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1.
化石燃料的燃烧和城市化进程的加快导致大气中二氧化碳(CO_2)和臭氧(O_3)浓度日益升高,大气气体浓度的变化会对植物个体和陆地生态系统结构与功能产生影响。CO_2浓度升高增加了陆地生态系统碳汇能力,而O_3导致作物减产和生态系统固碳损失。自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE)系统是最接近自然的一种模拟大气气体浓度增加对生态系统影响的研究平台,已广泛应用于各种生态系统,为理解陆地生态系统生态过程对全球变化的响应及评估未来情景的生态风险提供了重要科学依据。该文从FACE技术特点出发,介绍了国内外建成的大型CO_2/O_3-FACE系统,分析了FACE系统的不同布气方式在不同生态系统研究过程中的优点与缺点,概述了全球FACE运行的现状和取得的主要成果,并指出了FACE系统存在的主要问题和前沿研究方向。  相似文献   

2.
人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物的生长环境,其中最大的一个变化就是大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前的平均270μmol/mol上升到目前的381μmol/mol,到2050年至少超过550μmol/mol。FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment,开放式空气中CO2浓度增高)试验是目前评估未来高浓度CO2对作物生长和产量实际影响的最佳方法。水稻无疑是人类最重要的食物来源,迄今为止人类利用FACE技术开展水稻响应和适应的研究已有10a(19982008年)的历史。以生长发育为主线,首次系统综述了10a水稻FACE试验在该领域的研究成果,总结了FACE情形下高浓度CO2(模拟本世纪中叶大气CO2浓度)对主要供试水稻品种(小区面积大于4m2)光合作用、生育进程、地上部生长、地下部生长、物质分配、籽粒灌浆、产量构成以及倒伏性状等影响的研究进展,比较了FACE与非FACE研究之间以及中国和日本FACE研究(世界上唯一的两个大型水稻FACE研究)之间的异同点。根据研究进展以及当前的技术水平,文章最后提出了该领域的3个优先课题:(1)FACE情形下杂交稻生产力响应高于预期的生物学机制;(2)FACE情形下CO2与主要栽培措施的互作效应;(3)FACE情形下CO2与主要空气污染物臭氧的互作效应。这些响应的机理性解析将有助于从根本上减少人类预测未来粮食安全的不确定性,进而更加有效地制订出应对全球变化的适应策略。  相似文献   

3.
陆地生态系统承载的温室气体对全球碳循环及气候调节服务意义重大,森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,量化森林对温室气体的储量有利于从生物地球化学角度研究全球变化问题。针对中国森林生态系统承载的温室气体在大尺度上无法有效量化的问题,基于2000与2010年两期土地利用数据和前人的相关研究,通过一个生态系统温室气体值模型,模拟得到中国森林生态系统承载的三大主要温室气体(CO2,CH4,N2O)的量。结果表明:(1)中国森林生态系统的面积从2000年的224.3×106 hm2略增到2010的224.6×106 hm2;其中落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林和针叶林的面积减少,而混交林与灌木林的面积增加;(2)对应地,2000和2010年中国森林的温室气体储量分别为154.03和154.37 Pg CO2当量,10年间增加了0.34 Pg CO2当量。其中,常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林在研究时段内的...  相似文献   

4.
生物及生态系统与环境变化间的反馈关系及其过程机制是生态学研究的重要内容.不同类型的生物环境因素控制实验以及大尺度的联网野外控制实验被认为是认识生态系统响应和适应环境变化过程机制、精细定量表达的有效手段及认知过程的加速器.近年来发展了大型野外物理模拟实验装置网络(如ECOTRON)、生态系统分析与实验平台(AnaEE)、...  相似文献   

