吸烟大鼠肺脏AQP4 和MUC5AC 的表达及其与 一氧化氮的关系

目的:研究烟草烟雾吸入对大鼠肺组织水通道蛋白4(AQP4)和粘蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)表达的影响及其与支气管肺泡灌洗液内一氧化氮代谢物水平的关系,探讨氧化应激对肺部水转运和粘液分泌的影响。方法:免疫组化法观察AQP4在肺组织内的表达,平均光密度法比较模型组和空白组大鼠AQP4的表达差异;半定量RT-PCR法检测肺组织内AQP4及MUC5AC mRNA的表达水平;硝酸还原酶法测定各组大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液内一氧化氮代谢产物的浓度,分析模型组AQP4、MUC5AC mRNA的表达水平与支气管肺泡灌洗液内一氧化氮代谢物浓度之间的相关关系。结果:AQP4在空白对照组呈强阳性染色,在模型组呈弱阳性染色,两者平均光密度值有显著差异(P<0.05)。模型组动物肺组织AQP4 mRNA的表达降低,MUC5AC mRNA的表达升高,与空白组比较均有显著差异(P<0.05),模型组动物支气管肺泡灌洗液内一氧化氮代谢产物的浓度与肺组织AQP4 mRNA表达水平呈负相关,相关系数r=-0.798(,P<0.05),与MUC5AC mRNA的表达水平呈正相关,相关系数r=0.857(,P<0.05)。结论:吸烟可导致肺组织AQP4表达下降进而影响气道内水的转运。一氧化氮可能参与了烟雾吸入动物模型中AQP4与MUC5AC基因表达的调控。     

高脂血症大鼠下颌下腺内AQP1和AQP5表达及意义

目的 观察高脂血症大鼠下颌下腺内AQP1和AQP5表达的变化.方法雄性 S D大鼠 20只,随机分为 2组,对照组(C组)给予全价颗粒饲料喂养;高脂饮食组(H组)给予高脂饮食 (饲料成分为胆固醇 2%、猪油10%、基础饲料 88% )连续喂养2个月,各组动物均不限制饮水.2个月成模后,取血检测血脂;取大鼠下颌下腺组织,进行免疫组织化学染色(SP法) 和计算机图像分析.结果 ①血脂检测结果:C组TG与H组TG比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);C组TC和H组TC比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).②免疫组化结果:C组大鼠下颌下腺AQP1平均光密度值与 H组AQP1平均光密度值比较有差异性(P<0.05);C组大鼠下颌下腺AQP5平均光密度值与 H组AQP5平均光密度值比较有差异性(P<0.05).结论 高脂血症大鼠下颌下腺导管上皮细胞内AQP1和AQP5的表达减少,为探讨高脂血症导致下颌下腺分泌功能降低的病理机制提供了形态学依据.     

香烟烟雾暴露对支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织水通道蛋白5表达的影响

目的探讨香烟烟雾暴露对支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织水通道蛋白5(Aquaporin 5,AQP5)和黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)表达的影响。方法将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=10),对照组雾化生理盐水,哮喘组采用卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏并吸入激发制备哮喘模型,哮喘+烟雾暴露组于每日雾化激发OVA前给予香烟烟雾吸入。收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行白细胞计数及分类,测定肺组织病理变化及湿干重比值。实时定量PCR(Realtime PCR)测定AQP5和MUC5AC mRNA的表达,免疫组化法测定AQP5蛋白分布情况,免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定AQP5蛋白的表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定BALF中MUC5AC的含量。结果①与对照组相比,哮喘组大鼠BALF中白细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞数量明显增加;与哮喘组相比,暴露组大鼠BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞数量明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②与对照组相比,哮喘组和暴露组大鼠肺组织中AQP5表达明显减少,而MUC5AC蛋白含量明显增加;与哮喘组相比,暴露组大鼠肺组织中AQP5明显减少,而MUC5AC蛋白含量明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③肺组织中AQP5表达与肺组织BALF中MUC5AC蛋白含量呈负相关(r=-0.852和-0.895,P<0.05)。结论香烟烟雾暴露可导致哮喘大鼠肺组织AQP5表达减少而MUC5AC含量增加,进一步加重哮喘气道炎症和黏液高分泌反应,这可能为哮喘吸烟患者的早期防治提供新思路。     

