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1.
Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould
contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not
found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47– 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23–537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24–287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins
in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces. 相似文献
2.
I. Zimmer E. Usleber H. Klaffke R. Weber P. Majerus H. Otteneder M. Gareis R. Dietrich E. Märtlbauer 《Mycotoxin Research》2008,24(1):40-52
In order to calculate the dietary fumonisin intake of the German consumer, a large survey was carried out on a variety of
potentially contaminated products in the period between December 1998 and July 2001. A total of 1960 food samples comprising
all known relevant groups of products were analysed for fumonisins. Furthermore, 272 of these samples were also analysed for
hydrolysed fumonisins (HFB). For routine analysis enzyme immunoassay was used, confirmatory and control analyses were performed
using HPLC-FLD after precolumn derivatisation, or by LC-MS/MS. Daily intake of fumonisins was calculated by combining fumonisin
contamination data obtained in this study with available food consumption data for Germany. In a “mean case” scenario, median
fumonisin levels in foods and mean food intake values were used. To generate a “bad case” scenario, the 90th percentile of fumonisin levels in foods and mean food intake values were combined. The overall daily fumonisin intake by
the German consumer was 1.1 μg in the “mean case” scenario, and 21 μg in the “bad case” scenario. It was concluded that in
general there is no increased risk for the German consumer in aspects of exceeding the recommended tolerable daily intake
of fumonisins (2 μg/kg body weight). However, certain products (and certain brands of products) were repeatedly found to contain
elevated fumonisin levels, which in a “worst case” scenario (“high” food intake of maize-based products) could pose a potential
risk for the consumer, in particular concerning foods for infants and young children. High fumonisin levels were found in
infant foods in 1999, but contamination levels decreased strongly in the following years. HFBs (mostly HFB1) were frequently found in processed cereals such as corn flakes, but in relatively low concentrations. According to our findings,
the new European Union maximum levels for fumonisins are suitable to eliminate peak contamination levels of fumonisins in
foods, but would lead to a regular excess of the TDI for infants and young children if these maximum levels would indeed be
exhausted.
Financial support: This work was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Consumer
Protection, research grant 415-6080-1/60 (BMG alt). 相似文献
3.
Ono EY Fungaro MH Sofia SH Figueira EL Gerage AC Ichinoe M Sugiura Y Ueno Y Hirooka EY 《Mycopathologia》2004,158(4):451-455
Eleven feed samples associated with six animal (horse and poultry) intoxication outbreaks (1991) in the state of Paraná, Brazil,
were evaluated for fungal and fumonisin contamination. In order to estimate the␣trend of livestock intoxication, fumonisin
contamination was monitored in corn produced both at the commercial level (1991, 1995 crop), and in an experimental field
at a local Agronomy Institute (1997 crop). The total mould count in the feed samples ranged from 2.9 × 103 to 1.9 × 107 CFU/g, with Fusarium verticillioides as the predominant species, at a high count of 2.4 × 104–6.5 × 105 CFU/g. Fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) were detected in all corn-based feed samples at levels ranging from 2.89 to 14.54 μg/g. All 27 Northern corn samples (1991 crop) were contaminated with fumonisins at levels ranging from 2.32 to 16.64 μg/g. Twenty-six (96.3%) out of 27 corn samples from the Central-Southern region (1995 crop) were positive for fumonisins (FB1+FB2), with the range of 0.07–3.66 μg/g, while all 37 Northern samples (1995 crop) were contaminated with fumonisins ranging from 0.57 to 9.97 μg/g. Twenty-one out of 37 corn samples from the Northern region (1997 crop) were positive for fumonisins, but at low level
(range of 0.05–2.67 μg/g). The results showed a decreasing trend in fumonisin contamination over the years. Nowadays animal intoxication outbreaks
rarely occur in this State, as both animal producers and feed industries have become conscious about monitoring of corn and
other raw materials at the quality control level. 相似文献
4.
