon was not detected by PCR, suggesting the possible transfer of tet(M) from the marine bacterial chromosome to the recipient chromosome. This is the first report to show that tet(M) can be transferred from marine bacteria to human enteric bacteria in a species-specific manner. 相似文献
17.
The human pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori has been ascertained to be an aetiological agent for chronic active gastritis and a significant determinant in peptic and duodenal ulcer diseases. Endophytic metabolites are being recognized as a versatile arsenal of antimicrobial agents, since some endophytes have been shown to possess superior biosynthetic capabilities owing to their presumable gene recombination with the host, while residing and reproducing inside the healthy plant tissues. A total of 32 endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal herb Cynodon dactylon(Poaceae) were grown in in vitroculture, and the ethyl acetate extracts of the cultures were examined in vitro for the anti-H. pylori activity. As a result, a total of 16 endophyte culture extracts were identified as having potent anti-H. pyloriactivities. Subsequently, a detailed bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of the most active endophyte (strain number: CY725) identified as Aspergillussp., was performed to afford eventually four anti-H. pylori secondary metabolites. The four isolated compounds were identified through a combination of spectral and chemical methods (IR, MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR) to be helvolic acid, monomethylsulochrin, ergosterol and 3β-hydroxy-5α,8α-epidioxy- ergosta-6,22-diene with corresponding MICs of 8.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC of ampicillin co-assayed as a reference drug against H. pylori was 2.0 μg/ml. Furthermore, preliminary examination of the antimicrobial spectrum of helvolic acid, the most active anti-H. pylori metabolite characterized from the endophyte culture, showed that it was inhibitory to the growth of Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureusand Candida albicans with MICs of 15.0, 20.0 and 30.0 μg/ml, respectively. 相似文献
18.
Shu-Hua Qi Ying Xu Hai-Rong Xiong Pei-Yuan Qian Si Zhang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(3):399-406
To investigate the antifouling secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi, we used bioassay-guided column chromatography
techniques, such as HPLC, to separate and purify compounds from Cladosporium sp. F14. Extensive spectral analyses including 1D NMR spectra and MS were employed for structure elucidation of the compounds.
Antilarval activity of the compounds was evaluated in settlement inhibition assays with laboratory-reared Balanus amphitrite and Bugula neritina larvae, while antibacterial activity was assessed with disc diffusion bioassay on growth inhibition of six marine bacterial
species. In total, nine compounds were obtained. Among them, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, cyclo-(Phe-Pro) and cyclo-(Val-Pro)
had various antibacterial activities against three fouling bacteria, furthermore, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
effectively inhibited larval settlement of B. neritina and B. amphitrite larvae, respectively, indicating that the two compounds are potential natural antifouling agents. 相似文献
19.
A Bacillus sp. strain producing a bacteriocin-like substance was characterized by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequencing. The
phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain has low sequence similarity with most Bacillus spp., suggesting a new species was isolated. The antimicrobial activity was detected starting at the exponential growth phase,
and maximum activity was observed at stationary phase. The substance was inhibitory to a broad range of indicator strains,
incluing pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, B. cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Erwinia carotovora, Pasteurella haemolytica, Salmonella Gallinarum, among other. The antibacterial substance was stable over a wide pH range, but it was sensitive to pronase E and lipase.
The antibacterial substance was bactericidal and bacteriolytic to L. monocytogenes and B. cereus at 160 AU ml−1. The identification of a broad range bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance active against L. monocytogenes addresses an important aspect of food protection against pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Twenty six Rhizobium strains isolated from root nodules of Sesbania sesban were studied for chitinase activity on chitin agar plates. Among them, only 12 strains showed chitinase activity. The strain
showing the highest chitinase activity was selected based on maximum clear zone/colony size ratio on chitin agar plates and
chitinase activity in culture filtrate. The strain was identified as Rhizobium sp. which showed a high degree of similarity with Rhizobium radiobacter (= Agrobacterium radiobacter). The cultural and nutritional conditions were optimized for maximum chitinase activity. The Rhizobium sp. exhibited maximum chitinase activity after 36 h of incubation, at neutral pH. Among the different nutritional sources,
arabinose and yeast extract were found to be good inducers for chitinase activity. Rhizobium sp. could degrade and utilize dead mycelia of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium udum. 相似文献