铜递进胁迫对芦竹生理指标、富集能力的影响

通过测定叶片中叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸含量及质膜透性,研究了不同浓度铜胁迫对芦竹幼苗植株的生理指标及富集能力的影响。结果表明：随铜处理浓度的增大,叶片中叶绿素含量、POD、SOD和CAT活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,当铜处理浓度在100mg·kg^-1时,叶绿素含量、CAT活性达到最大值,而POD、SOD活性在200mg·kg^-1处理时达到最大值。MDA含量、脯氨酸含量及质膜透性均随铜浓度增大而升高,当铜处理浓度在800mg·kg^-1时,叶片中的MDA含量、脯氨酸含量及质膜透性达到最大值。检测芦竹中铜含量的分布规律为根（地下部分）〉茎、叶（地上部分）,当铜处理浓度未达800mg·kg^-1时,转运系数小于1,富集系数大于1。结果表明芦竹对铜污染土壤具有一定耐受力。     

锌、镉及其复合胁迫下白花泡桐幼苗的生理及富集特征

采用水培培养的试验方法,研究白花泡桐幼苗在锌 (Zn)、镉 (Cd) 单一及复合胁迫下的生理生化响应及对重金属的富集、转移特征变化。结果表明,单一及复合重金属胁迫下,白花泡桐的生物量、株高及过氧化物酶 (Peroxidase,POD) 活性均随处理浓度的增加而降低。在复合污染下,Zn、Cd在植株的株高及生物量上表现出拮抗作用。与对照比,单一胁迫下,随着Zn浓度的增加,白花泡桐叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (Catalase,CAT) 活性先增加后减小,超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase,SOD) 活性升高,地上部丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde,MDA) 含量先减小后增加;随着Cd浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性升高,超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性及地上部丙二醛 (MDA) 含量先增加后减小,复合胁迫下,则表现出更加复杂的生理响应。白花泡桐幼苗对Cd的富集部位集中在根部;对Zn的富集部位集中在地上部,且转移系数大于1.00;Zn的加入会促进重金属向地上部分的转移;白花泡桐具有对复合重金属污染地进行有效的生态恢复的潜力。     

矿区废弃地先锋植物齿果酸模在Pb、Zn污染下抗氧化酶系统的变化

作为云南矿区废弃地常见的先锋植物,齿果酸模(Rumex dentatus)已形成对重金属污染的耐性生态型,是理想的逆境生态学研究实验材料.为进一步揭示不同抗氧化酶在先锋植物幼苗早期抗逆境的耐性机理中的作用,采集了来自云南兰坪铅锌矿废弃地的齿果酸模,观察其幼苗多种抗氧化酶在实验室模拟的重金属Pb与Zn单一污染条件下(浓度分别为0,1,5,10,50,100,200 mg/kg)的变化特征.结果表明:随着Pb与Zn单一污染浓度的增加,(1)MDA含量持续上升,与对照相比,在200 mg/kg Pb或Zn单一污染下,MDA分别显著上升了427%和330%;而(2)SOD,POD与CAT三者活性变化特征则各有不同.其中SOD活性呈现先升后降的趋势,POD活性则持续上升;而CAT活性很低,在Zn污染下未检测出,Pb污染下其变化无显著规律.相关性分析结果表明,Pb与Zn单一污染导致先锋植物齿果酸模幼苗产生膜脂过氧化,而抗氧化酶系统在抵御这种不良影响的耐性机制中发挥了一定的作用,且不同酶发挥的效用不同,其中POD发挥了主要作用.     

