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1.
传粉昆虫物种多样性监测、评估和保护概述   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
谢正华  徐环  杨璞 《昆虫知识》2011,48(3):746-752
欧洲和北美等国相继建立起传粉昆虫物种多样性监测和评估体系。基于传粉昆虫的监测资料,能够对欧美部分区域和某些传粉昆虫类群的现状、下降程度以及影响因素进行研究。欧洲和北美等地已开展部分传粉昆虫保护措施和项目,如欧洲部分国家实施的"农田环境计划"项目(Agri-Environmental Schemes)能够保护农田生态系统中传粉昆虫的栖境,恢复和提高传粉昆虫物种多样性。我国传粉昆虫物种多样性十分丰富,但目前还没有一个以监测和评估传粉昆虫物种多样性为主的平台,也未对某区域或某类群传粉昆虫多样性的变化进行评估,传粉昆虫多样性的保护也未引起足够重视。为了解我国传粉昆虫物种多样性现状及变化情况,作者建议在我国建立传粉昆虫物种多样性监测和评估体系,以提高我们在该领域的认识水平,并为开展相应的保护工作提供理论基础。  相似文献   

2.
芍药的访花昆虫和传粉昆虫   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
红雨  刘强 《昆虫知识》2004,41(5):449-454
20 0 0~ 2 0 0 2年对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区内野生芍药 (PaeonialactifloraPall.)和内蒙古农校芍药园内栽培品种芍药的访花昆虫进行调查 ,经整理鉴定有 2 9种 ,自然保护区内芍药的访花昆虫种类有 1 7种 ,芍药园内的访花昆虫有 1 7种。根据传粉行为和数量的比较确定了自然保护区内主要传粉昆虫为丽斑芫菁、黄胫宽花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、短毛斑金龟、饥星花金龟、白星花金龟和大淡脉隧蜂 ;芍药园内的主要传粉昆虫为意大利蜜蜂、棕边管食蚜蝇、长尾管食蚜蝇、大淡脉隧蜂、灰带管食蚜蝇和小淡脉隧蜂。  相似文献   

3.
物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,不同干扰强度下物种多样性和生态位特征不同,人为干扰对传粉群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化直接表现出来。在巩义市选取24个采样点,3种景观类型(农田、灌丛、林地)进行取样,共捕获传粉昆虫18576头,分属于14目,147科,双翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目与缨翅目6个传粉功能群。为了解研究区人为干扰对传粉昆虫类群传粉类群及其生态位的影响,本研究选取双翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目3类主要传粉昆虫作为研究对象,在景观类型分类与实际情况的基础上,依据人为干扰指数赋值表和干扰强度计算公式,分析不同干扰强度下传粉昆虫优势种群生态位特征情况,结果表明:各传粉类群在不同的干扰条件下物种多样性不同;作为优势类群的蠓科、胡蜂科,生态位宽度和生态位重叠均均值高于其他几个类群,且中度干扰强度下值最大,但其生态宽度值与生态重叠值之间没有明显的相关关系。  相似文献   

4.
不同类型的林地为人类提供着十分重要的生态系统服务,维持着社会的稳定发展,其对传粉昆虫的保护也有着积极的效应。在巩义市选取24个采样点,3种林地类型(栓皮栎林、泡桐林、杨树林)进行取样,结合当地的植物群落特征,分析不同人为干扰梯度下生态系统对传粉昆虫的影响;共捕获传粉昆虫8386头,分属6个目,83个科,分属于膜翅目类、双翅目类、鞘翅目类、鳞翅目类、半翅目类与缨翅目类共六个传粉功能群。选取膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目和鳞翅目4类主要传粉昆虫作为研究对象进行分析。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎林中传粉昆虫的个体数量和优势度要大于泡桐林和杨树林,但泡桐林中传粉昆虫多样性大于栓皮栎林和杨树林;就传粉昆虫的多度而言,栓皮栎林与泡桐林(P0.05)和杨树林(P0.01)间有显著差异,而泡桐林和杨树林间的差异不明显;(2)非度量多维度法(NMDS)和非参数二因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)显示,泡桐林中传粉昆虫群落组成分别与栓皮栎林和杨树林之间存在显著差异(P0.05),而栓皮栎林与杨树林间无显著差异;(3)在所研究的7个环境因子中,根据冗余分析(RDA)显示,海拔高度和乔木盖度2个环境因素对传粉昆虫群落组成有显著影响(P0.05)。不同林地类型中传粉昆虫群落的组成差异明显,生境和植被的多样为物种带来更多的食源及栖息环境,因此,加强不同林地类型的保护、保障传粉昆虫生境的多样性对本区传粉昆虫的发展和生态系统服务的提高具有重要意义。  相似文献   

