塔里木盆地二叠系孢粉组合及生物地层学*

首次系统地研究了塔里木盆地二叠系孢子花粉，讨论了盆地各地层分区孢粉组合特征，建立了从早二叠世至早三叠世早期的6个孢粉组合带，阐述了各组合带孢粉学特征。依据对盆地二叠纪孢粉植物群组成分子的分析及其与国内外相关孢粉组合的比较研究，将盆地孢粉植物群分为3个发展阶段，即：早二叠世早、中期的欧美型植物群，早二叠世晚期至晚二叠世早期的安加拉欧美混生型植物群和晚二叠世中、晚期的安加拉型植物群。文中还从孢粉地层学角度论述了沙井子组、杜瓦组和普司格组的地质时代以及二叠/三叠系界线等问题。描述孢粉25属33种（含2新种）。     

贵州南部铝土矿的孢粉组合特征及沉积时代讨论*

铝土矿是一种重要的工业矿产资源。目前中国大部分的铝土矿依赖进口。因此, 研究铝土矿的沉积模式对我国的资源安全和矿产开发具有重要意义。铝土矿的成矿受多种因素影响, 包括大地构造背景、古气候、侵蚀速率、母岩、时间、古植被和古地形地貌等。要研究这些成矿因素对铝土矿的影响, 并为下一步的找矿勘察工作提供理论支撑, 首先需要准确评估铝土矿的沉积时代。然而, 由于铝土矿的沉积过程涉及复杂的土壤化作用和再沉积过程, 其中保存的植物根系化石或遗迹化石数量很少, 因此很难确定铝土矿的最终沉积时间。目前, 综合分析铝土矿中保存的孢粉化石组合是确定铝土矿沉积时代更有效的方法。在中国, 已经确定的铝土矿沉积时代主要集中在晚古生代。华南产出的晚古生代铝土矿主要以贵州铝土矿为代表, 然而长期以来对贵州铝土矿的形成时代存在较多争议。为了解决这些争议, 本研究在贵州龙里县龙山镇和花溪区高坡苗族乡的两个铝土矿地层剖面上进行了孢粉地层研究。研究结果显示, 贵州龙里县龙山镇SPM095和花溪区高坡苗族乡SPM097剖面的革老河组、汤耙沟组、丰源层铝土岩和祥摆组底部产出的孢粉组合与西欧密西西比亚纪标准Lycospora pussila (Pu)孢粉组合带基本相当, 表明丰源铝土矿的沉积时代不晚于密西西比亚纪维宪早中期, 这是目前已知贵州地区最早的具有明确化石证据的喀斯特型铝土矿。通过与贵州中部清镇至贵州北部遵义等地铝土矿中发现的孢粉组合进行对比, 发现丰源铝土矿中的孢粉组合比上述地区铝土矿中的孢粉组合大致低一个孢粉组合带 (Perotriletes tessellatus—Schulzosopra camplylotera组合带)或一个牙形刺带(Gnathodus bilineatus带), 时代大概相差420万年。这一发现进一步表明晚古生代大冰期(LPIA)引起的频繁海平面变化导致贵州“南海北陆”的古地理格局由南向北逐次被海水淹没, 并接受沉积, 这是导致贵州不同地区铝土矿呈现由南向北时代梯度递减的主要原因。     