5.
碳同位素示踪技术具有高度的专一性和灵敏度,经过几十年的发展,形成了一系列成熟的标记方法,在陆地生态系统碳循环过程的研究中已得到广泛应用。目前,自然丰度法、与13C贫化示踪技术结合的自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE)实验、脉冲与连续标记法以及碳同位素高丰度底物富集标记法是研究陆地生态系统碳循环过程常用的碳同位素示踪方法;通过将长期定位实验和室内模拟实验结合,量化光合碳在植物-土壤系统的传输与分配特征,明确植物光合碳对土壤有机质的来源、稳定化过程的影响及其微生物驱动机制;阐明土壤碳动态变化(迁移与转化)和新碳与老碳对土壤碳库储量的相对贡献,评估有机碳输入、转化与稳定的生物与非生物微观界面过程机制。然而,生态系统碳循环受气候、植被、人为活动等多因素影响,碳同位素技术需要结合质谱、光谱技术实现原位示踪,结合分子生物学技术阐明其微生物驱动机制,从而构建灵敏、准确、多尺度、多方位的同位素示踪技术体系。因此,该文以稳定碳同位素为主,综述了碳同位素示踪技术的原理、分析方法和在陆地生态系统碳循环过程中的应用进展,归纳总结了碳同位素示踪技术结合原位检测技术和分子生物学技术的研究进展和应用前景,并对碳同位素示踪技术存在的问题进行了分析和展望。  相似文献   

6.
日光诱导叶绿素荧光(SIF)是近十年来迅速发展的新型植被遥感技术,可以弥补以“绿度”为基础的植被指数等传统光学遥感观测的不足,为大尺度植被光合作用监测提供了新方法。随着塔基、无人机、机载和星载SIF观测技术的快速发展以及SIF机理研究的推进,SIF遥感为陆地生态系统生理生化参数和生产力反演、非生物胁迫早期探测、光合物候提取和植被蒸腾作用监测等研究提供了重要技术支撑。该文首先系统阐述了SIF遥感的基本原理、观测技术和反演算法,进而回顾了SIF遥感在陆地生态系统监测中的应用现状,最后对天空地一体化SIF观测、SIF机理研究、新兴生态学应用等领域进行展望。  相似文献   

7.
稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法是现代生态学研究的重要手段和方法之一。稳定性同位素能够整合生态系统复杂的生物学、生态学和生物地球化学过程在时间和空间尺度上对环境变化的响应。Keeling曲线法是以生物过程前后物质平衡理论为基础,将CO2或H2O的同位素组成(δDδ13C或δ18O)与其对应浓度测量结合起来,将生态系统净碳通量区分为光合固定和呼吸释放通量,或将整个生态系统水分蒸散区分为植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发。在全球尺度上,稳定性同位素技术、Keeling曲线法与全球尺度陆地生态系统模型相结合,还可区分陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统对全球碳通量的贡献以及不同植被类型(C3或C4)在全球CO2同化量中所占的比例。然而,生态系统的异质性使得稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法从冠层尺度外推到生态系统、区域或全球尺度时存在有一定程度的不确定性。此外,取样时间、地点的选取也会影响最终的研究结果。尽管如此,随着分析手段的不断精确和研究方法的日趋完善,稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法与其它测量方法(如微气象法)的有机结合将成为未来陆地生态系统碳/水交换研究的重要手段和方法之一。  相似文献   

8.
马秀慧  王志坚 《四川动物》2012,31(3):497-503
了解动物的食物组成是研究生态系统的多样性和生态系统功能的基本要求,在动物生态学的研究中至关重要。DNA-based方法包括样本采集、DNA提取、PCR扩增、序列比对分析等一系列步骤,实验的成败取决于标记基因的选择、引物的设计及每个步骤的优化。文章综述了DNA-based方法的各个基本步骤及其优化方法,并对该方法在今后用于国内相关研究的可能性进行展望,关注用于研究国内三峡大坝这个大型水域生态系统的可能性,期望推动国内该领域的研究。  相似文献   