5.
昆虫作为生物多样性最丰富的物种,在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等方面发挥着重要作用。昆虫生态服务功能是指昆虫类群在生态系统过程中发挥的功能作用,以及为人类提供的各种收益,包括有形收益的产品和无形收益的服务。它主要包括昆虫的供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4种服务类型,体现在直接使用价值、间接使用价值、条件价值和存在价值4个方面。基于昆虫类群在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等维持生态系统功能、满足人类需求做出重大的贡献,本文阐述了昆虫生态服务功能概念、类型,讨论了昆虫生态服务功能价值的评估方法,提出了未来发展的方向。  相似文献   

6.
[目的]明确新疆南疆地区农田景观格局对枣园传粉昆虫群落多样性的影响.[方法]2019和2020年在新疆阿克苏地区共选取29个试验站点,通过陷阱诱集法获取中心枣园内传粉昆虫多样性数据,调查中心枣园周围半径2 000 m范围内土地使用信息,建立枣园传粉昆虫群落指数与景观变量之间的线性混合模型,使用基于赤池信息准则的多模型推...  相似文献   

7.
对濒危植物有效传粉昆虫种类及其传粉行为的主要影响因素进行研究是科学合理地制订保护措施,从而对该物种实施有效保护的一个前提条件.安徽羽叶报春Primula merrilliana为二年生草本,具二型花,是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种.本文对其有效传粉昆虫种类、传粉行为及花朵密度和种群大小对传粉效果的影响进行了研究.结果表明安徽羽叶报春的有效传粉昆虫为截形蜂虻Bombylius major和中华雏蜂虻Anastoechus chinensis,而不是先前认为的蓟马Thrips sp,.花朵密度和种群大小对传粉效果均有显著的影响.高密度的花朵可以提高对有效传粉昆虫的吸引力,传粉昆虫数/天、被访花朵数/天和平均每花的被访次数/天与样方花朵的密度呈正相关关系.柱头所接受的正配花粉数和总花粉数及正配花粉数所占的比例均随种群中植株数目的增加而增加.型比的偏离和传粉昆虫的缺乏可能是导致小种群中传粉不利的主要因素.  相似文献   

8.
基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。  相似文献   

9.
为确定独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)不育雄蕊、花被片和可育雄蕊对传粉昆虫和传粉的影响,分别进行去除不育雄蕊(A组),去除花被片(B组),去除可育雄蕊(C组)和对照组(D组)处理。结果表明:昆虫访花频率分别为A组0.4次/h、B组0次/h、C组0.9次/h、D组2.2次/h;被授粉花朵百分比分别为A组29.09%、B组40.38%、C组70.91%、D组91.67%;被授粉心皮百分比分别为A组17.77%、B组20.94%、C组为40.58%、D组为75.27%。与对照组相比,处理后被授粉花朵百分比、被授粉心皮百分比下降幅度均为A组〉B组〉C组。结合昆虫访花频率与不育雄蕊蜜汁的分泌量呈正比,可确定不育雄蕊产生的蜜汁是吸引昆虫访花的最主要因素。花被片为昆虫取食提供停歇的平台,可育雄蕊与花被片产生的色差及可育雄蕊提供的花粉,是吸引昆虫的辅助因素。  相似文献   

10.
中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
昆虫是生物多样性最丰富的物种类群,其在维持生态系统功能,维系并保持着自然界的生态平衡,满足人类需求中的具有重要作用。讨论了昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法,基于2007年统计数据,计算了我国农牧业生产中昆虫传粉功能、天敌昆虫控害功能和分解作用的服务价值。结果表明,昆虫在我国农业生产中传粉服务价值为6790.30×108元,占其当年农作物生产总经济价值的54.05%;天敌昆虫的控害服务价值为2621.00×108元,占其当年重要作物总经济价值的9.09%;分解昆虫(甲虫)对牧场牛羊排泄物的分解作用的价值远超过90.84×108元。由此估计出了我国2007年农业昆虫生态调节服务总价值超过9502.14×108元,相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的3.7%。显示昆虫所产生的生态调节服务价值,与我国森林或草地生态系统的直接和间接服务价值处于同一数量级,同样具有巨大的经济价值。为保护与利用昆虫生物多样性,发挥其生态服务功能奠定了基础。  相似文献   

