基于NR2B 基因探讨疏肝与补肾法对吗啡精神依赖 的调节作用及机制

目的:探讨补肾法与舒肝法对大鼠吗啡精神依赖的调节作用及机制。方法:使用盐酸吗啡建立大鼠精神依赖模型(conditioned place preference,CPP),采用Obersiver 5.0行为学软件分析大鼠的CPP效应,并利用Real time PCR方法测定伏核和前额叶皮质内NR2B亚基的mRNA含量。结果:与对照组相比,模型组大鼠在白侧累积停留时间极显著长于对照组(P<0.01),同时伏核与前额叶皮质中NR2B的mRNA水平也显著升高(P<0.01和P<0.05);与模型组相比,补肾组和舒肝组大鼠在白侧的累积停留时间显著下调(P<0.05),疏肝组NR2B的mRNA也显著下降(P<0.05),而补肾组变化不显著。结论:①补肾法与舒肝法对吗啡引起的精神依赖均有调节作用。②舒肝法的作用机制可能在于通过影响伏核和前额叶皮质中NR2B亚基的mRNA表达进一步调节精神依赖的相关神经通路。③补肾法的作用机制与NR2B亚基的mRNA表达关系不密切,其调节的具体机制尚有待研究。     

NMDA受体亚单位NR2B的结构、功能特性及其表达与调控

NMDA受体是兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸(Glu)的特异性受体,属配体门控离子通道,是由不同的亚单位组成.现已发现,NMDA受体至少存在7个亚单位(NR1,NR2A-D,NR3A-B),其中NR2B在7个亚单位中扮演非常重要的角色.近年来对NR2B研究表明,其在调控神经元突触的可塑性、学习与记忆以及治疗精神紊乱方面具有重要的意义.对近期有关NR2B亚单位的结构、功能特性及其表达与调控的研究进展做一综述.     

多巴胺D2受体基因多态性位点与海洛因依赖的关系

目的:探讨多巴胺D2受体(Dopamine D2 receptors,DRD2)基因3'非翻译区Taq ⅠA、启动子区-141 Ins/Del 2个多态性位点和海洛因依赖的相关性.方法:采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)技术检测320例海洛因依赖患者及300例健康对照组的TaqⅠA和-141 Ins/Del2个多态性位点的基因型.采用HaploView4.0及SPSS11.5软件分析这2个多态性位点的基因型、等位基因频率及组间差异.结果:DRD2基因Taq ⅠA位点的基因型及等位基因频率分布在海洛因依赖组与正常对照组存在显著性差异(p<0.01),海洛因依赖组TaqⅠA位点的等位基因A1频率显著高于正常对照组(x2=11.156,p=0.001,OR=1.463,95%CI=1.170～1.830);DRD2基因-141 Ins/Del位点的基因型及等位基因频率分布在海洛因依赖组与正常对照组之间无统计学差异(p<0.05).结论:DRD2基因TaqⅠA位点多态性可能与海洛因依赖有关,携带有TaqⅠA多态性位点A1等位基因的个体可能更容易对海洛因产生依赖.     

丁苯酞对酒精依赖大鼠海马谷氨酸含量及NR2B表达的影响

目的:研究丁苯酞(NBP)对酒精依赖大鼠海马谷氨酸(Glu)含量和NNMDA受体2B亚基(NR2B)表达的影响。方法:建立酒精成瘾大鼠模型,观察戒断症状,SYBR Green I荧光实时定量PCR技术检测海马区NR2BmRNA表达,高效液相色谱法检测海马组织中谷氨酸含量。结果:模型组大鼠戒断评分比正常组明显上升(P<0.01),NBP中、高剂量组与模型组相比,戒断评分明显下降(P<0.05),差异均有显著性;模型组大鼠海马区谷氨酸含量较正常组显著降低(P<0.01),差异有显著性,而各用药组与模型组相比,海马区谷氨酸含量差异无显著性(P>0.05);实时定量PCR结果表明模型组大鼠海马区NR2BmRNA表达较正常组明显增加(P<0.05),而NBP中、高剂量组与模型组相比,海马区NR2BmRNA表达明显减少,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:NBP能够减轻酒精依赖大鼠的戒断症状,可能与NBP抑制NR2BmRNA表达有关。     