γ干扰素抑制幼儿支气管上皮细胞MUC5AC表达

本研究主要探讨了IFN-γ在黏蛋白产生中的作用,特别是在儿童支气管上皮细胞中的MUC5AC转录。通过采用人肺黏液表皮样癌细胞系(NCI-H292)和正常人支气管上皮细胞(NHBE),本研究评估了IFN-γ对MUC5AC转录的影响,发现转化生长因子(TGF)-α和双链RNA (polyI:C)诱导的MUC5AC mRNA和蛋白表达被IFN-γ以浓度依赖性方式抑制。IFN-γ对TGF-α和polyI:C诱导的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的激活作用有限。染色质免疫沉淀实验表明Sp1与位于MUC5AC启动子上的同源序列结合。Sp1抑制剂光神霉素A抑制MUC5AC mRNA,表明Sp 1在MUC5AC诱导中起关键作用,同时IFN-γ阻碍Sp1与MUC5AC启动子的结合。本研究初步表明,IFN-γ可以抑制MUC5AC的表达,干扰Sp1与其靶序列的结合。     

急性酒精处理对大鼠脑内AQP4表达的影响

目的:探讨急性酒精处理对大鼠脑内水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)表达变化的影响。方法:32只雄性SD成年大鼠随机分为低剂量酒精组(LA)、中剂量酒精组(MA)、高剂量酒精组(HA)和生理盐水对照组(NS)。其中前三组通过腹腔注射不同剂量的酒精制作大鼠急性酒精中毒模型,生理盐水对照组腹腔注射等剂量的生理盐水。免疫组化方法检测了脑内前额皮质、胼胝体和室管膜AQP4的表达变化。结果:AQP4表达于各组大鼠的前额皮质、胼胝体和室管膜,LA组平均相对灰度值(ARG)分别为1．455±0．142,1．583±0．114,1．422±0．111,HA组ARG值分别为1．432±0．131,1．567±0．143,1．412±0．119,均高于NS组ARG值1．414±0．119,1．523±0．123,1．402±0．128(P＜0．05),MA组AQP4阳性表达显著增强,ARG值1．602±0．124,1．595±0．149,1．433±0．008,明显高于NS组ARG值1．414±0．119,1．523±0．123,1．402±0．128(p＜0．01)。结论:急性酒精中毒能使大鼠脑内AQP4表达显著增加,其表达的变化可能与急性酒精中毒时脑水肿有关。     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马AQP4的表达

目的:探讨大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后AQP4在海马区表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,随机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg),2h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)动物模型.各组动物分别存活1、3、5、14天.免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区AQP4的表达.结果:AQP4阳性产物分布于胶质纤维和毛细血管壁,各实验组表达均高于N组.术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P＜0.01),术后3天AT组比T组表达增高(P＜0.05),术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P＜0.01).结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,海马CA1区AQP4表达增高,可能加重晚期继发性脑水肿,是急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤预后不良的原因之一.     

MUC5AC在胃型宫颈腺癌组织中的表达及其临床病理特征

目的 分析胃型宫颈腺癌(gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma, GAS)组织病理形态学特点,检测MUC5AC在该癌组织中的表达,研究GAS免疫组织化学表型特点及相关特征,并结合AB-PAS特殊染色结果探究GAS潜在诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析2019年7月1日至2020年12月31日于武汉大学中南医院就诊的5例GAS患者的临床资料,总结其临床表现、病理特征、免疫表型及AB-PAS特殊染色特点。结果 免疫组织化学检测显示,5例GAS患者癌组织CK7、MUC6、CEA及MUC5AC阳性,p16、MUC2、CDX2、ER及PR阴性,Pax8表达不稳定,p53均为野生型表达,Ki-67多为阳性高表达。AB-PAS染色显示胞质均呈现红色。结论 与普通型宫颈腺癌相比,GAS具有易被误诊的良性组织形态。本研究发现免疫组织化学标志物MUC5AC的稳定阳性表达及AB-PAS染色后胞质呈红色可能是诊断该病的关键性特征。     

牦牛水通道蛋白AQP1和AQP3基因克隆及在不同组织中表达和定位

水通道蛋白(Aquaporin,AQP)广泛存在于生物体的各组织部位,影响着生物体水代谢的过程.为进一步研究水通道蛋白1(AQP1)和水通道蛋白3(AQP3)生物学功能,本文对牦牛(Bos grunniens)不同组织中 AQP1和AQP3基因的表达与定位进行了研究.采用PCR方法扩增牦牛AQP1和AQP3基因,对其序...     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马AQP4的表达

目的:探讨大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后AQP4在海马区表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,随机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg),2h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)动物模型.各组动物分别存活1、3、5、14天.免疫组化方法检测海马CAI区AQP4的表达.结果:AQP4阳性产物分布于胶质纤维和毛细血管壁,各实验组表达均高于N组.术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P＜0.01),术后3天AT组比T组表达增高(P＜0.05),术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P＜0.01).结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,海马CAI区AQP4表达增高,可能加重晚期继发性脑水肿,是急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤预后不良的原因之一.     

