Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space

A simple model to elucidate the effect of disturbance on a large number of competitors that compete for space and exhibit a competitive hierarchy is developed. Conditions are derived that determine presence of species, and diversity is calculated as a function of percentage cover. The model is compared to data from coral reefs collected by J. W. Porter (1974, Science 186, 543–545). Using parameter values in the model that allow a fit to Porter's data, the response of an individual species to changes in disturbance becomes quite complex, depending on the position (odd or even) of the species in the competitive hierarchy. For these same parameter values, the system is interactive: the existence of a particular species may effect the presence of another. Different parameter values would lead to a noninteractive system.     

Husbandry, handling, and nutrition for marmosets

Marmosets, especially Callithrix jacchus, have become an established part of the laboratory animal community. Information on marmoset life history, behavior, and diet acquired from experience with natural and captive habitats has increased, but the early information from workers with colonies, principally those of tamarins, has led to some common perceptions about how to house, handle, and especially, feed callitrichids that may not apply to marmoset requirements. The availability of commercially produced, almost-complete base diet components and a wider variety of cage construction materials, combined with the recent emphasis on the integration of engineering and performance standards for housing, have made captive life and the implementation of research requirements better for the animals and the people that work with them. We will review some of the routine aspects of husbandry, handling, and nutrition for marmoset monkeys maintained in a research setting.     

Automation, parallelism, and robotics for proteomics

The speed of the human genome project (Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C. et al., Nature 2001, 409, 860-921) was made possible, in part, by developments in automation of sequencing technologies. Before these technologies, sequencing was a laborious, expensive, and personnel-intensive task. Similarly, automation and robotics are changing the field of proteomics today. Proteomics is defined as the effort to understand and characterize proteins in the categories of structure, function and interaction (Englbrecht, C. C., Facius, A., Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2005, 8, 705-715). As such, this field nicely lends itself to automation technologies since these methods often require large economies of scale in order to achieve cost and time-saving benefits. This article describes some of the technologies and methods being applied in proteomics in order to facilitate automation within the field as well as in linking proteomics-based information with other related research areas.     

Chronotype,gender, and time for sex

The study aimed at testing chronotype and gender differences in the time of day when humans feel the greatest need for sex and the time of day they actually undertake sexual activity. A Polish sample of 565 participants aged between 18 and 57 was tested. In females, regardless of chronotype, the greatest need for sex occurred between 18:00 and 24:00, but a secondary peak appeared only in morning types at 6:00–9:00. In males, the greatest need for sex occurred either in the morning or evening hours: in evening types at 9:00–12:00 and 18:00–3:00; in neither types at 6:00–9:00 and 18:00–24:00; in morning types at 6:00–12:00 and 18:00–24:00. Considering time of day when subjects were undertaking sexual activity most frequently, this appeared between 18:00 and 24:00 for all the participants, and prolonged until 3:00 at night in evening type males. Morningness preference was more strongly related to the timing of need for sex than to the timing of actual sexual activity (r?=??0.275 vs. r?=??0.174), while the timing of desire and the timing of sexual activity were positively, but moderately related (r?=?0.320).     

Inflammation, immunity, and vaccines for Helicobacter

Helicobacter pylori represents the major etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer disease and can cause gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue B-cell lymphoma. It is clear that the consequences of infection reflect diverse outcomes of the interaction of bacteria and host immune system. The hope is that by deciphering the deterministic rules--if any--of this interplay, we will eventually be able to predict, treat, and ultimately prevent disease. Over the past year, research on the immunology of this infection started to probe the role of small noncoding RNAs, a novel class of immune response regulators. Furthermore, we learned new details on how infection is detected by innate pattern recognition receptors. Induction of effective cell-mediated immunity will be key for the development of a vaccine, and new work published analyzed the relevance and contribution of CD4 T helper cell subsets to the immune reaction. Th17 cells, which are also induced during natural infection, were shown to be particularly important for vaccination. Cost-efficiency of vaccination was re-assessed and confirmed. Thus, induction and shaping of the effector roles of such protective Th populations will be a target of the newly described vaccine antigens, formulations, and modes of application that we also review here.     