铜胁迫对甘蔗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

甘蔗是重要的糖能兼用植物,同时也是潜在的重金属土壤修复植物。为了探明甘蔗对铜胁迫的生理响应,该研究采用营养液培养的方法分析了铜胁迫对甘蔗生长、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量及根系抗氧化酶活性等的影响。结果表明:甘蔗地上部分生物、叶绿素含量随铜浓度增加而下降,地上部分铜含量和叶片的相对电导率则随铜浓度增加而提高。根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫24h开始发生显著的变化,在400μmol·L^-1铜处理下比对照显著增加了25.5%,随着胁迫时间的延长,丙二醛含量增加幅度上升。到胁迫72h,100μmol·L^-1铜处理的MDA含量也显著的提高。根系SOD、POD和CAT酶活性在胁迫24h开始发生显著的变化,但不同酶活性变化存在差异。SOD酶活性除了在胁迫的72h随铜浓度增加而提高,其他时间表现为在100μmol·L^-1铜处理下活性下降,随着铜浓度继续增加SOD酶活性提高,到400μmol·L^-1铜处理SOD酶活性又出现下降。POD酶活性在处理的24、48和72h表现为随浓度增加先提高后下降的趋势,但在处理7d时随铜浓度增加而提高。CAT酶活性随着浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长而下降,到了胁迫的第7天,三个铜处理下CAT酶活性分别下降了89.98%、96.88%和98.50%。由此可见,铜胁迫严重影响甘蔗的生长,较短时间的处理就已经引起了甘蔗根系的氧化胁迫,根系中SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的变化在甘蔗对抗铜引起的氧化胁迫中起到重要作用。     

4种藤本植物对锰污染土壤的耐受性及其生理响应

为筛选对Mn污染土壤具有较高耐受性的藤本植物并探讨其抗Mn生理机制,以薜荔、忍冬、五叶地锦和络石扦插苗为材料,采用模拟Mn污染土壤培养法,配置Mn含量分别为3 000mg/kg(T1)、6 000mg/kg(T2)、9 000mg/kg(T3)和12 000mg/kg(T4)的Mn污染土壤,以不加Mn的土壤为空白对照(CK),研究不同浓度Mn胁迫对4种藤本植物生物量、生长量、不同部位Mn含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,并对其耐性指数(Ti)、转移系数(TF)、生物富集系数(BCF)进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)随着Mn处理浓度的升高,薜荔、五叶地锦、忍冬、络石的生物量、生长量总体呈现下降的趋势,平均耐性指数依次分别为82.48%、84.86%、89.21%和95.41%。(2)地上部分、根系的Mn含量随着Mn处理浓度的增加总体呈现升高的趋势,且根系的Mn含量都高于地上部分,TF值均小于1,地上部分和根系的BCF平均值均依次为:络石忍冬五叶地锦薜荔。(3)随土壤Mn处理浓度的升高植物叶绿素含量总体呈现下降的趋势,MDA含量持续上升,而SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性呈先升后降的趋势,在T4处理时络石的叶绿素含量和三种抗氧化酶活性下降幅度、MDA上升幅度均低于其他3种植物。研究表明,络石较其他3种植物具有更高的Mn耐受性以及Mn转移能力和富集能力,可作为Mn尾矿污染土壤修复的潜力植物。     

铜胁迫对水花生生长及活性氧代谢的影响

采用水培实验,研究了不同浓度铜胁迫下水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生长特性和体内生理特性的变化规律。结果表明：铜胁迫抑制植株正常生长;当铜浓度＜5mg·L^-1时,植物细胞内的SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均有所升高;当铜浓度＞5 mg·L^-1时,随着铜浓度增加,植株生长缓慢,生物量下降,叶片叶绿素含量下降,植物体内活性氧清除系统中的SOD、POD和CAT 3种酶的活性又逐渐下降,细胞膜透性增大和MDA含量高度积累,影响植物的正常生长代谢,且铜浓度为10 mg·L^-1时植株外观表现重度伤害。     