贵州南部铝土矿的孢粉组合特征及沉积时代讨论*

铝土矿是一种重要的工业矿产资源。目前中国大部分的铝土矿依赖进口。因此, 研究铝土矿的沉积模式对我国的资源安全和矿产开发具有重要意义。铝土矿的成矿受多种因素影响, 包括大地构造背景、古气候、侵蚀速率、母岩、时间、古植被和古地形地貌等。要研究这些成矿因素对铝土矿的影响, 并为下一步的找矿勘察工作提供理论支撑, 首先需要准确评估铝土矿的沉积时代。然而, 由于铝土矿的沉积过程涉及复杂的土壤化作用和再沉积过程, 其中保存的植物根系化石或遗迹化石数量很少, 因此很难确定铝土矿的最终沉积时间。目前, 综合分析铝土矿中保存的孢粉化石组合是确定铝土矿沉积时代更有效的方法。在中国, 已经确定的铝土矿沉积时代主要集中在晚古生代。华南产出的晚古生代铝土矿主要以贵州铝土矿为代表, 然而长期以来对贵州铝土矿的形成时代存在较多争议。为了解决这些争议, 本研究在贵州龙里县龙山镇和花溪区高坡苗族乡的两个铝土矿地层剖面上进行了孢粉地层研究。研究结果显示, 贵州龙里县龙山镇SPM095和花溪区高坡苗族乡SPM097剖面的革老河组、汤耙沟组、丰源层铝土岩和祥摆组底部产出的孢粉组合与西欧密西西比亚纪标准Lycospora pussila (Pu)孢粉组合带基本相当, 表明丰源铝土矿的沉积时代不晚于密西西比亚纪维宪早中期, 这是目前已知贵州地区最早的具有明确化石证据的喀斯特型铝土矿。通过与贵州中部清镇至贵州北部遵义等地铝土矿中发现的孢粉组合进行对比, 发现丰源铝土矿中的孢粉组合比上述地区铝土矿中的孢粉组合大致低一个孢粉组合带 (Perotriletes tessellatus—Schulzosopra camplylotera组合带)或一个牙形刺带(Gnathodus bilineatus带), 时代大概相差420万年。这一发现进一步表明晚古生代大冰期(LPIA)引起的频繁海平面变化导致贵州“南海北陆”的古地理格局由南向北逐次被海水淹没, 并接受沉积, 这是导致贵州不同地区铝土矿呈现由南向北时代梯度递减的主要原因。     

火菇素蛋白的免疫印迹检测*

从金针菇子实体浸提液中提取了抗癌活性物质火菇素,将纯化的火菇素用Freund佐剂乳化后注射到新西兰白兔体内,经数次加强免疫后采血并分离了抗血清,并以抗血清为探针建立了火菇素蛋白的免疫印迹法定性检测方法。应用免疫学方法检测金针菇菌丝体和子实体,结果显示,只在金针菇子实体中发现与火菇素抗体相结合的抗原信号。     

基因技术在治疗2型糖尿病中的应用*

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)是一类由于胰岛β细胞损伤和机体对胰岛素耐受引发的慢性代谢性疾病,其快速增长的患病率和并发症所带来的高病死率已成为人类面临的医学难题。目前,T2DM主要是以降糖药物及胰岛素增敏剂等药物进行治疗,但是这类药物会产生严重的副作用,而且不能长期良好控制血糖和防止各种慢性并发症。因此,基因治疗是未来医疗发展的主要方向。基因治疗不仅可以靶向调控血糖水平进而提高降糖的效果,而且能够减少糖代谢异常引起的并发症,保护组织器官免受损伤。在认识传统药物治疗糖尿病的基础上,综述了基因技术在治疗T2DM中的应用,讨论了基因技术治疗T2DM的意义及存在的问题。基因技术的应用不仅有利于T2DM的预防和个体化治疗,同时也为糖尿病并发症提供了新的治疗途径。     

基因技术在治疗2型糖尿病中的应用*

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)是一类由于胰岛β细胞损伤和机体对胰岛素耐受引发的慢性代谢性疾病,其快速增长的患病率和并发症所带来的高病死率已成为人类面临的医学难题。目前,T2DM主要是以降糖药物及胰岛素增敏剂等药物进行治疗,但是这类药物会产生严重的副作用,而且不能长期良好控制血糖和防止各种慢性并发症。因此,基因治疗是未来医疗发展的主要方向。基因治疗不仅可以靶向调控血糖水平进而提高降糖的效果,而且能够减少糖代谢异常引起的并发症,保护组织器官免受损伤。在认识传统药物治疗糖尿病的基础上,综述了基因技术在治疗T2DM中的应用,讨论了基因技术治疗T2DM的意义及存在的问题。基因技术的应用不仅有利于T2DM的预防和个体化治疗,同时也为糖尿病并发症提供了新的治疗途径。     

