急性高原病的预防性用药

急性高原病是暴露于高原时,因高原低氧而在数小时至数天内出现的临床症候群,若不及时诊治,会发展为较为严重的高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿。随着我国对西部地区投入力度的增加,内地人员进入高原地区日渐增多,因此如何保证进入高原的人员健康,是医药科研工作的一项重要任务。为使人们有效快速地预防急性高原病,本文对国内外使用较为普遍的药物以及它们的作用机制进行了概述;并对有良好应用前景的药物进行了介绍。     

军事医学科学院卫生学环境医学研究所系列卫生装备介绍高原轻便加压舱

高原自然环境极端恶劣,随着海拔高度的升高,气压逐渐降低,空气中的氧分压随之降低,机体供氧不足,常会发生急性高原反应,尤其是未经习服而又急进高原的人群其发病率可达60％-90％,甚至可发生高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿,严重威胁高原人员的生命健康和作业能力。如何延缓急性高原病发病进程,为救治赢得宝贵时间,高原现场急救装备的应用和紧急救治措施的实施是影响急性高原病预后和转归的关键因素。     

军事医学科学院卫生学环境医学研究所系列卫生装备介绍高原轻便加压舱

高原自然环境极端恶劣,随着海拔高度的升高,气压逐渐降低,空气中的氧分压随之降低,机体供氧不足,常会发生急性高原反应,尤其是未经习服而又急进高原的人群其发病率可达60％～90％,甚至可发生高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿,严重威胁高原人员的生命健康和作业能力。如何延缓急性高原病发病进程,为救治赢得宝贵时间,高原现场急救装备的应用和紧急救治措施的实施是影响急性高原病预后和转归的关键因素。     

军事医学科学院卫生学环境医学研究所系列卫生装备介绍 高原轻便加压舱

<正>高原自然环境极端恶劣,随着海拔高度的升高,气压逐渐降低,空气中的氧分压随之降低,机体供氧不足,常会发生急性高原反应,尤其是未经习服而又急进高原的人群其发病率可达60%-90%,甚至可发生高原肺水肿和高原脑水肿,严重威胁高原人员的生命健康和作业能力。如何延缓急性高原病发病进程,为救治赢得宝贵时间,高原现场急救装备的应用和紧急救治措施的实施是影响急性高原病预后和转归的关键因素。高原轻便加压舱是由该所在国内率先研制而成的军地两用高原卫生急救装备,为高原现场就地治疗急     

高原睡眠呼吸紊乱与急性高原病的相关性研究进展

高原低氧环境严重影响人的睡眠质量及结构、睡眠呼吸紊乱进一步参与急慢性高原病的发生、发展。急进高原及高原习服人群表现出不同的睡眠呼吸结构的改变,世居藏族人群在高原环境下有良好的睡眠结构和质量。文章通过周期性呼吸、低氧通气反应、引起中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停的环路增益、细胞因子水平和神经递质等方面阐述了高原自然环境中引起睡眠呼吸改变的机制及其与急性高原病发生、发展的相关性,为更好地预防和治疗急性高原病提供新的思路。     

低氧预适应训练在急进高海拔高原部队中的应用研究

目的：在高海拔高原部队验证低氧预适应降低急性高原反应、改善体能的效果,并观察效果的时间保留规律。方法：拟进驻4300m高原新兵利用低氧呼吸器进行低氧预适应训练,每天上、下午各1h,连续5d,分别于训练结束后第2天和第6天进入高原,观测受试者的急性高原反应症状和体能。结果：低氧预适应训练可显著降低急性高原病的患病率;训练结束后第2天进入高原者VO2 max和PWC170显著降低,而第6天进入高原者,VO2max无明显改变。结论：进驻高海拔高原前进行为期5天的低氧预适应训练可显著降低急性高原病的患病率,训练效果至少可保留5天。     