重金属Cd2+和Cu2+对一种曲壳藻生长情况及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

以淡水底栖硅藻曲壳藻(Achnanthes kryophila Petersen)为毒理试验材料, 研究了重金属镉、铜对曲壳藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明: 镉和铜胁迫96 h EC50 分别为: 0.984 mgL–1 和1.589 mgL–1。藻生长量总体随重金属浓度的增加而降低, 然而镉(0-0.1 mgL–1)、铜(0-0.02 mgL–1)暴露组表现出明显的毒性兴奋效应。曲壳藻可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随镉和铜胁迫浓度增加先升高后下降, 丙二醛(MDA)含量随着胁迫浓度增高逐渐增大, 镉和铜变化趋势大体相同, 但是变化幅度不同。高浓度重金属胁迫诱导氧自由基的大量产生,破坏了曲壳藻抗氧化酶系统的动态平衡, 加剧了膜脂过氧化作用, 影响藻细胞的生长并最终导致细胞死亡。     

Cd、Cr(VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响

主要研究了 Cd、Cr( VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响 ,研究结果表明 :随 Cd、Cr( VI)胁迫浓度的增加 ,菹草总叶绿素含量下降 ,单一 Cd处理 SOD活性下降 ,POD和 CAT活性表现出先升后降的趋势 ,Cd、Cr( VI)复合污染的效应明显大于单一污染的效应。     

5种樱桃属植物的POD、CAT和SOD同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳技术对5种樱桃属植物的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、过氧化氢酶(CAT)同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的酶谱特征进行分析,结果表明:5种樱桃属植物共电泳出12条POD同工酶酶带、4条CAT同工酶酶带和8条SOD同工酶酶带;其中,POD同工酶酶谱具有5条共同谱带,CAT同工酶4条,SOD同工酶5条。冬季休眠期的樱桃属植物,POD与SOD同工酶谱带的多样性比较丰富,不同植物之间的谱带差异较大;而CAT同工酶谱带差异不明显。     

植物CytP450和抗氧化酶对土壤低浓度菲、芘胁迫的响应

以小麦(Triticum acstivnm)为供试植物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以微粒体细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中菲、芘单一及复合胁迫响应研究.结果初步表明,菲、芘胁迫引起植物体内解毒代谢和抗氧化防御酶反应.菲、芘单一胁迫浓度为1mg kg-1时对细胞色素P450产生显著诱导;4 mg kg-1时P450酶含量明显被抑制,表明低浓度菲、芘单一胁迫对植物代谢解毒系统产生损伤;而菲、芘复合1mg kg-1时P450酶含量明显被抑制,说明菲、芘复合胁迫对植物的代谢解毒具有协同毒性效应.土壤中菲、芘单一胁迫未引起SOD酶活性的明显改变,复合胁迫下SOD酶活性出现微弱下降;菲、芘单一胁迫对CAT和POD酶活性具有显著抑制作用;复合胁迫对CAT产生抑制作用,而POD酶活性并未对菲、芘复合产生增强毒性响应.研究从代谢解毒和抗氧化防御酶系统两方面,为土壤低浓度PAHs污染诊断提供了实验依据.     

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on photosynthesis,antioxidative ability,and mineral element contents of perennial ryegrass under copper stress

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to test the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) supplied with different concentrations on copper (Cu) toxicity in ryegrass seedlings (Lolium perenne L.). Excess Cu (200 µM) reduced chlorophyll content, resulting a decrease in photosynthesis. Cu stress induced the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (O₂^{? ?}), leading to malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Furthermore, activities of antioxidant enzymes in Cu-treated seedlings such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased. In addition, Cu stress inhibited the uptake of K, Mg, Fe, and Zn and increased Ca content in roots. Moreover, in leaves of Cu-stressed seedlings, K, Fe, and Zn contents were decreased and the contents of Ca and Mg were not affected significantly. In Cu-treated seedlings, Cu concentration in roots was higher than in leaves. Addition of 50, 100, 200 µM SNP in Cu-mediated solutions increased chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, improved antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced Cu-induced oxidative damages, kept intracellular ion equilibrium under Cu stress, increased Cu concentration in roots and inhibited Cu accumulation in leaves. In particular, addition of 100 µM SNP had the best effect on promoting growth of ryegrass seedlings under Cu stress. However, the application of 400 µM SNP had no obvious alleviating effect on Cu toxicity in ryegrass seedlings.     