细菌外膜囊泡在抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展*

细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)是在细菌生长过程中分泌出的一种直径为20~300 nm的膜性小泡。由磷脂、脂多糖、蛋白质、RNA或DNA等组成。OMVs包含大量细菌抗原,通过启动信号转导通路增强细胞因子和共刺激分子的表达,促进抗原呈递,有效激活免疫系统。OMVs中的毒力因子可以传递给宿主细胞,刺激细菌-宿主细胞之间的相互作用,具有内在的抗肿瘤活性。另外OMVs有利于进行工程设计,还可作为高效的药物运载体,实现免疫治疗和化疗-光疗的结合,从而提高药物的抗癌能力。OMVs在肿瘤免疫、肿瘤工程疫苗和载药等方面具有良好前景,被认为是抗肿瘤治疗的新型手段。从OMVs的结构组分、产生机制和抗肿瘤机制等方面概述了OMVs在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展,为将来OMVs的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。     

荧光素酶研究进展*

荧光素酶 (Luciferase)可以分为萤火虫荧光素酶和细菌荧光素酶两大类。萤火虫荧光素酶是分子量为 60～ 64kD的多肽链 ,在Mg²⁺、ATP、O₂ 存在时 ,催化D 荧光素 (D Luciferin)氧化脱羧 ,发出光 (λ =550～580nm)。细菌荧光素酶是含α、β两个多肽亚基的加单氧酶 ,它催化长链脂肪醛、FMNH₂ 和O₂ 的氧化反应 ,发出绿蓝光 (λ =490nm)。萤火虫荧光素酶和细菌荧光素酶     

黑木耳交配型的研究*

从黑木耳Auricularia auricula沪3菌株的子实体收集、分离、鉴定得到157株单孢子萌发的单核菌丝体,以其中73株孢子单核体为材料进行交配实验,经过三轮交配反应,结果表明,木耳的交配型符合四极性交配系统的分布规律。根据四种交配反应情况把73株孢子单核体分为四组,并从四组中挑选出B17、B177、B101、B65作为四种交配型的标准菌株;与此同时,从沪3菌株的双核菌丝体制备的原生质体中获得53株原生质体单核体,对这些单核体进行交配,确定出两种亲本交配型,以Y150(A1B1)和Y121(A2B2)作为标准菌株,将两个亲本交配型标准菌株与四个孢子单核体标准菌株进行交配反应,初步确定出四种孢子单核体的交配型分别为: B17 (A2B2)、B177(A1B1)、B101(A2B1)和B65(A1B2)。     

类弹性蛋白多肽及其在生物医学材料的应用

类弹性蛋白多肽是一种人造基因工程蛋白质聚合物,其结构主要由五肽重复串连序列单元 (GVGXP) 的这一肽段单元重复组成。由于具有可逆相变特征,并可进行高通量生产,加之良好的生物相容性及生物可降解性,使其在新型生物医学材料方面展示了广阔的应用前景。概括了类弹性蛋白多肽的相变机理、合成方法及在生物医学材料上的应用,重点阐述了类弹性蛋白多肽在组织工程、靶向肿瘤、构造药物载体微粒的应用。     

蛋白质组学技术及其在生物医学上的应用

蛋白质组学部分承用了创立于二十多年前的二维电泳技术。基于其高分辩能力 ,二维电泳主要用于分离和检测复杂混合物中的蛋白质。虽然没有获得更多的改进 ,但是二维电泳结合了通过质谱测定蛋白质的最新进展而成为蛋白质组学中的一项重要技术。随着人类基因组计划项目的完成及由此而产生的大量基因数据库和使用这些数据的生物信息技术 ,科学家们的下一个目标是解析生物体的完整蛋白质组 ,把蛋白质组学数据与基因组学数据关联起来并有机地结合而成为一项有力的工具以阐明病理学中的蛋白质功能、衰老的过程及发现新药目标蛋白质和疾病标识物等。文章综述了蛋白质组学技术的最新知识及其在生物医学研究中的潜在应用     

微图形化技术及其在生物医学研究中的应用

结合生物物理学与生物化学的微细加工技术已可以获得与生物大分子相近的特征尺寸,推动了微图形化技术在药物筛选与新药开发、组织工程、疾病诊断等领域的应用．综述了微图形化技术在生物医学领域的发展,讨论了光刻、软光刻、模板辅助构图、扫描探针加工、喷墨构图、激光诱导图形化等方法,分析了各种方法的优势、局限性与适用范围,指出分辨力与精度、图形化规模、实验加工条件等是选择不同图形化方法的主要依据．而基于生物物理学和生物化学等对纳米尺度的处理过程进行定量分析、进一步提高其生物兼容性及材料适应性、发展适合图形化芯片的体内微环境模拟技术等是微图形化技术进一步发展的方向．     

脂质体及其应用研究进展

脂质体是一种人工制备的磷脂类生化物质,属携有双层包膜的脂质小囊.它作为药物载体具有许多优良的特性:可以保护药物,提高药效;减小药剂对机体的毒性;可将治疗药剂准确地命中病变部位、组织和细胞.近年来,国内外在这方面进行了大量的研究,并取得了一些进展.简要概述了这方面的一些研究进展.     