多巴胺D2受体基因TaqIB多态性与酒依赖的关系

目的:探讨汉族人群中多巴胺D2受体(DRD2)基因TaqIB多态性与酒依赖的相关性.方法:采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,检测酒依赖组(80例)和对照组(95例)的DRD2基因TaqIB多态性的基因型和等位基因频率.结果:酒依赖组和时照组的DRD2基因TaqIB多态性的基因型和等位基因频率有显著性差异,等位基因B2的携带者显著降低其嗜酒的发生率(OR:1.636,P＜0.05).结论:本研究提示,在汉族人群中DRD2基因TaqIB多态性与酒依赖存在相关性,TaqIB2等位基因可能是降低酒依赖发病的影响因子.     

白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及前额叶皮质NR2B受体表达的影响

目的：研究白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及大脑前额叶皮质N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体2B亚基（NR2B）表达的影响。方法：建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,Y-型迷宫测试空间学习与记忆成绩,免疫组织化学方法检测前额叶皮质NR2B表达,聚合酶链式反应（PCR）分析前额叶皮质NR2B mRNA的改变。结果：学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降（P〈0.01）,各剂量组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;免疫组化结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区NR2B阳性表达较正常组明显增多,各剂量组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA阳性表达明显减少;PCR结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区NR2B mRNA表达较正常组明显上升（P〈0.01）,各剂量组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA表达明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：白藜芦醇甙可能通过对NMDA受体4F53亚基NR2B蛋白表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

5-羟色胺受体基因多态性位点与海洛因依赖的关联性研究

目的：5-HT（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）参与了多种中枢神经活动的生理过程,其功能异常可以影响很多行为障碍,已有研究显示,5-HT水平与多种精神疾病密切相关。5-HT受体及其转运体基因在海洛因依赖发生发展中起到了重要的作用,是海洛因依赖的主要候选基因。探讨5羟色胺2A受体（Serotonin 2A receptor,HTR2A）基因启动子区-1438A/G（rs6311）、外显子区102T/C（rs6313）与5羟色胺1B受体（Serotonin 1B receptor,HTR1B）基因外显子区861G/C（rs6296）3个单核苷酸多态性和海洛因依赖的关联性分析。方法：严格按照诊断标准,选取无亲缘关系的海洛因依赖个体616例及健康个体600例提取基因组DNA,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测rs6311、rs6313和rs6296 3个SNPs位点的基因型频率,采用SPSS16.0软件分析各位点等位基因、基因型频率在病例-对照组间差异。结果：HTR2A基因rs6311和HTR1B基因rs6296位点的等位基因及基因型频率分布在2组间存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）,病例组rs6311位点的等位基因A频率显著高于对照组（X2=5.436,P=0.020,OR=1.208,CI=1.031~1.417）,rs6296位点的等位基因C频率显著高于对照组（X2=12.116,P=0.000,OR=1.329,CI=1.132~1.560）。连锁不平衡检验结果显示,HTR2A基因rs6311、rs6313位点处于不连锁状态,D＇〈0.5。结论：HTR2A基因rs6311和HTR1B基因rs6296多态性可能与海洛因成瘾有关,携带有rs6311 A等位基因与rs6296 C等位基因的人可能更容易对海洛因产生依赖。我们的研究为海洛因依赖易感人群筛选及药物靶向治疗提供了理论依据。     

心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马NMDA受体亚基NR2B表达的影响

目的：研究心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体2B亚基（NR2B）表达的影响。方法：建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,分别检测学习与记忆成绩、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和海马区NR2B mRNA表达。结果：学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;模型组大鼠脑组织中SOD活性较正常组显著降低（P〈0.01）,而各用药组与模型组相比,脑组织中SOD活性显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;PCR结果表明模型组大鼠海马区NR2B mRNA表达较正常组明显上升（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA表达明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：心脑佳配方可能通过对NMDA受体亚基NR2B蛋白表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