9.
动态物候模型发展及其在全球变化研究中的应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
物候模型可以通过环境因子预测植物物候期,是植物物候学一个重要内容。其中,试图反映生物过程的动态物候模型往往预测比较准确,因此这类物候模型有助于探讨植物在全球变化中的响应。本文把动态物候模型分为3大类,温度物候模型、冷激物候模型和其它物候模型,阐述了每个模型的基本原理和假设,重点论述了常见的温度物候模型.提出物候模型的真实性和广泛性还需要进一步提高,并介绍了温度物候模型在全球变化中运用的几个代表案例,指出目前的物候模型研究刚刚起步,还有许多方面需要进一步深入和开拓。  相似文献   

10.
情景分析及其在生态系统研究中的应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
生态系统是一种具有多稳态机制、自适应的复杂系统,其未来往往难以准确预测。情景分析方法针对影响系统的关键不确定性,通过对系统发展的几种可能性进行探索而构建一组不同的未来景象,改变现有心理模型,激发广泛参与,提高决策有效性。近年来,情景分析方法在生态系统研究中得到了越来越多的关注。本文阐述了情景及情景分析的概念及其发展,介绍了两种典型的情景分析步骤,分析了情景分析与传统生态预测方法的区别及其优越性,回顾了情景分析在生态系统研究中应用的经典案例,最后对情景分析其方法本身的发展和在生态系统中的应用进行了总结和展望。  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2016,40(8):847
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a composite structural parameter as well as a basic leaf functional trait in the leaf economics spectrum (LES). It is not only closely related to many physiological responses of plants, but also can measure the investment of dry mass per unit of light-intercepting leaf area. LMA is considered an important indicator of plant ecological strategies and has been studied widely in plant ecology, agronomy, forestry, and plant physiology. This paper elucidates the structural analysis and computational methods of LMA at the organizational scales of whole leaf, tissues and cells, examines the influence of LMA on photosynthesis, and discusses the inherent differences in LMA and the responses of LMA to environmental stresses (temperature, water and light), aiming for clarifying research frameworks and methods in studies of LMA and providing guidance on future research.  相似文献   