微生物组学及其应用研究进展

随着高通量测序技术和生物信息学的发展,尤其是宏基因组在人类肠道微生物鉴定方面的应用,微生物组学应运而生。概述了微生物组的多样性及其在人体健康、农作物生长、畜牧业发展、环境治理、工业生物技术产品生产等方面的应用,并对微生物组学的研究方向和应用前景作了展望。     

Pollen survival and spore dispersal on altitudinal clines: the case of the Popocatepetl volcano,Mexico

Pollen grains are abundant micro-organisms in the summer or dry season outdoor atmosphere. Moreover, they are fragile organisms, living for only a few days and their constant chemical interactions with their surrounding environment makes them prime candidates as biological indicators of ambient conditions. Volumetric samples were taken at different altitudes (3900–4400 m) on the Popocatepetl volcano (5452 m), 70 km south-east of Mexico City (2240 m). Results from September–October 1992 show that: (1) Local airborne pollen emission is negligible, most plant species found along the altitudinal transect being entomophilous. Indeed, maximum in vivo pollen viability was found at 4100 m a.s.l., where very few total airborne pollens were collected. (2) Regional pollen transport is found under 4000 m a.s.l., where pollen viability is discontinuous, being either below 50% or over 75%. (3) There is a long distance transport layer of pollen and spore dispersal below Mean Cloud Base, but over maximum wind speed, at a height of 4200–4300 m a.s.l., where pollen were found highly viable (>80%). (4) Pollen concentration or viability were not correlated with wind speed, relative humidity or temperature. However, the same factors were all significant regarding spore concentrations.     

Petroleum Sporo-Pollen Assemblage and Oil Source Rock of Yecheng Seg in Xinjiang

Forty-seven species of fossil pollens and spores referred to 33 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Yecheng Seg of the Talimu Basin in Xinjiang were observed. Based on the investigation of the characteristics of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, the problem on petroleum source of this oil-bearing region is discussed. The principle and method to judge source rock from petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage are specially explained in this paper. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of the Neogene reservoir of the Yecheng Seg consists of Deltoidospora perpusila, Deltoidospora gradata, Cyathidites australis, Cyathidites minor, Biretisporites potoniaei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii, Dictyophyllum rugosum, Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Gleicheniidites senonicus, Gleicheniidites rousei, Undula- tisporites concave, Lycopodiumsporites sp., Osmundacidites wellmanii, Leptolepidites major, Apiculatisporis ovalis, Bennettiteaepollenites lucifer, Cycadopites typicus, Cyeadopites nitidus, Cycadopites minimus, Cycadopites carpentieri, Cycadopites follicularis, Chasmatosporites elegans, Classopollis classoides, Classopollis annulatus, Podocarpidites multesimus, Podocarpidites major, Parvisaccites enigmatus, Quadraeeulina limbata, Caytonipollenites pallidus, PteruchipoUenites thomasii, Alisporites grandis, Alisporites bilateralis, AbietineaepoUenites microalatus, Abietineaepollenites minimus, Pinuspollenites sp., Piceaepollenites sp., Cedripites st)., Ephedripites sp., Eucommiidites troedssonii, Magnolipollis neogenicus, Quercoidites microhenrici, Chenopodipollis multiplex, Artemisiae-pollenites sellularis, etc . This is a typical composite type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, which eomprises the Jurassic species, the Cretaceous species, the Eogene species and the Neogene species of spores an, d pollen. In accordance with the characteristics of the above mentioned petroleum sporopollen assemblage, the source rock of the Yecheng Seg is considered to be Jurassic Period in age, and the black shales and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic Yangye-Taerga Formation are judged to be the most favorable source rocks in the region.     