镉、铜和锌胁迫下黑藻活性氧的产生及抗氧化酶活性的变化研究

研究了不同Cd、Cu、Zn处理浓度对黑藻体内活性氧()产生及对抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的分子毒理学效应以探讨高等水生植物抗氧化酶对重金属胁迫的反应。结果表明,三种重金属都不同程度地加快了产生速率;Cu使SOD、POD、CAT活性下降;Cd也都减弱了SOD和POD活性,而CAT活性在0.5—5mg/L处理浓度时增加;Zn对SOD活性也为抑制作用,当浓度为0.5—5mg/L时POD和CAT活性都上升。关联度分析发现Cd、Cu和Zn胁迫下黑藻起主要保护作用的分别为SOD、POD和CAT,而SOD最易受到影响。Cd、Cu处理下的叶绿素含量也都呈下降趋势,而0.5—5mg/L的Zn浓度刺激了叶绿素合成。所有Zn处理、0.5mg/L的Cu处理和0.5—1mg/L的Cd处理的叶绿素a/b值都大于对照值。除了Cu使可溶性蛋白含量减少外,0.5—5mg/L的Zn和0.5—1mg/L的Cd都使其含量增加。综合起来,Cu的毒性最强,其次为Cd,Zn最弱。致死阈浓度分别为:Cu:0.5—1mg/L;Cd:1—2mg/L;Zn:5—6mg/L。SOD是评价重金属对沉水植物毒性效应的灵敏指标。黑藻对水环境Cu污染反应敏感。       

盐和重金属复合胁迫对翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响及调控措施

为探究Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)萌发生长的影响机理及其调控措施,以翅碱蓬为研究对象,采用水培试验方法,测定Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子发芽率、萌发速率和幼苗渗透调节物质含量等指标,分析1.5 mg/L吲哚乙酸(IAA)、100 mg/L赤霉素(GA)和0.3%硝酸钾(KNO₃)处理对Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响。结果表明：(1) Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的发芽率,中高浓度的Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的萌发速率,Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬种子的萌发生长影响表现为低促高抑效应,影响因子间存在明显的协同效应;(2)Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下,随着盐浓度的升高,翅碱蓬幼苗体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)3种抗氧化酶活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,Zn、Cu和高盐复合胁迫使翅碱蓬幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量增加近2.5倍;(3)1.5 mg/L IAA溶液浸种12 h可显著提高Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子的发芽率和萌发速...     

Antioxidant responses of pea genotypes to zinc deficiency

The effects of Zn deficiency on antioxidant responses of two pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, a Zn-efficient IPFD-99-13 and Zn-inefficient KPMR-500, grown in sand culture were studied. In the pea genotype KPMR-500, Zn deficiency decreased dry matter yield, tissue Zn concentration, and antioxidant enzyme activities istronger than in the genotype IPFD-99-13. Genotype IPFD-99-13 developed more efficient antioxidant system to scavenge ROS than genotype KPMR-500. Zinc deficiency produced oxidative damage to pea genotypes due to enhanced accumulation of TBARS and H₂O₂ and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)). In the leaves of IPFD-99-13 genotype, the higher activity of ROS-scavenging enzyme, e.g., SOD, CAT, POD, and glutathione reductase, and antioxidants, such as ascorbate and non-protein thiols, led to the lower accumulation of H₂O₂ and lipid peroxides. These results suggest that, by maintaining an efficient antioxidant defense system, the IPFD-99-13 genotype shows a lower sensivity to Zn deficiency than the KPMR-500 genotype.     