We analyzed 44 moldy corn samples for the B and C series of fumonisins by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 44 samples, 32 (73%) were contaminated with both the B and C series of fumonisins and 6 were contaminated with only the B series of fumonisins. The incidence of fumonisin C1 in moldy corn was 71%; the incidence was 11% for fumonisin C3 and 43% for fumonisin C4. Their mean levels ranged from 500 to 1,900 ng/g. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of the C series of fumonisins and fumonisin B4 in moldy corn. 相似文献
5.
Y Ueno S Aoyama Y Sugiura D-S Wang U-S Lee E Y Hirooka S Hara T Karki G Chen S-Z Yu 《Mycotoxin Research》1993,9(1):27-34
Natural occurrence of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), a promoter for hepato-carcinogenesis, was investigated in corn and corn — based products sampled in Japan, Nepal, and China by high — performance liquid chromatographic method. From the 9 imported corn kernel and 6 gluten feed samples, FB1 was detected in 8 corn (0.6 ~ 4.1μg/g) and all gluten feed (0.3 ~ 2.4μg/g) samples, while FB2 was found in the same corn (0.3 ~ 10μg/g) and 3 gluten feed (0.8 ~ 8.5μg/g) samples. ELISA analysis also revealed the contamination of aflatoxin B1 in 2 corn and all gluten feed samples along with fumonisins. Of 17 corn grit samples, 14 and 5 samples were contaminated with fumonisin B1 and B2, with maximum levels of 2.6 and 2.8μg/g, respectively. As for corn-based foodstuffs marketed in Japan, no significant contamination of fumonisins was observed. Among 24 corn kernel samples in Nepal, 12 and 7 samples were positive for FB1 and FB2, and averaged to 0.6 and 1.6μg/g, respectively. One sample showed the highest fumonisin contents as 4.6 and 5.5μg/g, respectively. In corn samples harvested at Shanghai and Beijing, China, FB1 and FB2 were detected in various concentrations. Mycological survey has also revealed the presence of a fumonisin — producing fungus in a crop field of Japan. These findings have for the first time demonstrated high levels of contamination of fumonisins in corn and corn — based products in Asian countries. Natural co — occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxin B1 was also detected in raw materials for mixed feed. 相似文献
6.
Different solvent mixtures were examined for extraction of fumonisins from various naturally contaminated and spiked foods
and foodstuffs: rough rice, retail rice, rice flour, white corn flour, corn meal, corn starch, corn flakes, tortilla/corn
chips, white bean flour, white beans, mung beans, adzuki beans and infant cereals. Most of the naturally contaminated samples
were analyzed using the extraction solvent mixtures methanol-acetonitrile-water (25:25:50) (solvent A) and methanol-water
(75:25 or 80:20) (solvents B, BB); some were extracted with 0.1 M sodium hydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile (1:1, adjusted to
pH 3.0 with o-phosphoric acid) (solvent C) and methanol-0.025 M borate buffer (3:1, adjusted to pH 9.2 with 1 N sodium hydroxide)
(solvent D). A 1-ml SAX solid phase extraction column was used for the cleanup in all cases except for infant cereals, for
which immunoaffinity chromatography was used; fumonisin concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography.
Solvent A gave slightly better extraction of fumonisins from one of two samples of naturally contaminated rough rice than
solvent B (fumonisin B1: 4080 ng/g versus 3150 ng/g; fumonisin B2:1100 ng/ g versus 922 ng/g) and much better extraction than solvent C (1210 ng/g fumonisin B1 and 315 ng/g fumonisin B2) or solvent D (372 ng/ g fumonisin B1 and 191 ng/g fumonisin B2). However, spike recoveries on a similar rice naturally contaminated
at a lower level were only in the 43–53% range (solvent A). Recovery of fumonisins was very poor from spiked white rice flour
but satisfactory from other rice foods.