Nutritional, morphological, and behavioural considerations for rearing birds for release

Summary Raising captive species of birds on commercial, concentrated feeds prior to release in wild environments may preclude the success of such reintroductions. Interactions must occur between the components of a diet, foraging behaviours and the morphological development of the alimentary tract of young birds. It is vital to precondition the digestive system to the types of wild foods each bird will encounter in its wild habitat in order for reintroduction programmes to succeed. Commercial type rations, while producing rapid and efficient body growth, may not condition the digestive system to the bulky, more fibrous, and less digestible foods birds will encounter after release. They certainly do not encourage optimal foraging behaviours and reinforce specific appetitive behaviours. Herbivorous species which consume appreciable amounts of secondary compounds with their food should be given these compounds so that the enzyme system involved with metabolizing them can be activated before release to the wild.

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Zusammenfassung Die Fütterung von Vögeln mit handelsüblichem Futter vor ihrer Freilassung in die Natur ist nicht zu befürworten. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen wurden entwickelt, um maximales Wachstum mit besonderer Betonung des Muskelwachstums zu erzielen. Sie sind im allgemeinen sehr gut verdaulich und enthalten hohe Nährstoffkonzentrationen; daher entwickelt sich der Darm nur unzureichend. Vögel, die nur handelsübliche Futtermischungen erhalten, werden außerdem kaum in der Lage sein, natürliche Nahrungsquellen zu erkennen. Die Nahrung freilebender Pflanzenfresser ist für gewöhnlich weniger gut verdaulich und hat einen geringen Nährstoffgehalt. So ist in den meisten Fällen ein vielseitiges Nahrungsangebot für das Überleben entscheidend. Um die Ernährung zu sichern, müssen viel mehr Ballaststoffe aufgenommen werden als in kommerziellen Futtermischungen enthalten sind. Die Anatomie des Verdauungstraktes ist an die natürliche Nahrungswahl angepaßt und verändert sich als plastisches System mit der Eigenschaft der aufgenommenen Nahrung. Bei der Aufzucht zur Freilassung ist die Beachtung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Eigenschaften der Nahrung, der Entwicklung des Verdauungssystems und den Komponenten des Verhaltens beim Nahrungserswerb von größter Wichtigkeit. Jungvögel müssen daher auch mit Futterrationen geringen Nährstoffgehaltes gefüttert werden, um in Freiheit reelle Überlebenschancen zu haben. Vögel, die mit Wildfutter aufgezogen werden, lernen dadurch auch, Nahrungsquellen nach ihrem Nährwert zu unterscheiden. Dieser Aspekt im Verhalten ist für das Überleben in Freiheit ebenso wichtig wie ein ausreichend entwickelter Darm. Freilebende Pflanzenfresser sind einem großen Spektrum von Mykotoxinen ausgesetzt, die vom Körper metabolisiert werden müssen. Enzymketten müssen dafür aktiviert werden. Die Fütterung von Naturfutter vor der Freilassung schafft daher auch die nötigen Bedingungen für den Stoffwechsel, mit diesen zusätzlichen Belastungen fertig zu werden. Man sollte also magere, die effizient ihre Nahrung suchen können, nicht groß oder fette Individuen aufziehen. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen einzusetzen, ist zwar ökonomisch wesentlich günstiger; will man jedoch freilebende Populationen aufbauen, dürfen Kosten und Arbeitsaufwand nicht die allein entscheidenden Faktoren sein. Die Entscheidung, ob entsprechende Maßnahmen ökonomisch und ökologisch sinnvoll waren, wird allein von der Lebenserwartung der ausgesetzten Vögel in Freiheit bestimmt, nicht durch die Zahl von freigelassenen Individuen mit scheinbar guter Kondition.

     

Considerations for design,manufacture, and delivery for effective and safe T-cell engager therapies

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Genes for neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and uptake

We found that the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (EC 1.14.16.2), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.17.1), and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.28) share similar protein domains in their primary structures and that they share common gene coding sequences. In a recent report we also demonstrated that antiserums directed against choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6), glutamic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15), and TH cause specific complement-mediated lysis of cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic, and dopaminergic subpopulations of synaptosomes, respectively. This interaction of specific antibodies to the specific subpopulation of synaptosomal membrane, e.g., recognition of antibody to TH to only the dopaminergic subpopulation of synaptosomal membrane protein, indicates that the neurotransmitter enzyme and membrane protein of its own synaptosomes may also share common protein domains. Therefore, we postulate that the specific neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzyme and a certain membrane protein of the nerve endings may share similar gene coding sequences, and that expression of these proteins may determine the phenotype of the neuron.     