12.
Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 35% of the Earth's terrestrial surface area, are believed to be among the most responsive to elevated [CO2]. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured in the eighth year of CO2 enrichment at the Nevada Desert Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Facility between the months of December 2003–December 2004. On most dates mean daily NEE (24 h) (μmol CO2 m?2 s?1) of ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 were similar to those maintained at current ambient CO2 levels. However, on sampling dates following rains, mean daily NEEs of ecosystems exposed to elevated [CO2] averaged 23 to 56% lower than mean daily NEEs of ecosystems maintained at ambient [CO2]. Mean daily NEE varied seasonally across both CO2 treatments, increasing from about 0.1 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1 in December to a maximum of 0.5–0.6 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1 in early spring. Maximum NEE in ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 occurred 1 month earlier than it did in ecosystems exposed to ambient CO2, with declines in both treatments to lowest seasonal levels by early October (0.09±0.03 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1), but then increasing to near peak levels in late October (0.36±0.08 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1), November (0.28±0.03 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1), and December (0.54±0.06 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1). Seasonal patterns of mean daily NEE primarily resulted from larger seasonal fluctuations in rates of daytime net ecosystem CO2 uptake which were closely tied to plant community phenology and precipitation. Photosynthesis in the autotrophic crust community (lichens, mosses, and free‐living cyanobacteria) following rains were probably responsible for the high NEEs observed in January, February, and late October 2004 when vascular plant photosynthesis was low. Both CO2 treatments were net CO2 sinks in 2004, but exposure to elevated CO2 reduced CO2 sink strength by 30% (positive net ecosystem productivity=127±17 g C m?2 yr?1 ambient CO2 and 90±11 g C m?2 yr?1 elevated CO2, P=0.011). This level of net C uptake rivals or exceeds levels observed in some forested and grassland ecosystems. Thus, the decrease in C sequestration seen in our study under elevated CO2– along with the extensive coverage of arid and semi‐arid ecosystems globally – points to a significant drop in global C sequestration potential in the next several decades because of responses of heretofore overlooked dryland ecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
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《植物生态学报》2016,40(2):151
Aims Understanding the interspecific water relations is important for designing agroforestry systems. The objective of this study was to determine the water use strategies of component species in a walnut (Juglans regia)-woad (Isatis tinctoria)/sicklepod (Senna tora) agroforestry system.Methods Water sources of component species in a walnut-woad/sicklepod agroforestry system were investigated with the technique of stable deuterium isotope tracing at a site of hilly area in Northern China during 2012-2013.Important findings Results showed that the soil water content in the agroforestry system was 26.74% and 7.93% greater than in the pure woad field in the first half year, and 17.39% and 13.65% greater than in the pure sicklepod field in the second half year (sicklepod growth period), in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The lowest water content was found in the middle of tree rows, and the highest water content was found in the northern side of tree rows or under the trees. In the soil layers measured, the pure woad and pure sicklepod systems had greater hydrogen stable isotope ratios (δ D value) of soil water than in the agroforestry system. During the period of woad growth, more than half of the water absorbed by walnut was from the deeper soil layer (30-80 cm). In contrast, the walnut trees mainly utilized shallow layer (0-30 cm) soil water during the period of sicklepod growth. These findings suggest that walnut has a two-state root system: during the period of woad growth, shallow roots of walnut are not active when soil is dry whereas the sicklepod growth occur in rainy season, and the shallow roots of walnut are active and utilize more shallow soil water supplemented by rainwater. More than 85% of water used by both the woad and the sicklepod were from the shallow layer soil. At the seedling stage, the roots of woad, cannot grow into the deeper soil layer, and the absorbed water is completely from the shallow layer in the pure woad system. However, 5.7% of the water absorbed by the intercropped woad was from the deeper soil layer in 2012, and the proportion increased further (9.7%) in the following year when there was less precipitation. The results confirmed that hydraulic lift effect of walnut occurred on shallow layer crop in dry season, and this effect become greater under drier conditions. Therefore, deeper roots of walnut improved water condition in the walnut- woad/sicklepod agroforestry systems compared to pure crop systems. The walnut mainly utilized water from the deeper layer to avoid water competition with the shallow layer. In the dry season, crops benefited from the water provided by walnut roots through hydraulic lift. Walnut and intercropped plants exhibited water facilitation in the agroforestry systems, suggesting that this configuration is a suitable practice in this area.  相似文献   

14.
为揭示我国西北山地温带针叶林降水利用效率(RUE)的年际变化及其对气象因子响应的差异性, 在宁夏六盘山研究了华山松(Pinus armandii)天然林、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林的RUE及其与气象因子间的关系。结果表明: 3种针叶林RUE及其年际变化存在种间差异。生产力高的林分(两种人工林)具有更高的RUE, 华北落叶松林年平均生产力和RUE分别为6.72 t·hm -2·a -1和1.12 g·m -2·mm -1, 是华山松林的2.53倍和2.49倍; 油松林分别为5.76 t·hm -2·a -1和0.97 g·m -2·mm -1, 也远高于华山松林。在林龄小于32年时, 3种林分RUE总体表现出随林龄而增加的趋势, 但存在着种间差异, 其中两种人工林增速更快; 华山松林在林龄为32-45年时, RUE呈波动变化, 之后呈下降趋势。RUE的年际变化趋势与林分生产力相似, 即在生产力较高的年份RUE也较高。气象因子对RUE的影响有明显的“滞后效应”和种间差异。RUE受年降水量及其年内分配格局的影响。随年降水量增加, 华山松林RUE逐渐减小, 而华北落叶松和油松林RUE均先升高后降低; 在干旱年份3种针叶林RUE趋向于相近的值(不一定是最大值), 而在湿润年份趋向于相同的最小值; 除受当年春季(4月)或秋季(9-11月)的降水量影响外, 3种针叶林的RUE还受上一年夏秋(8-9月)的降水量影响。3种针叶林的RUE都极显著地受到上年6月、当年3与6月气温的影响; 此外, 华山松林RUE与当年2月气温负相关, 两人工林均受到当年4、5月气温的显著促进作用。  相似文献   