Solvent A similarly gave slightly better extraction of fumonisins from a sample of naturally contaminated white corn flour
than solvent B (fumonisin B1 1260 ng/g versus 931 ng/g; fumonisin B2: 511 ng/g versus 447 ng/g ) and better extraction than solvents C and D. Solvent A was also a better solvent for extraction
of fumonisins from naturally contaminated tortilla chips and infant cereals. Study of naturally contaminated corn starch was
confounded by instability of fumonisins in this food. Recovery of fumonisins from spiked corn meal, tortilla chips, corn flakes,
various types of beans and infant cereals with solvent A and/or solvent B (or BB) was satisfactory. 相似文献
7.
S. A. Ghiasian M. R. Aghamirian A. H. Maghsood G. S. Shephard L. van der Westhuizen 《Mycotoxin Research》2009,25(1):25-28
Fumonisins, fungal toxins found primarily in maize and produced by various Fusarium species, have been shown to cause a variety of significant adverse health effects in livestock and experimental animals,
and are probable human carcinogens. Thirty-three maize samples were collected at ports from bulk shipments, which were imported
into Iran from six countries during 2001–2002, and analysed by HPLC for the most abundant of the naturally occurring fumonisin
analogues, namely fumonisins B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2) and B3 (FB3). Of the 33 samples, 21 (64%) were found to contain FB1 (58–512 μg/kg) at levels above 10 μg/kg. The frequency of FB1 found in maize samples imported from Uruguay and Canada was 75%, followed by China and Argentina (67%), USA (60%), and Brazil
(50%). The average FB1 level was 266 and 169 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. Medians were 250 and 146 μg/kg for positive and all
samples, respectively. FB2 levels ranged from not detected (<10 μg/kg) to 53 μg/kg, whereas no sample had an FB3 level above the detection level (10 μg/kg). This is the first report of fumonisin contamination of imported maize in Iran.
Although, the level of all detected fumonisins were below the Iranian and FDA tolerance levels for foods and feeds, It is
necessary to maintain the strict rules to ensure continued safety of imported maize. 相似文献
8.
Nuryono C.T Noviandi A Agus S Wedhastri Y.B Maryudani J Böhm E Razzazi 《Mycotoxin Research》2002,18(2):117
In this paper a survey is described for determination of contamination level of fumonisins (B1, B2, B3) in Indonesian cornbased feed and food samples. The survey was conducted from February to May 2001. Foodstuffs, which are consumed directly such as snacks and other products, were investigated for fumonisin contamination. Of 105 food and feed samples purchased from local retail stores and local poultry shops around Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia were analyzed using ELISA. Results indicate that 74.3% of samples analyzed were contaminated in a large range of 10.0 – 3307 μg/kg, and the concentration of fumonisins depends on the type of samples. Detection limit of the method used was 9 μg/kg.From eight food samples of maize flour, and corn-based beverages and cereals, none was contaminated (below detection limit). For food samples of industrial products (19 samples), 13 were contaminated in the range of 22.8 – 105 μg/kg and 19 of 20 samples from home made products were contaminated between 12.9 – 234 μg/kg. The food samples contaminated in highest level occurred in corn. Of ten samples, 6 were contaminated from 68.0 – 2471 μg/kg. For feed samples, 17 corn samples were evaluated. Of those samples, 16 contained in a large range of 17.6 – 3306 μg/kg. 相似文献
9.
The implications of naturally occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11
Pieter G. Thiel Walter F. O. Marasas Eric W. Sydenham Gordon S. Shephard Wentzel C. A. Gelderblom 《Mycopathologia》1992,117(1-2):3-9
Contamination of corn with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and its secondary metabolites, the fumonisins, has been associated with several human and animal diseases. This paper summarizes present knowledge and presents new data on the levels of fumonisins present in foods and feeds associated with these diseases as well as in commercial corn and corn-based products. The doses of fumonisins to which humans and animals consuming these products would be exposed are compared with those doses known to produce LEM in horses and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It is concluded that the known naturally occurring levels of fumonisins present a potential threat to human and animal health and realistic tolerance levels need to be set. 相似文献
10.