香蒲对不同浓度Pb~(2+)胁迫的生理应答及其细胞超微结构变化

通过室内水培试验,研究了不同浓度Pb2+(0、0.25、0.50、1.00和2.00mmol·L-1)胁迫对东方香蒲根和叶中Pb含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性以及亚细胞结构的影响。结果显示:(1)随着外源Pb2+浓度的增加,Pb在香蒲根和叶中的积累量均显著高于对照,且Pb在根中的含量明显高于叶中,并与外源Pb2+浓度呈显著正相关关系。(2)香蒲叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随着外源Pb2+浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,均在处理浓度为0.50mmol·L-1时达到峰值。(3)胁迫处理叶片的MDA含量与对照相比变化不显著,但根中MDA含量呈显著下降趋势。(4)叶片中SOD活性在1.00mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理时达到峰值,然后下降,但始终高于对照,CAT和POD活性则均低于对照组;根中SOD活性除1.00mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理组外均显著低于对照组,CAT和POD活性分别在0.25和0.50mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理时达到峰值,然后随处理Pb2+浓度升高而下降。(5)电镜观察发现,Pb2+胁迫使香蒲叶细胞中叶绿体被膜破裂,类囊体膨胀、破损;根和叶细胞中的线粒体被膜均破裂、内腔空泡化,细胞核核膜破损、核仁消失、染色质凝集。研究表明,Pb2+胁迫致使东方香蒲根、叶生理代谢失衡,亚细胞结构出现不可逆的损伤,这为从分子水平研究Pb2+作用的具体机理以及香蒲在重金属污染修复中的应用提供了依据。     

Accumulation, subcellular localization and ecophysiological responses to copper stress in two Daucus carota L. populations

Copper accumulation, subcellular localization and ecophysiological responses to excess copper were investigated using pot culture experiments with two Daucus carota L. populations, from a copper mine and an uncontaminated field site, respectively. Significant differences of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations and antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] activities of leaves under Cu treatment were observed between the two populations. At high Cu concentrations (400 and 800 mg kg⁻¹), a significant increase in contents of MDA and H₂O₂ but a significant decrease in activities of SOD, CAT and APX were observed in uncontaminated population. Contrarily, the population from copper mine maintained a lower level of MDA and H₂O₂ but higher activities of SOD, CAT and APX. Copper accumulation in roots and shoots increased significantly with the increase of copper concentrations in soils in the two populations. No significant difference of the total Cu in roots and shoots was found between the two populations at same copper treatment. There were also no striking differences of cell wall-bound Cu and protoplasts Cu of leaves between the two populations. The difference was that Cu concentration in vacuoles of leaves was 1.5-fold higher in contaminated site (CS) population than in uncontaminated site population. Hence, more efficient vacuolar sequestration for Cu and maintaining high activities of SOD, CAT and APX in the CS population played an important role in maintaining high Cu tolerance.     

4种幼树对二氧化硫胁迫的抗性生理响应

利用密闭环境控制室熏气处理,研究了不同浓度（自然状态和0.5、1.5、3.0 mg·L^-1）SO₂对盆栽巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木和茶树幼树叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响,并就各树种对SO₂的抗性进行综合评价。结果显示:（1）SO₂对4个树种叶片伤害程度表现为天竺桂<西蒙得木<巨桉<茶树。（2）SO₂胁迫显著增加了巨桉和西蒙得木叶片可溶性蛋白（SP）、可溶性糖（SS）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）3种渗透调节物质含量;SO₂胁迫对天竺桂叶片SP和SS含量无显著影响,且对Pro含量的促进作用也是在处理30 d后才体现出来;SO₂胁迫对茶树叶片SP含量无显著影响,使SS含量显著降低,而使Pro含量显著增加。（3）SO₂胁迫总体使巨桉和天竺桂抗氧化系统保护酶——超氧化物酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,但西蒙得木各指标表现不同,而使茶树抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量则全面下降。（4）巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木、茶树的最大净吸收S量依次为1.17、1.32、2.04、0.95 g·kg^-1。（5）通过隶属函数法综合7个生理指标得到的SO₂抗性综合排序为天竺桂>西蒙得木>巨桉>茶树,与叶片伤害程度表现一致。研究表明,植物抗氧化保护酶系统在4个树种抵抗SO₂胁迫调节机制中具有重要作用,其中天竺桂超高的基础POD活性可能是其抵抗SO₂伤害的关键机制之一。     