云南彝族人群CYP2E1基因多态性与酒依赖的关联性研究

目的：探讨云南彝族人群中的酒精依赖患者和云南彝族人群中健康人在CYP2E1基因的一个SNP（Rs3813867）的等位基因和基因型频率的不同,试图找出酒依赖的危险基因,比较它与其他人群之间在CYP2E1PstI位（rs3813867）基因多态性的不同。方法：对110个酒精依赖者和330名健康的志愿者不喝酒（对照组）的CYP2E1PstI位的多态性,等位基因频率和基因型频率进行测定。采用PCR—RFLP方法进行基因分型。结果：CYP2 E1 Psfl位的多态性,等位基因频率和基因型频率是相似的在酒精依赖者和对照组（72．7％vs72．1％,C1／C1）,（25．5％vs25．8％,C1／C2）,（1．8％vs2．1％为C1／C2）和（85．5％vs85％c1的）,（14．5％VSl5％为c2）。结论：CYP2E1的基因型和等位基因分布在酒精依赖组和对照组之间没有显着性差异（P〉0．05）,在这两个民族在AD组和对照组基因型分布有差异（P〈0．001）。     

缓激肽B2受体基因多态性对骨关节炎易感性和严重性的影响

目的:研究缓激肽B2受体(BDKRB2)基因多态性对骨关节炎的易感性和严重性的影响.方法:在325名原发性膝关节骨关节炎患者及318名健康志愿者中,针对缓激肽B2受体基因多态性-58T/C和+9/-9bp,分别进行基因型测定.结果:+9/-9bp基因多态性的基因型分布和等位基因频率,在骨关节炎组与对照组之间存在明显差异.回归分析显示-9/-9基因型相对于+9/+9基因型,罹患膝关节骨关节炎的风险明显增高(OR=2.354,P＜0.001).同时,+9/-9bp基因多态性与骨关节炎的放射学分型存在相关性,-9bp等位基因可能与骨关节炎的严重程度有关.-58T/C基因多态性与骨关节炎的易感性和严重性无相关性.结论:缓激肽B2受体基因多态性+9/-9bp可能成为检测骨关节炎易感性和严重性的基因标记物.     

Protein kinase C activation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which plays crucial roles in synaptic plasticity and development. We have recently shown that potentiation of NMDA receptor function by protein kinase C (PKC) appears to be mediated via activation of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The aim of this study was to test whether this effect could be mediated by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A or NR2B subunits of the receptor. Following treatment of rat hippocampal CA1 mini-slices with 500 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 15 min, samples were homogenized, immunoprecipitated with anti-NR2A or NR2B antibodies and the resulting pellets subjected to Western blotting with antiphosphotyrosine antibody. An increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of both NR2A (76 +/- 11% above control) and NR2B (41 +/- 11%) was observed. This increase was blocked by pretreatment with the selective PKC inhibitor chelerythrine, with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lavendustin A or with the Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2. PMA treatment also produced an increase in the phosphorylation of serine 890 on the NR1 subunit, a known PKC site, at 5 min with phosphorylation returning to near basal levels by 10 min while tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and NR2B was sustained for up to 15 min. These results suggest that the modulation of NMDA receptor function seen with PKC activation may be the result of tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and/or NR2B.     

Comparative analysis of different competitive antagonists interaction with NR2A and NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ionotropic glutamate receptor

The antagonist-bound conformation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ionotropic glutamate receptor are modeled using the crystal structure of the DCKA (5,7-dichloro-kynurenic acid)-bound form of the NR1 subunit ligand-binding core (S1S2). Five different competitive NMDA receptor antagonists [(1) DL-AP5; (2) DL-AP7; (3) CGP-37847; (4) CGP 39551; (5) (RS)-CPP] have been docked into both NR2A and NR2B subunits. Experimental studies report NR2A and NR2B subunits having dissimilar interactions and affinities towards the antagonists. However, the molecular mechanism of this difference remains unexplored. The distinctive features in the antagonist's interaction with these two different but closely related (approximately 80% sequence identity at this region) subunits are analyzed from the patterns of their hydrogen bonding. The regions directly involved in the antagonist binding have been classified into seven different interaction sites. Two conserved hydrophilic pockets located at both the S1 and S2 domains are found to be crucial for antagonist binding. The positively charged (Lys) residues present at the second interaction site and the invariant residue (Arg) located at the fourth interaction site are seen to influence ligand binding. The geometry of the binding pockets of NR2A and NR2B subunits have been determined from the distance between the C-alpha atoms in the residues interacting with the ligands. The binding pockets are found to be different for NR2A and NR2B. There are gross dissimilarities in competitive antagonist binding between these two subunits. The binding pocket geometry identified in this study may have the potential for future development of selective antagonists for the NR2A or NR2B subunit.     