急性高原暴露后左心功能变化及与急性高原病的关系

目的：研究青年男性由平原急进高原后心脏血流动力学变化及其与急性高原病的关系。方法：分别检测218名健康青年男性在平原及急进高原24h内的血压、心卒和血氧饱和度,使用彩色多普勒超声仪检测左心功能;根据路易斯湖评分标准将受试者分为急性高原病纽（AMS组）和无急性高原病组（无AMS组）。结果：急性高原暴露后心率、舒张压、平均动脉压、左室射血分数、每搏输出量、每博指数、心输出量、心脏指数显著增加（P〈0．05）,血氧饱和度、左室收缩末容积则显著降低（P〈0．05）;急进高原后AMS组心率、收缩压、平均动脉压显著高于无AMS组（P〈0．05）,每博指数、左室舒张末容积显著低于无AMS组（P〈0．05）。结论：健康男性青年急性高原暴露后左心室收缩功能增强,左室舒张末容积、心率、每博指数可能作为预测急性高原病的参考指标。     

高原环境胃肠黏膜损伤研究进展

高原环境的特殊性是导致高原胃肠病的主要因素。高原胃肠病是近年来逐渐深入研究的高原病之一,研究高原肠黏膜损伤机制及其防治对降低高原病发病率、保障高原地区居民的健康尤为重要。本文就高原缺氧对肠黏膜损伤机制及其防治研究进展作一综述。     

低氧性肺动脉高压发病机制及红景天活性成分的作用

低氧性肺动脉高压是高原病的一种,是高原肺水肿和高原心脏病的初始环节,近年来低氧性肺动脉高压的发病机制及药物治疗相关的研究日渐深入。红景天作为传统中藏药,在治疗高原病方面有悠久的历史,红景天在治疗低氧性肺动脉高压有重要的作用,可有效预防和改善肺动脉高压,但是学者们对其治疗机制的研究还处在基础研究的探索阶段。本文系统阐述了低氧性肺动脉高压的发病机制以及红景天的主要活性成分在治疗低氧性肺动脉高压的作用机制。为低氧性肺动脉高压的预防和治疗以及相关药物筛选提供新的思路。     

急性高原病患者血浆肾素—血管紧张素—醛固酮系统及脑脊液变化

急性高原病通常分为急性高原反应(HAAR)、高原肺水肿(HAPE)和高原昏迷(HACC)三型。对其发病机理目前还存在着争议,为进一步探讨其发病机理,采用自身对比实验,观察了HAAR、HAPE各20名患者发病时及治愈后的血浆肾素(PRA)-血管紧张素(AⅡ)-醛固酮(ALD)系统及脑脊液变化。     

Greater free plasma VEGF and lower soluble VEGF receptor-1 in acute mountain sickness.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-induced protein that produces vascular permeability, and limited evidence suggests a possible role for VEGF in the pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and/or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Previous studies demonstrated that plasma VEGF alone does not correlate with AMS; however, soluble VEGF receptor (sFlt-1), not accounted for in previous studies, can bind VEGF in the circulation, reducing VEGF activity. In the present study, we hypothesized that free VEGF is greater and sFlt-1 less in subjects with AMS compared with well individuals at high altitude. Subjects were exposed to 4,300 m for 19-20 h (baseline 1,600 m). The incidence of AMS was determined by using a modified Lake Louise symptom score and the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire for cerebral effects. Plasma was collected at low altitude and after 24 h at high altitude, or at time of illness, and then analyzed by ELISA for VEGF and for soluble VEGF receptor, sFlt-1. AMS subjects had lower sFlt-1 at both low and high altitude compared with well subjects and a significant rise in free plasma VEGF on ascent to altitude compared with well subjects. We conclude that increased free plasma VEGF on ascent to altitude is associated with AMS and may play a role in pathophysiology of AMS.     

Blood rheology in acute mountain sickness and high-altitude pulmonary edema.