Characterization and compartmentation,in green leaves,of hexokinases with different specificities for glucose,fructose, and mannose and for nucleoside triphosphates

When green leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were surveyed for the presence of hexokinases which utilize glucose, fructose and-or mannose as a substrate, four kinases could be distinguished by their order of elution during chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose: (i) a hexokinase I with a specificity for fructose, glucose, and mannose, (ii) a fructokinase I with a specificity for fructose, (iii) a hexokinase II with a specificity for glucose, fructose and mannose, and (iv) a fructokinase II with a specificity for fructose. Hexokinases I and II had high apparent K_m values for fructose (8 and 15 mM, respectively) and medium or low apparent K_m values for glucose (150 and 18 μM, respectively) and mannose (18 and 15 μM, respectively). Maximal velocities were highest with fructose, medium with glucose and lowest with mannose. That hexokinases I and II used several sugars as substrate was concluded (i) from their identical elution profiles during enzyme separation and (ii) because their activities with two or three sugars at a time was always lower than the sum of activities with one substrate, indicating competition of the sugars for the reaction with the enzymes. Fructokinases I and II were very specific for fructose (85 and 140 μM, respectively) and had only little, if any, activity with glucose or mannose. All kinases showed varying degrees of activity with nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. In the presence of all three sugars, hexokinases I and II were considerably more active with ATP than with uridine-, cytidine-, and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (UTP, CTP, GTP) except that, in the presence of glucose, hexokinase I was almost as active with UTP as with ATP. In the presence of fructose, fructokinase I exhibited highest activity with GTP and a gradually decreasing level of activity with CTP, UTP, and ATP. The activities in the presence of the other two sugars were highest with ATP. Fructokinase II was most active with ATP and fructose and progressively less active with GTP, UTP, and CTP. Cell fractionation by isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation or differential centrifugation indicated that fructokinase II was associated with chloroplasts, hexokinase II with mitochondria, and the other two kinases with the non-particulate cell fraction. In green leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.), only a hexokinase (II) and fructokinase (II) were present. Corn (Zea mays L.) leaves exhibited only very low hexokinase activity. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Hans Mohr on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Freezing,Thawing, and Packaging Cells for Transport

Cultured mammalian cells are used extensively in cell biology studies. It requires a number of special skills in order to be able to preserve the structure, function, behavior, and biology of the cells in culture. This video describes the basic skills required to freeze and store cells and how to recover frozen stocks. Download video file.^{(82M, mp4)}     

Photoreception for circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation

In the art and science of lighting, four traditional objectives have been to provide light that: 1) is optimum for visual performance; 2) is visually comfortable; 3) permits aesthetic appreciation of the space; and 4) conserves energy. Over the past 25 years, it has been demonstrated that there are nonvisual, systemic effects of light in healthy humans. Furthermore, light has been used to successfully treat patients with selected affective and sleep disorders as well as healthy individuals who have circadian disruption due to shift work, transcontinental jet travel, or space flight. Recently, there has been an upheaval in the understanding of photoreceptive input to the circadian system of humans and other mammals. Analytical action spectra in rodents, primates, and humans have identified 446-484 nm (predominantly the blue part of the spectrum) as the most potent wavelength region for neuroendocrine, circadian, and neurobehavioral responses. Those studies suggested that a novel photosensory system, distinct from the visual rods and cones, is primarily responsible for this regulation. Studies have now shown that this new photosensory system is based on a small population of widely dispersed retinal ganglion cells that are intrinsically responsive to light, and project to the suprachiasmatic nuclei and other nonvisual centers in the brain. These light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin, a vitamin A photopigment that mediates the cellular phototransduction cascade. Although light detection for circadian and neuroendocrine phototransduction seems to be mediated principally by a novel photosensory system in the eye, the classic rod and cone photoreceptors appear to play a role as well. These findings are important in understanding how humans adapt to lighting conditions in modern society and will provide the basis for major changes in future architectural lighting strategies.