2,6-Disubstituted pyrazines and related analogs as NR2B site antagonists of the NMDA receptor with anti-depressant activity

Herein we describe the discovery of compounds that are competitive antagonists of the CP101-606 binding site within the NR2B subtype of the NMDA receptor. The compounds identified do not possess phenolic functional groups such as those in ifenprodil and related analogs. Initial identification of hits in this series focused on a basic, secondary amine side chain which led to good potency, but also presented a hERG liability. Further modifications led to examples of non-basic replacements which demonstrated much less liability in this regard. Finally, one compound in the series, 6a, was tested in the mouse forced swim depression assay and found to show activity (sc 60 mg/kg).     

Effect of rhynchophylline on conditioned place preference on expression of NR2B in methamphetamine-dependent mice

Objective

To study the effect of rhynchophylline on N-methyl d-aspartate receptor subtype 2B subunit in hippocampus of Methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) mice.

Methods

Place preference mice models were established by methamphetamine; the expression of NR2B was observed by immunohistochemistry technique and Western blot.

Results

Methamphetamine (4 mg/kg)-induced place preference mice model was successfully established; ketamine (15 mg/kg), rhynchophylline (40 mg/kg) and rhynchophylline (80 mg/kg) can eliminate place preference; Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of NR2B-positive neurons in hippocampus was increased in the methamphetamine model group, whereas less NR2B-positive neurons were found in the ketamine group, low and high dosage rhynchophylline group. Western blot showed that the expression of NR2B protein was significantly increased in the model group, whereas less expression was found in the ketamine group, low and high dosage rhynchophylline group.

Conclusions

NR2B plays an important role in the formation of methamphetamine-induced place preference in mice. Rhynchophylline reversed the expression of NR2B in the hippocampus demonstrates the potential effect of mediates methamphetamine induced rewarding effect.     

Transient expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the developing rat heart

NMDA receptors represent a subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, comprising three classes of subunits (NR1, NR2A-D, NR3), which exhibit distinct patterns of regional and developmental expression in the CNS. Recently, some NMDA receptor subunits have also been described in adult extraneuronal tissues and keratinocytes. However, their developmental expression patterns are currently unknown. With use of RT-PCR and western blot analysis, the expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B was investigated in the developing rat heart. NR2B mRNA and protein were detected in heart tissue of rats from embryonic day 14 until postnatal day 21 but disappeared 10 weeks after birth. In contrast, no NMDA receptor subunit NR1, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor subunit GluR2, or anchoring postsynaptic density protein-95 could be detected in rat heart at any developmental stage. Confocal microscopy of cultured cardiac myocytes (CMs) from neonatal rats revealed distinct NR2B staining mainly of intracellular structures. However, no functional NMDA receptor could be detected on CMs by whole-cell recordings. In conclusion, high concentrations of NR2B protein can be detected in early rat heart development, but its function still remains elusive.     

Synthesis, structural activity-relationships, and biological evaluation of novel amide-based allosteric binding site antagonists in NR1A/NR2B N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

The synthesis and structure–activity relationship analysis of a novel class of amide-based biaryl NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists are presented. Some of the studied compounds are potent, selective, non-competitive, and voltage-independent antagonists of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Like the founding member of this class of antagonists (ifenprodil), several interesting compounds of the series bind to the amino terminal domain of the NR2B subunit to inhibit function. Analogue potency is modulated by linker length, flexibility, and hydrogen bonding opportunities. However, unlike previously described classes of NR2B-selective NMDA antagonists that exhibit off-target activity at a variety of monoamine receptors, the compounds described herein show much diminished effects against the hERG channel and α₁-adrenergic receptors. Selections of the compounds discussed have acceptable half-lives in vivo and are predicted to permeate the blood–brain barrier. These data together suggest that masking charged atoms on the linker region of NR2B-selective antagonists can decrease undesirable side effects while still maintaining on-target potency.