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《植物生态学报》2017,41(9):925
Aims Net primary production (NPP) is the input to terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool. Climate and land use change affect NPP significantly. Shrublands occupy more than 20% of the terrestrial area of China, and their NPP is comparable to those of the forests. Our objective was to estimate China shrubland NPP from 2001 to 2013, and to analyze its variation and response to climate change.Methods We used a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model to estimate the NPP of six shrubland types in China from 2001 to 2013. Furthermore, we used Theil-Sen slope combined with Mann-kendall test to analyze its spatial variation and a linear regression of one-variable model to analyze its inter- and intra-annual variation. Finally, a multi-factor linear regression model was used to analyze its response to climate change.Important findings We found the annual mean NPP of China shrubland was 281.82 g•m-2•a-1. The subtropical evergreen shrubland has the maximum NPP of 420.47 g•m-2•a-1, while the high cold desert shrubland has the minimum NPP of 52.65 g•m-2•a-1. The countrywide shrublands NPP increased at the rate of 1.23 g•m-2•a-1, the relative change rate was 5.99%. The temperate deciduous shrubland NPP increased the fastest with a speed of 3.05 g•m-2•a-1 and subalpine evergreen shrubland had a decreasing trend with a speed of -0.73 g•m-2•a-1. Moreover, the other four shrublands NPP had a growing trend, only subalpine deciduous shrubland NPP did not change significantly. The response of NPP to climate change of different seasons varies to different shrubland types. In general, the NPP variation was mainly affected by precipitation, and the spring warming also contributed to it. The increase of countrywide shrubland NPP may promote its contribution to the regional ecosystem function.  相似文献   

17.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2017,41(6):683
Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alkaline stress on primary, secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The results were used to evaluate the physiological adaptive mechanisms by which wheat tolerated alkali stress.Methods A pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse. For each plastic pot, five wheat seeds were planted. After germination, seedlings were allowed to grow under controlled water and nutrient conditions for two months, then seedlings were exposed to alkaline stress (NaHCO3-Na2CO3) for 12 days. The relative growth rate (RGR), absolute water content (AWC), metal elements, free cations and metabolites were measured.Important findings The alkaline stress caused the reduction of RGR and AWC. Alkaline stress caused a rapid increase of Na content with the concurrent decrease in K and Cl content, resulting in inhibited metal element accumulation and an ionic imbalance. In the present study, alkaline stress strongly enhanced Ca accumulation in wheat roots, suggesting that an increased Ca concentration can immediately trigger the salt overly sensitive (SOS)-Na exclusion system and reduce Na-associated injuries. Also, 70 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars/polyols and others, behaved differently in the alkaline stress treatments according to a GC-MS analysis. The metabolic profiles of wheat were closely associated with alkaline-stress conditions. Alkaline stress caused the accumulation of organic acids, accompanied by the depletion of sugars/polyols and amino acids. Organic acids could play a central role in the regulation of intracellular pH by accumulating vacuoles to neutralize excess cations. Glycolysis and amino acid synthesis in roots were inhibited under salt stress while prolonged alkaline stress led to a progressive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The severe negative effects of alkaline stress on sugar synthesis and storage may reflect the toxic levels of Na+ accumulating in plant cells in a high-pH environment, implying that the reactive oxygen species detoxification capacity was diminished by the high pH. A lack of NO3- in wheat roots can decrease synthase enzyme activities, limiting the synthesis of amino acids. Under salt stress, the TCA cycle and organic acid accumulation increased, but glycolysis and amino acid synthesis were inhibited in roots. Thus, energy levels and high concentrations of organic acids may be the key adaptive mechanisms by which wheat seedlings maintain their intracellular ion balance under alkaline stress.  相似文献   