Fusarium toxins are secondary metabolites produced byfungi of these genera in many commodities under certain conditions. A study was carried out to investigate the co-occurrence of
zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in 52 samples of mixed-feed for poultry contaminated withFusarium verticillioides. The zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were checked using immunoaffinity column and the extraction of fumonisin was performed
by strong anion exchange (SAX) solid phase column. Detection and quantification were determined by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The limit of detection was 5 μg/kg for ZEN, 100 μg/kg for DON and 50 and 100 μg/kg for FB1 and FB2 respectively.Fusarium toxins were detected in 20 samples. Sixteen samples were positive for ZEN (30.7%) presenting levels that ranged from 7.4
μg/kg to 61.4 μg/kg (mean=27.0 μg/kg). 13.5% of the samples presented contaminations of DON, with levels ranging from 100.0
μg/kg to 253 μg/kg (mean=l18.07 μg/kg). FB1 was detected in 19.2% of samples, with levels ranging from 50.0 μg/kg to 110.0 μg/kg (mean=73.6 μg/kg). FB2 was not detected
in any sample. In positive samples simultaneously contamination with two or three mycotoxins were detected in 9 of them (17.3%). 相似文献
11.
Sanchis V Abadias M Oncins L Sala N Viñas I Canela R 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1994,60(6):2147-2148
The natural occurrence of fumonisins B(1) and B(2), the incidence of Fusarium organisms, and the capacity of Fusarium isolates to produce fumonisins were investigated with 50 corn-based samples from Spain destined for human consumption. Eight samples (16%) were found to be contaminated with fumonisins. The levels of contamination were very low, with a mean of 80 ng/g. 相似文献
12.
Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high- and low-risk areas for human esophageal cancer in China. 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8 下载免费PDF全文
Forty-seven corn samples were collected in 1989 from Linxian and Shangqiu Counties in Henan Province, the high- and low-risk areas, respectively, for human esophageal cancer in the People's Republic of China. The samples were analyzed for fumonisin (fumonisin B1 [FB1] and FB2) contamination. Of the fumonisin-positive samples, the mean levels in Linxian corn were found to be 872 ng/g for FB1 and 448 ng/g for FB2, while the Shangqiu corns had 890 ng of FB1 and 330 ng of FB2 per g. The incidence of fumonisin contamination of Linxian corn (48%) was about two times higher than that of Shangqiu corn (25%), and the former corn samples were frequently cocontaminated with trichothecenes. Fusarium species isolated from corn from Linxian County produced FB1 at levels ranging from 1,280 to 11,300 micrograms/g. 相似文献
13.
Christian Schlichtherle 《Mycotoxin Research》1997,13(1):49-49
This paper describes the importance of fumonisins for human beings and animals and shows data for the occurence in food. Corn-based
food samples (n = 299) purchased in the area of munich were analyzed for fumonisin content using an enzyme immunoassay.
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced byFusarium species, especially byFusarium moniliforme andFusarium proliferatum. Occurrence of fumonisins in corn and in cornbased foods and feeds has been reported from almost all over the world. In several
animal species different diseases are traced back to fumonisin toxicosis. Fumonisin levels of 5–10 ppm inhorse feed induce
“Equine Leucoencephalomalacia” and hepatic lesions. Hepatotoxic (10 150 ppm fumonisin in feed) and pneumotoxic (>150 ppm fumonisin
in feed) effects have been reported for swine. Cattle and poultry appear to be less susceptible to fumonisins. Fumonisin B1 Revels of 50 ppm in the diet of rats cause hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, long time exposure results in hepatic cancer.
A possible role of fumonisins in the etiology of human esophageal cancer is under discussion, although no direct causal evidence
is known so far. The mode of action of the fumonisins is probably based on inhibition of sphingolipidbiosynthesis caused by
the blockade of the enzyme sphyngosine (sphinganine)-N-acyltrans-ferase. 相似文献
14.