Effects of short-term heat stress on oxidative damage and responses of antioxidant system in Lilium longiflorum

This paper aims to determine the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the responses of the lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) antioxidant system to short-term high temperatures. Plants were exposed to three levels of heat stress (37°C, 42°C, 47°C) for 10 h when hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂⁻) production rate along with membrane injury indexes, and changes in antioxidants were measured. Compared with the control (20°C), electrolyte leakage and MDA concentration varied slightly after 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, while increased significantly at 47°C. During 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR, were stimulated and antioxidants (AsA and GSH concentrations) maintained high levels, which resulted in low levels of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentration. However, after 10 h at 47°C, SOD, APX, GR activities and GSH concentration were similar to the controls, while POD, CAT activities and AsA concentration decreased significantly as compared with the control, concomitant with significant increase in O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentrations. In addition, such heat-induced effects on antioxidant enzymes were also confirmed by SOD and POD isoform, as Cu/ZnSOD maintained high stability under heat stress and the intensity of POD isoforms reduced with the duration of heat stress, especially at 47°C. It is concluded that in lily plants, the oxidative damage induced by heat stress was related to the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidants.     

Uniconazole (S-3307) strengthens the growth and cadmium accumulation of accumulator plant Malachium aquaticum

The effects of uniconazole (S-3307) application on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of accumulator plant Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries. were studied through a pot experiment. The application of S-3307 increased the biomass and photosynthetic pigment content of M. aquaticum in Cd-contaminated soil, and also improved the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in M. aquaticum. Application of S-3307 increased Cd content in shoots and decreased Cd content in roots of M. aquaticum, but the translocation factor (TF) of M. aquaticum increased with the increase of S-3307 concentration. For phytoextraction, the application of S-3307 increased Cd extractions by roots, shoots and whole plants of M. aquaticum, and the maxima were obtained at 75 mg L^?1 S-3307, which increased by 22.07%, 37.79% and 29.07%, respectively, compared with their respective controls. Therefore, S-3307 can be used for enhancing the Cd extraction ability of M. aquaticum, and 75 mg L^?1 S-3307 was the optimal dose.     

Modulation of copper toxicity-induced oxidative damage by excess supply of iron in maize plants

In this study, we examined the modulation of Cu toxicity-induced oxidative stress by excess supply of iron in Zea mays L. plants. Plants receiving excess of Cu (100 μM) showed decreased water potential and simultaneously showed wilting in the leaves. Later, the young leaves exhibited chlorosis and necrotic scorching of lamina. Excess of Cu suppressed growth, decreased concentration of chloroplastic pigments and fresh and dry weight of plants. The activities of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; POD), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11; APX) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD) were increased in plants supplied excess of Cu. However, activity of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT), was depressed in these plants. In gel activities of isoforms of POD, APX and SOD also revealed upregulation of these enzymes. Excess (500 μM)-Fe-supplemented Cu-stressed plants, however, looked better in their phenotypic appearance, had increased concentration of chloroplastic pigments, dry weight, and improved leaf tissue water status in comparison to the plants supplied excess of Cu. Moreover, activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT were further enhanced and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and H₂O₂ concentrations decreased in excess-Fe-supplemented Cu-stressed plants. In situ accumulation of H₂O₂, contrary to that of O₂ ^·− radical, increased in both leaf and roots of excess-Cu-stressed plants, but Cu-excess plants supplied with excess-Fe showed reduced accumulation H₂O₂ and little higher of O₂ ^·− in comparison to excess-Cu plants. It is, therefore, concluded that excess-Cu (100 μM) induces oxidative stress by increasing production of H₂O₂ despite of increased antioxidant protection and that the excess-Cu-induced oxidative damage is minimized by excess supply of Fe.