11.
Noise pollution is a novel, widespread environmental force that has recently been shown to alter the behaviour and distribution of birds and other vertebrates, yet whether noise has cumulative, community-level consequences by changing critical ecological services is unknown. Herein, we examined the effects of noise pollution on pollination and seed dispersal and seedling establishment within a study system that isolated the effects of noise from confounding stimuli common to human-altered landscapes. Using observations, vegetation surveys and pollen transfer and seed removal experiments, we found that effects of noise pollution can reverberate through communities by disrupting or enhancing these ecological services. Specifically, noise pollution indirectly increased artificial flower pollination by hummingbirds, but altered the community of animals that prey upon and disperse Pinus edulis seeds, potentially explaining reduced P. edulis seedling recruitment in noisy areas. Despite evidence that some ecological services, such as pollination, may benefit indirectly owing to noise, declines in seedling recruitment for key-dominant species such as P. edulis may have dramatic long-term effects on ecosystem structure and diversity. Because the extent of noise pollution is growing, this study emphasizes that investigators should evaluate the ecological consequences of noise alongside other human-induced environmental changes that are reshaping human-altered landscapes worldwide.  相似文献   

12.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Honey bees and wild bees provide critical pollination services to agricultural ecosystems; however, the relative contributions of different bee taxa are not well understood. The natural habitats surrounding farmland support food and nesting resources for wild bees and therefore play an important role in the maintenance of crop pollination. In this study, we selected Cucurbita pepo L. (squash) as a model crop to investigate the relative importance of honey bees and bumblebees in pollinating the crop. Thirteen fields, which were surrounded by a gradient of natural habitat, were investigated on the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau in China. We measured the visit densities of honey bees and bumblebees, the number of pollen grains deposited in a single visit by the two bee taxa, as well as the overall pollen grains deposited on stigmas during a flowering day, and then used Bayesian inference to decouple the pollen grains deposited by either the honey bees or the bumblebees. Compared with honey bees, bumblebees deposited a higher number of pollen grains on stigmas in a single visit, but had a lower visit density than honey bees. Meanwhile, the bumblebee visit density increased along the proportion of natural habitat, while the honey bee visit density was not affected by the surrounding natural habitat. Data simulations using Bayesian inference showed that on a flowering day, the number of pollen grains deposited by bumblebees increased with the proportion of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape, but the number of pollen grains deposited by honey bees did not. Moreover, the total numbers of pollen grains deposited by honey bees or bumblebees alone were all below 2000 (the critical level to satisfy the pollination requirement of this crop). Pollen calculations demonstrated that the number of pollen grains deposited by the two bee taxa was greater than 2000 in fields surrounded by more than 13% natural habitat (grasslands and forests). The results revealed that bumblebees ensured C. pepo pollination in combination with honey bees in the highland agricultural ecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
One of the values of biodiversity is that it may provide 'biological insurance' for services currently rendered by domesticated species or technology. We used crop pollination as a model system, and investigated whether the loss of a domesticated pollinator (the honey bee) could be compensated for by native, wild bee species. We measured pollination provided to watermelon crops at 23 farms in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA, and used a simulation model to separate the pollen provided by honey bees and native bees. Simulation results predict that native bees alone provide sufficient pollination at > 90% of the farms studied. Furthermore, empirical total pollen deposition at flowers was strongly, significantly correlated with native bee visitation but not with honey bee visitation. The honey bee is currently undergoing extensive die-offs because of Colony Collapse Disorder. We predict that in our region native bees will buffer potential declines in agricultural production because of honey bee losses.  相似文献   

14.
    
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical events that can impact human welfare both directly and indirectly, via shocks to ecosystems and the services they provide. Animal‐mediated pollination is critical for sustaining agricultural economies and biodiversity, yet stands to lose both from present exposure to natural hazards, and future climate‐driven shifts in their distribution, frequency, and intensity. In contrast to the depth of knowledge available for anthropogenic‐related threats, our understanding of how naturally occurring extreme events impact pollinators and pollination has not yet been synthesized. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the potential impacts of natural hazards on pollinators and pollination in natural and cultivated systems. From a total of 117 studies (74% of which were observational), we found evidence of community and population‐level impacts to plants and pollinators from seven hazard types, including climatological (extreme heat, fire, drought), hydrological (flooding), meteorological (hurricanes), and geophysical (volcanic activity, tsunamis). Plant and pollinator response depended on the type of natural hazard and level of biological organization observed; 19% of cases reported no significant impact, whereas the majority of hazards held consistent negative impacts. However, the effects of fire were mixed, but taxa specific; meta‐analysis revealed that bee abundance and species richness tended to increase in response to fire, differing significantly from the mainly negative response of Lepidoptera. Building from this synthesis, we highlight important future directions for pollination‐focused natural hazard research, including the need to: (a) advance climate change research beyond static “mean‐level” changes by better incorporating “shock” events; (b) identify impacts at higher levels of organization, including ecological networks and co‐evolutionary history; and (c) address the notable gap in crop pollination services research—particularly in developing regions of the world. We conclude by discussing implications for safeguarding pollination services in the face of global climate change.  相似文献   

15.
    