18.
1982-2012年中亚植被变化及其对气候变化的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
归一化植被指数(NDVI)能够反映植被生长状况, 被广泛应用于区域乃至全球的植被变化研究中。该文利用1982-2012年GIMMS-NDVI数据, 通过基于像元的线性趋势分析、偏相关分析, 基于场域的经验正交分解(EOF)、奇异值分解(SVD), 综合时间和空间两个维度上的信息, 研究了近31年来中亚植被的变化及其变化中的区域差异, 分析了植被对气候变化的响应关系。线性趋势分析发现, 34%的中亚植被NDVI显著增长(p < 0.05), 山区植被NDVI的增长速率可达到每年0.004。偏相关分析表明, 63%的中亚植被受到降水的显著影响(p < 0.05, 仅4%为负相关), 而32%的植被受到气温的显著影响(p < 0.05, 仅9%为正相关)。EOF分析发现, 中亚植被NDVI的变化表现出较大的空间差异: 山区及东北部的植被NDVI变化主要分为3个阶段, 即先增长(1982-1994年)、后波动(1994-2002年)、然后继续增长(2002-2012年); 而西北部平原区的植被NDVI变化主要表现为两个阶段, 即先增长(1982-1994年)而后减少(1994-2012年)。SVD分析表明: 1982-2012年间中亚植被受到降水和气温的共同影响, 植被NDVI的空间变化特征与降水的空间变化特征较为一致, 但西北部和山区的植被NDVI对气温的响应存在差异。  相似文献   

19.
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《植物生态学报》1958,44(5):461
理解生态系统对过去、现在和未来CO2浓度变化的响应,对于在生态进化的时间尺度上认识和预测全球变化的后果至关重要。过去三十多年来CO2浓度升高相关的科学问题主要集中在对植物生长和生产力的影响, 碳氮周转, 生态系统渐进式氮限制(PNL)形成, 与其他胁迫因子(O3污染、氮沉降、升温、干旱)之间的交互作用等方面。尽管生态学家在数据累积、基础理论上取得了一定进展, 但是仍然存在较大不确定性和大量未知有待解决。该文探究了近30年来CO2浓度升高对陆地生态系统影响研究的国际研究进展、重点领域及热点, 回顾了CO2浓度升高对植物影响的模拟实验研究发展, 重点论述了CO2浓度升高对粮食产量及品质、碳固定、水分利用效率、生态系统氮利用和土壤微生物响应等国际前沿动态研究中存在的主要问题与不足, 在此基础上展望了未来研究中值得关注的前沿研究方向。  相似文献   

20.
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《植物生态学报》2018,42(3):349
为揭示凋落物去除和添加处理对草原生态系统碳通量的影响, 2013和2014年连续两年在成熟群落围封样地进行凋落物去除实验、在退化群落放牧样地进行凋落物添加实验, 并运用静态箱法探讨碳通量变化规律并分析其主要影响因子。结果表明: 两种群落的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)有明显的季节性变化。对成熟群落而言, 去除50%凋落物显著增加了NEE, 去除100%凋落物显著降低了NEE, 而对生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)和生态系统呼吸(ER)均无显著影响; 对退化群落而言, 凋落物添加显著增加了GEPNEE, 而对ER无显著影响。两种群落的GEP与10 cm土壤温度显著正相关, 但NEEGEP的变化规律与土壤温度相反, 与10 cm土壤湿度相同。由此可见, 凋落物去除和添加处理对生态系统碳通量的影响主要是改变土壤湿度和地上生物量,而不是改变土壤温度。该研究为合理利用凋落物改善草地生态系统管理和促进草地恢复提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

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