Yazdanpanah H Shephard GS Marasas WF van der Westhuizen L Rahimian H Safavi SN Eskandari P Ghiasian SA 《Mycopathologia》2006,161(6):395-401
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most abundant of the fumonisin mycotoxins, mainly produced in maize by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. A previous study on the FB1 contamination of maize harvested in Mazandaran and Isfahan Provinces of Iran in 1998 and 1999
demonstrated contamination in both provinces. This present study was undertaken to further investigate the variation in levels
of contamination and to estimate possible levels of human exposure to fumonisins in Iran. The mean level of FB1 in 49 visually healthy maize samples collected from Mazandaran Province during 2000 was 6.14 mg/kg, which is higher than
that found during 1998 and 1999 (2.27 and 3.18 mg/kg, respectively). Although these levels are higher than the Iranian legislative
limits for fumonisins in maize intended for humans, the relatively low estimated consumption of maize in Iran (3.3 g/person/day)
implies that average exposures (0.011 and 0.215 μg/kg body weight/day in Isfahan and Mazandaran, respectively) are within
the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 μg/kg body weight/day set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives. Nevertheless, certain sections of the population who may consume higher amounts of maize or who may replace all
or some of their consumption of other cereals with maize, could well exceed this limit. 相似文献
15.
Forty-seven samples of corn were collected from various street bazaars and market outlets in different regions of Turkey and
total aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following
sample preparation. Levels of AF and OTA in corn samples ranged between 1.75–120.3 μg/kg and 1.08–8.57 μg/kg, respectively.
Although 53% of the samples analysed had no detectable levels of AF, 4% of similar samples were found to contain AFs above
the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg in Turkey. For OTA, 4% of the corn samples had levels above the acceptable limit (3 μg/kg)
in Turkey, with over 43% samples not found to contain this mycotoxin. Although the levels of mycotoxins analysed in this study
were not found to be high and the percentage of samples contaminated above permitted limits were low, the importance of overall
daily dietary intake should not be underestimated and control of these fungal metabolites in corn must be explored to minimise
the hazards they may cause in humans. 相似文献
16.
In a survey of starch-based foods sampled from retail outlets in Malaysia, fungal colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour
(100%), followed by rice flour (74%), glutinous rice grains (72%), ordinary rice grains (60%), glutinous rice flour (48%)
and corn flour (26%). All positive samples of ordinary rice and glutinous rice grains had total fungal counts below 103 cfu/g
sample, while among the positive rice flour, glutinous rice flour and corn flour samples, the highest total fungal count was
more than 103 but less than 104 cfu/g sample respectively. However, in wheat flour samples total fungal count ranged from
102 cfu/g sample to slightly more than 104 cfu/g sample. Aflatoxigenic colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour (20%),
followed by ordinary rice grains (4%), glutinous rice grains (4%) and glutinous rice flour (2%). No aflatoxigenic colonies
were isolated from rice flour and corn flour samples. Screening of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin
G2 using reversed-phase HPLC were carried out on 84 samples of ordinary rice grains and 83 samples of wheat flour. Two point
four percent (2.4%) of ordinary rice grains were positive for aflatoxin G1 and 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G2. All the
positive samples were collected from private homes at concentrations ranging from 3.69–77.50 μg/kg. One point two percent
(1.2%) of wheat flour samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 25.62 μ};g/kg, 4.8% were positive for aflatoxin
B2 at concentrations ranging from 11.25–252.50 μg/kg, 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G1 at concentrations ranging from 25.00–289.38
μg/kg and 13.25% were positive for aflatoxin G2 at concentrations ranging from 16.25–436.25 μg/kg. Similarly, positive wheat
flour samples were mostly collected from private homes.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
V. Ostry F. Malir T. Roubal J. Skarkova J. Ruprich M. Cerna E. E. Creppy 《Mycotoxin Research》2005,21(1):49-52
AFM1 was determined in 72 (72%) samples of human urine, range 19-6064 pg/g creatinine, mean 367 pg/g creatinine, median 158 pg/g
creatinine and 90% percentile 755 pg/g creatinine in 1997. AFM1 was determined in 46 (43.8%) samples of human urine, range 21-19219 pg/g creatinine, mean 414 pg/g creatinine, median 96
pg/g creatinine and 90% percentile 415 pg/g creatinine in 1998. OTA was determined in 2077 (94.2%) samples of human serum,
range 0.1–13.7 μg/L, mean 0.28 μg/L, median 0.2 μg/L and 90% percentile 0.5 μg/L in 1994–2002. OTA was determined in 12 (40%)
samples of human kidneys, range 0.1–0.2 μg/kg, mean 0.07 μg/kg, and median 0.05 μg/kg in 2001.