Besides its importance as an ornamental plant, Justicia betonica L. is also used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of several human disorders. However, the population size and abundance of the plant species are very low in Indian states, including West Bengal. The breeding system and pollination ecology of J. betonica are still unclear. Therefore, some reproductive aspects were investigated in order to provide important information for the sustainability of the species. The flowering duration spanned from December to May, with its peak in February–March. Flower opening time was much earlier (5.00–8.00 a.m.) on a hot day (in April–May) than on a cold day (10.00 a.m.–12.00 p.m. in December–January). The time of anther dehiscence coincided with the flower opening time; however, the stigma became receptive later. The plant species is self-compatible but dependent on pollinators for fruit and seed sets. Members of different insect groups like ants, bees, butterflies, flies, moths and wasps visit the flowers. Among them, Allorhynchium metallicum and Halictus acrocephalus are the primary pollinators (based on the “relative pollinator service”). The plant species showed a significant pollination deficit (coefficient of pollination deficit [D] = 0.32) in the open condition. Larvae of the florivorous moth Gatesclarkeana erotias significantly reduced reproductive success by eating their floral parts, ovules and immature seeds. In conclusion, combining the pollination deficit and the feeding activity of phytophagous insects (moth larvae) may reduce the reproductive fitness of J. betonica in the study regions.  相似文献   

16.
    
Disturbances (pulse, press and ramp) constitute a major force influencing, even determining, the structure and functions of ecological components – populations, communities and ecosystems. The capacity to weather a disturbance without loss is defined as resistance, whereas resilience is the capacity to recover from a disturbance after incurring losses, which may be considerable. This article seeks to resolve differences in the ecological definition of resistance and of resilience and to examine the importance of resilience as applied to ecological restoration. In restoration, interventions are designed and implemented with the aim of strengthening the resilience, that is, the capacity to recover, of degraded systems. In response to restorative measures, degraded systems may have both resistance and negative resilience to remain in the degraded state. The key aim of restoration is to overcome the resistance and negative resilience of the degraded state by strengthening positive resilience, the capacity to recover to the intact undegraded state. Restoration may be hindered by a lack of knowledge of acting disturbances (both past and present), of the previous intact condition and of appropriate interventions to implement. Resilience to a disturbance is determined after the disturbance has ceased. Thus, for current ongoing press and ramp disturbances, resilience can be hard to determine.  相似文献   

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18.
    
Large floral displays favour pollinator attraction and the import and export of pollen. However, large floral displays also have negative effects, such as increased geitonogamy, pollen discounting and nectar/pollen robber attraction. The size of the floral display can be measured at different scales (e.g. the flower, inflorescence or entire plant) and variations in one of these scales may affect the behaviour of flower visitors in different ways. Moreover, the fragmentation of natural forests may affect flower visitation rates and flower visitor behaviour. In the present study, video recordings of the inflorescences of a tree species (Tabebuia aurea) from the tropical savannah of central Brazil were used to examine the effect of floral display size at the inflorescence and tree scales on the visitation rate of pollinators and nectar robbers to the inflorescence, the number of flowers approached per visit, the number of visits per flower of potential pollinators and nectar robbers, and the interaction of these variables with the degree of landscape disturbance. Nectar production was quantified with respect to flower age. Although large bees are responsible for most of the pollination, a great diversity of flower insects visit the inflorescences of T. aurea. Other bee and hummingbird species are highly active nectar robbers. Increases in inflorescence size increase the visitation rate of pollinators to inflorescences, whereas increases in the number of inflorescences on the tree decrease visitation rates to inflorescences and flowers. This effect has been strongly correlated with urban environments in which trees with the largest floral displays are observed. Pollinating bees (and nectar robbers) visit few flowers per inflorescence and concentrate visits to a fraction of available flowers, generating an overdispersed distribution of the number of visits per inflorescence and per flower. This behaviour reflects preferential visits to young flowers (including flower buds) with a greater nectar supply.  相似文献   

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