PGS支架的合成、特性及在生物医学中应用的研究进展

聚癸二酸甘油酯(PGS)是一种生物可降解的高分子聚合弹性体,因其良好的性能,在许多生物医学研究中应用广泛。PGS支架的机械性能与机体软组织相似,依从性好,降解时以表面侵蚀的方式降解,不伴有膨胀或变形,周围组织炎症反应、纤维变性轻,与多种细胞相容性好。基于PGS良好的性能,主要应用于软组织替代和软组织工程,比如心肌、血管、神经、软骨、视网膜、鼓膜,另外也有用于药物转运载体、组织粘附材料的研究。     

The aerobiological results from the 1994 cruise of the Urania (cnr) on the Adriatic. I. Pollen and spore counts on the Mediterranean sea as compared to mainland Italia

In July 1994, we were able to collect airborne fungal spores and pollen grains over the Adriatic Sea from the upper deck of the Oceanographic Ship Urania (CNR). The biological particles were collected using a modified Lanzoni VPPS 1000 sampler (operating at a flux of 10 LPM), on glycerine-gelatine coated microscopic slides. Not only were the airborne concentrations of different organisms estimated, their viability was also tested with a 1% TTC solution. Particles were collected for 60 min (i.e. a volume of 600 liters of air sampled) at every 2 h from 0600–2100 h. Up to 689 pollen grains/m³ and an impressive 48 990 spores/m³ were collected daily. Forty-two fungal taxa were identified and the most abundant spores collected were Cladosporium (82.6%), Smuts (4.8%), Ascospores (2.8%), Basidiospores (2.1%) andAlternaria (1.7%). 20 pollen taxa were identified, and the dominant pollen were Urticaceae (57.9%), Graminaceae (20.7%), Fagaceae (2.4%), Plantaginaceae (1.4%), Pinaceae (1.3%) and Eucalyptus (1.1%). The most abundant captures were done at 0800 and 1000 h (17.8 and 16.7% respectively) and at 1400 and 1600 h (13.2 and 13.8% respectively). Pollen viability per species ranged from 0 to 100%, but for the most abundant taxa, it ranged from 3.8 to 75%, and averaged 27.7%. Maximum viability was found at 0800 and 1200 h. Pollen concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the ones found on the mainland (Brindisi, Chieti, Matera). However, its specificity was evident. Future work should therefore look more at the pollen transport process which should account for this different assemblage of pollen.     

The aerobiological results from the 1994 cruise of the Urania (cnr) on the Adriatic. I. Pollen and spore counts on the Mediterranean sea as compared to mainland Italia

In July 1994, we were able to collect airborne fungal spores and pollen grains over the Adriatic Sea from the upper deck of the Oceanographic Ship Urania (CNR). The biological particles were collected using a modified Lanzoni VPPS 1000 sampler (operating at a flux of 10 LPM), on glycerine-gelatine coated microscopic slides. Not only were the airborne concentrations of different organisms estimated, their viability was also tested with a 1% TTC solution. Particles were collected for 60 min (i.e. a volume of 600 liters of air sampled) at every 2 h from 0600–2100 h. Up to 689 pollen grains/m³ and an impressive 48 990 spores/m³ were collected daily. Forty-two fungal taxa were identified and the most abundant spores collected were Cladosporium (82.6%), Smuts (4.8%), Ascospores (2.8%), Basidiospores (2.1%) andAlternaria (1.7%). 20 pollen taxa were identified, and the dominant pollen were Urticaceae (57.9%), Graminaceae (20.7%), Fagaceae (2.4%), Plantaginaceae (1.4%), Pinaceae (1.3%) and Eucalyptus (1.1%). The most abundant captures were done at 0800 and 1000 h (17.8 and 16.7% respectively) and at 1400 and 1600 h (13.2 and 13.8% respectively). Pollen viability per species ranged from 0 to 100%, but for the most abundant taxa, it ranged from 3.8 to 75%, and averaged 27.7%. Maximum viability was found at 0800 and 1200 h. Pollen concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the ones found on the mainland (Brindisi, Chieti, Matera). However, its specificity was evident. Future work should therefore look more at the pollen transport process which should account for this different assemblage of pollen.