Presented at the 26th Mykotoxin-Workshop in Herrsching, Germany, May 17–19, 2004. 相似文献
18.
Inês Almeida Hermínia Marina Martins Sara Santos José M. Costa Fernando Bernardo 《Mycotoxin Research》2011,27(3):177-181
A total of 404 samples of commercial swine feed from Portugal feed mills were analysed by HPLC methods for the presence of
mycotoxins: 277 samples of feed for fattening pigs were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol
(DON), and 127 samples of feed for sows were analysed for ZEA and fumonisins (FB1 + FB2). Concerning feed for fattening pigs, 21 (7.6%) samples were positive for OTA, (2–6.8 μg/kg), 69 (24.9%) were positive for
ZEA (5–73 μg/kg), and 47 (16.9%) were positive for DON (100–864 μg/kg). In feed for sows, the results showed 29.9% of positive
samples for ZEA (5–57.7 μg/kg) and 8.7% positive samples for FB1 and FB2 (50–391.4 μg/kg). Co-occurrence of DON/ZEA was found most frequently, but simultaneous contamination with OTA/ZEA and OTA/DON
was also found. 相似文献
19.
L'vova LS Sedova IB Kizlenko OI Tutel'ian VA 《Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia》2003,39(2):222-227
Fusarium moniliforme is the predominant fusarium species in the grain mycoflora of corn grown in Northern Caucasus, accounting for 95% of fusarium isolates. Eighty-five Fusarium moniliforme strains were grown on grain substrate and checked for the presence of fumonisins (B1 + B2 + B3) by indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All strains were capable of producing fumonisins (0.95 to 32,000 mg/kg). Strains sampled in the Krasnodar krai produced the highest fumonisin levels (averaging 5490 mg/kg). 相似文献
20.
Martins HM Almeida IF Camacho CR Santos SM Costa JM Bernardo FM 《Revista iberoamericana de micología》2012,29(3):175-177
BackgroundFumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and overall mycotoxins feed contamination may cause several effects on crops production and animal health. The contamination occurred predominantly in corn and corn-based foods and feeds.AimsThis survey intends to provide the occurrence of fumonisins in swine and equine mixed feeds in Portugal, making an overview from 2007 to 2010.MethodsA total of 363 samples were analyzed, 258 from swine feed and 105 from horse feed with HPLC method. The detection limit was 50 μg/kg for FB1 and 100 μg/kg for FB2.ResultsThe overall results were 13% of FB1 occurrence from 2007 to 2010. FB1 was detected in about 17.0% of swine feed samples, being more frequent in 2010 (32.9%). In this year (2010) levels ranged between 66.7 and 3815.5 μg/kg.FB2 occurred only in 2010 in swine feed (6 samples, ranging between 104.0 to 467.2 μg/kg) and in horse feed (1 sample).ConclusionsThis represents an increase in occurrence through the analyzed years, but this may not be a threat to animal health, once the values were below the recommended guidance values from European Commission. 相似文献