脑外伤后ERK信号通路调节AQP4及其锚定蛋白DG的表达

脑外伤是青年人最主要的致死与致残疾病。脑水肿是脑外伤的严重并发症,其形成与脑内最主要的水通道蛋白4（aquaporin4, AQP4）关系密切。AQP4对水的转运与其在星形胶质细胞胞膜上的极性分布有关。肌营养不良-肌萎缩蛋白复合物（dystrophin-dystroglycan complex, DDC）可能与AQP4的锚定及极性分布有关。肌萎缩蛋白（dystroglycan, DG）是该复合物的核心成员,但其对AQP4锚定及极性表达的作用目前并不清楚。脑外伤后,AQP4的表达改变是否与DG有关,其二者表达变化的调控机制均不清楚。为了揭示以上科学问题,为临床治疗脑外伤后脑水肿提供理论依据,分别进行在体、离体及离体干扰实验。研究发现脑外伤后,AQP4、α-DG、β-DG的表达,于6 h增至峰值,后逐渐减弱,于24 h降至最低,48 h再次表达上调。在此过程中,其表达变化规律虽基本一致,但确实存在不一致的现象。排除其他因素干扰,在星形胶质细胞划伤后,DG与AQP4及p-ERK的表达改变完全一致;抑制及激活ERK信号通路后,分别导致DG与AQP4的表达下调及上调。以上结果证实,脑外伤后,DG参与AQP4在星形胶质细胞的锚定,但并非AQP4极性表达的专属锚定蛋白质;机械损伤后,早期ERK信号通路激活,并上调DG及AQP4的表达。     

Regulation of MUC5AC mucin secretion by depletion of AQP5 in SPC-A1 cells

Airway mucus is regulated by many inflammatory mediators such as ILs, TNF-alpha, EGF, PGF2alpha, LT, and so on. Recently, the relationship between membrane ion channel and mucus production has been under investigation. The present study aimed to examine whether AQP5 was involved in modulation of mucin expression and secretion in airway submucosal gland cells (SPC-A1). A recombinant plasmid (pShAQP5) containing small hairpin RNA expression cassette targeting AQP5 sequence was constructed. In pShAQP5 transiently transfected cells, ELISA showed MUC5AC synthesis and secretion were increased by 57.9% and 85.3%, respectively, on day 5 after pShAQP5 transfection. While in five stably transfected clones (shAQP5-G1, G2, G3, A2, and A5), the upregulated levels of MUC5AC mRNA were 118%, 165%, 65%, 123%, and 38%, respectively. The elevated levels of MUC5AC synthesis and secretion varied from 59-156% and 33-166%, respectively. This is the first reliable investigation of the regulation of MUC5AC mucin secretion by silencing AQP5. Further study of the regulatory mechanism between AQPs and mucins may provide new strategies for development of novel antihypersecretory drugs in airway diseases.     

C-Mannosylation of MUC5AC and MUC5B Cys subdomains

We expressed recombinant Cys subdomains in COS-7 cells to examine the role of this highly conserved protein domain in mucin biosynthesis. The entire Cys1 and Cys5 and Cys1 and Cys3 subdomains in MUC5AC and MUC5B, respectively, each with six carboxyl terminal histidine residues, were pulse-labeled with [(35)S]cysteine/methionine, and the labeled proteins were examined in the culture medium. Under nonreducing conditions, secreted Cys subdomains were monomers, indicating the absence of interchain disulfide bonds. Cross-linking studies suggested the domains are able to interact through very weak noncovalent interactions. Though the domains had apparent M(r) consistent with the absence of N- and O-glycans, they could be purified with mannose-specific lectins. Lectin binding was prevented by mutation of the first tryptophan residue in the putative C-mannosylation acceptor motif WXXW, indicating that C-mannosylation is responsible for lectin binding. As judged by pulse-chase experiments, C-mannosylation occurred very early during the domain biosynthesis, likely in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutation of the WXXW motif or expression of the unmutated domain in CHO-Lec35.1 cells, a C-mannosylation-defective cell line, resulted in reduced secretion of the corresponding Cys subdomains. Live cell imaging of green fluorescent protein fused to the Cys subdomains clearly revealed increased presence of Cys subdomains in the ER of CHO-Lec35.1 cells when compared to the same domains expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Considered together, these studies suggest that the Cys subdomains of MUC5AC and MUC5B are C-mannosylated in their respective WXXW motifs. C-mannosylation is likely required for proper folding of the Cys subdomains and/or for some aspect of ER export during mucin biosynthesis.     