The role of blood rheology in the pathogenesis of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude pulmonary edema was investigated. Twenty-three volunteers, 12 with a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema, were studied at low altitude (490 m) and at 2 h and 18 h after arrival at 4,559 m. Eight subjects remained healthy, seven developed acute mountain sickness, and eight developed high-altitude pulmonary edema. Hematocrit, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, and erythrocyte deformability (filtration) were measured. Plasma viscosity and erythrocyte deformability remained unaffected. The hematocrit level was lower 2 h after the arrival at high altitude and higher after 18 h compared with low altitude. The whole blood viscosity changed accordingly. The erythrocyte aggregation was about doubled 18 h after the arrival compared with low-altitude values, which reflects the acute phase reaction. There were, however, no significant differences in any rheological parameters between healthy individuals and subjects with acute mountain sickness or high-altitude pulmonary edema, either before or during the illness. We conclude that rheological abnormalities can be excluded as an initiating event in the development of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude pulmonary edema.     

高原致适应剂新复方党参片预防急性高原反应的效果

目的:观察高原致适应剂新复方党参片对急性高原反应(AMS)的预防效果。方法:世居平原者驻守海拔1400m3个月的45名青年男性官兵,随机分为新复方党参片组(30人)和对照组(15人),采用单盲试验方法,于行军前5d开始分别口服新复方党参片和安慰剂片,乘车行军3d,于3700m习服4d,直至进驻高原(海拔5200m)第3天后停药,共服药15d。进驻高原后第1、3、5天,依国家军用标准GJB1098-91急性高原反应的诊断和处理原则,随访记录受试者的AMS症状,然后分度评分,检测受试者的心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)。进驻高原后第6天,检测用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、FEV1.0/FVC,一秒率(FEV1%)、最大呼气中期流速(FEF25%～75%)、呼气峰流速(PEF)、最大通气量(MVV)、左右手交叉敲击动作频率总次数(Ttis)、错误次数(Etis)、正确次数(Ctis)、平均时间(Atime)和数字记忆能力试验错误记忆次数总和(Sum)。结果:与对照组比较,进驻高原后第1、3、5d,新复方党参片组AMS症状显著减轻(P0.01);新复方党参片组与对照组的AMS程度分度分布不同(P0.01),新复方党参片组中症状较轻的(基本无反应、轻度反应)占比重较大,而对照组中症状较重的(中度反应、重度反应)占比重较大;新复方党参片组AMS发生率明显降低;与对照组比较,新复方党参片组的FVC、FEV1.0、FEF25%～75%、PEF、MVV升高有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01),FEV1%差异无统计学意义;与对照组比较,新复方党参片组的Ttis、Ctis增加(P0.05,P0.01),Atime减少(P0.05),Etis和Sum差异无统计学意义。结论:新复方党参片能减轻AMS的程度,减轻AMS的症状,降低AMS发生率;并能显著改善受试者的肺通气功能和手指运动能力。     

MRI Evidence: Acute Mountain Sickness Is Not Associated with Cerebral Edema Formation during Simulated High Altitude

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a common condition among non-acclimatized individuals ascending to high altitude. However, the underlying mechanisms causing the symptoms of AMS are still unknown. It has been suggested that AMS is a mild form of high-altitude cerebral edema both sharing a common pathophysiological mechanism. We hypothesized that brain swelling and consequently AMS development is more pronounced when subjects exercise in hypoxia compared to resting conditions. Twenty males were studied before and after an eight hour passive (PHE) and active (plus exercise) hypoxic exposure (AHE) (F_iO₂ = 11.0%, P_iO₂∼80 mmHg). Cerebral edema formation was investigated with a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner and analyzed by voxel based morphometry (VBM), AMS was assessed using the Lake Louise Score. During PHE and AHE AMS was diagnosed in 50% and 70% of participants, respectively (p>0.05). While PHE slightly increased gray and white matter volume and the apparent diffusion coefficient, these changes were clearly more pronounced during AHE but were unrelated to AMS. In conclusion, our findings indicate that rest and especially exercise in normobaric hypoxia are associated with accumulation of water in the extracellular space, however independent of AMS development. Thus, it is suggested that AMS and HACE do not share a common pathophysiological mechanism.     

Coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute mountain sickness and beginning pulmonary edema

To examine whether intravascular coagulation and/or decreased fibrinolysis precedes high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) we examined 25 male mountaineers (median age 40 yr) at low altitude (550 m) and after 6, 18, and 42 h at an altitude of 4,559 m, which was climbed in 24 h. In 14 subjects, 2 of whom showed radiological evidence of HAPE after 42 h, symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) were mild or absent. Eleven subjects suffered from AMS, six of whom developed radiologically documented HAPE after 18 or 42 h. In the absence of AMS there were no significant changes at high altitude, with the exception of a decrease in bleeding time from 246 +/- 18 to 212 +/- 13 (SE) (P less than 0.05). In AMS, partial thromboplastine time decreased from 34.2 +/- 0.8 to 31.1 +/- 0.5 s (P less than 0.001) and factor VIII procoagulant activity and von Willebrand factor antigen were increased by 57 +/- 12 and 70 +/- 13%, respectively (P less than 0.001), whereas there were no significant changes in beta-thromboglobulin (BTG), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), and fibrin fragment B beta 15-42. In subjects with HAPE, BTG, FPA, and B beta 15-42 were normal before and in beginning HAPE. Preceding HAPE, euglobulin clot lysis time declined at high compared with low altitude from 289 +/- 48 to 201 +/- 42 min without venous occlusion (VO) and from 107 +/- 36 to 86 +/- 31 min after VO (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pathophysiological significance of peroxidative stress, neuronal damage, and membrane permeability in acute mountain sickness.

Free radical-mediated changes in vascular permeability and subsequent inflammatory response may be a contributory pathogenetic cofactor responsible for the development of neurological sequelae associated with acute mountain sickness (AMS). To investigate this, 49 subjects were examined at sea level and serially after rapid ascent to 4,559 m. Although the venous concentration of total creatine phosphokinase activity was measured in all subjects, a complementary examination of lipid peroxidation (F(2)-isoprostanes), inflammatory (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein), and cerebrovascular tissue damage (neuron-specific enolase) biomarkers was confined to a subcohort of 24 subjects. A selective increase (P < 0.05) in total creatine phosphokinase was observed in subjects diagnosed with AMS at high altitude (n = 25) compared with apparently healthy controls (n = 24). However, despite a marked increase in IL-6 and C-reactive protein attributable primarily to subjects developing high-altitude pulmonary edema, subcohort analyses demonstrated no selective differences in F(2)-isoprostanes, neuron-specific enolase, or remaining proinflammatory cytokines due to AMS (n = 14). The present findings are the first to demonstrate that free radical-mediated neuronal damage of sufficient degree to be detected in the peripheral circulation does not occur and is, therefore, unlikely to be an important, initiating event that is critical for the development of AMS. The pathophysiological significance of increased sarcolemmal membrane permeability and inflammatory response, either as a cause or epiphenomenon of AMS and/or high-altitude pulmonary edema, remains to be elucidated.     

不同海拔高原适应相关肝脏功能与脂代谢变化

目的：分析高原移居者肝脏功能及血脂水平。方法：选择不同海拔高原移居者（平均10年以上）男性80名,无高血压及糖尿病病史。按高原会议订立标准分组：低海拔组（〈1500米）8例,中海拔组（1500-2500米）9例,高海拔组（2500-4500米）36例,特高海拔及以上组（〉4500米）9例,运输组（2700-4600米）18例。清晨抽取空腹静脉血5mL,Roche Modular PE全自动生化免疫分析仪检测肝脏功能及血脂水平。结果：高海拔移居者,总胆红素和直接胆红素升高,总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白降低;特高海拔及以上移居者（〉4500米）,直接胆红素升高,总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、载脂蛋白B降低。结论：本文研究结果提示了,高原缺氧环境下,肝脏自身功能抗缺氧发生改变或高原饮食受限可引起肝脏功能变化,进而影响脂类代谢,是机体对长期乏氧状态的适应性改变。