糖皮质激素对机械通气大鼠肺组织iNOS、NO表达的影响

目的通过观察糖皮质激素对机械通气大鼠肺组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）及一氧化氮（NO）表达的影响,探讨糖皮质激素对呼吸机所致肺损伤（ventilator induced lung injury,VILI）的干预作用。方法 24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、机械通气组、地塞米松（DXM）干预组。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测肺组织iNOS mRNA表达,用免疫组织化学染色法检测肺组织iNOS蛋白表达,用硝酸还原酶法测定肺组织和血浆NO含量。结果机械通气组和DXM干预组大鼠肺组织iNOS mRNA及其蛋白表达水平,以及血浆和肺组织NO含量均明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;DXM干预组上述指标与机械通气组比较均明显降低（P〈0.01）。结论糖皮质激素可通过抑制肺组织iNOS的表达,减少NO的生成,对机械通气大鼠肺组织具有保护作用。     

Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Spatial Memory Deficits in Status Epilepticus Rats

Status epilepticus (SE) is associated with a significant risk of cognitive impairment, and the increase of nitric oxide (NO) releasing has been reported during SE. We investigated the effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), on spatial performance of rats in the Morris water maze. Treatment with 7-NI, but not with AG, improved the performance of rats after SE not only in acquisition of the task but also in probe test. Furthermore, the level of SE-induced malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxidation, was significantly decreased only in animals receiving 7-NI injection. Taken together, the results of the present study provided evidence that the NO pathway contributed to oxidative stress after SE, and nNOS/NO pathway may underlie one of the potential mechanisms contributing to SE-induced spatial memory deficits.     

Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Attenuates Striatal Malonate Lesions in Rats

Abstract: Mitochondrial inhibitors such as malonate are potent neurotoxins in vivo. Intrastriatal injections of malonate result in neuronal damage reminiscent of "excitotoxic" lesions produced by compounds that activate NMDA receptors. Although the mechanism of cell death produced by malonate is uncertain, overactivation of NMDA receptors may be involved; pretreatment of animals with NMDA antagonists provides neuroprotection against malonate lesions. NMDA receptor activation stimulates the enzyme nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). Elevated tissue levels of NO may generate highly reactive intermediates that impair mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that NO may be a mediator of malonate toxicity. We investigated whether in vivo inhibition of NO production by the NOS inhibitor N ^ω-nitro- l -arginine (NLA) would attenuate lesions produced by intrastriatal injections of malonate. We found that systemic injections of 3 mg/kg of NLA significantly reduced the extent of histologic damage elicited by intrastriatal injections of 1.5 µmol of malonate in adult rats.     

In Vivo Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cerebellar Neurons

Abstract: In the CNS, nitric oxide (NO) functions as both neuromodulator and neurotoxic agent. In vivo neuronal expression of NO synthase (NOS) has been attributed to constitutive NOS—both the neuronal and the endothelial types. The other class of NOS—the inducible NOS (iNOS)—is known to mediate toxic effects of NO in various tissues. In this study, we show for the first time that direct intracerebellar injection of endotoxin and cytokine (lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ) induced in vivo neuronal expression of the iNOS gene, as demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining analyzed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. This raises the possibility that neuronal iNOS might contribute significantly to the vulnerability of the brain to various insults.     

软体动物的一氧化氮及其合酶的研究进展

一氧化氮作为一种重要的信息分子,参与调节软体动物的嗅觉、运动、取食、机体防御及学习行为。本文从生理、生化、形态定位以及信号转导几方面综述了有关软体动物一氧化氮及其合酶的最新研究进展。