A Desolvated Solid–Solid Interface for a High‐Capacitance Electric Double Layer

Understanding the electric double layer is essential for achieving efficient electrochemical energy storage technologies. A conventional solid–liquid electrode interface suffers from serious self‐discharge and a narrow voltage window, which makes the development of a solid–solid interface imperative. However, an in‐depth understanding of the electric double layer with a solid–solid interface is lacking. Here, a solid–solid interfacial electric double layer is proposed with excellent electrochemical performance. The solid layer is constructed by the electrochemical decomposition of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, which provides a desolvated environment for the establishment of a electric double layer. This makes a stronger interaction between the electrode surface and the ions. Based on this unique property, it is found that the solid–solid interfacial electric double layer has an increased capacitance, which suggests a way to develop high‐energy electrochemical capacitors.     

AFM Imaging and Analysis of Electrostatic Double Layer Forces on Single DNA Molecules

Electrical double layer (EDL) forces develop between charged surfaces immersed in an electrolyte solution. Biological material surrounded by its physiological medium constitutes a case where these forces play a major role. Specifically, this work is focused on the study of the EDL force exerted by DNA molecules, a standard reference for the study of single biomolecules of nanometer size. The molecules deposited on plane substrates have been characterized by means of the atomic force microscope operated in the force spectroscopy imaging mode. Force spectroscopy imaging provides images of the topography of the DNA molecules, and of the EDL force spectrum. Due to the size of the molecule being much smaller than that of the tip, both the tip-substrate and tip-molecule interactions need to be considered in the analysis of the experimental results. We solve this problem by linearly superposing the two contributions. EDL force images are presented where DNA molecules are clearly resolved. The lateral resolution of the EDL force is discussed and compared with that of the topography. The method also allows the estimation of the DNA surface charge density, thereby obtaining reasonable values.     

Computation of the Electrical Double Layer Properties of Semipermeable Membranes in Multicomponent Electrolytes

A methodology is presented for calculating of the surface potential, Donnan potential, and ion concentration profiles for semipermeable microbial membranes that is valid for an arbitrary electrolyte composition. This model for surface potential, Donnan potential, and charge density was applied to recently reported experimental data for gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus brevis, Rhodococcus opacus, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Corynebacterium species. These calculations show that previously unconsidered trace amounts of divalent and trivalent cations at very low concentrations (10⁻⁶ M) can have significant effects on the calculated surface and Donnan potentials, at ionic strengths of I ≤ 0.01 M, and that these effects need to be considered in accurate modeling of microbial surface. In addition, the calculated ion concentration profiles show that owing to the relatively high surface charges that can develop in microbial membranes, electrostatic effects can act to significantly concentrate divalent (factors of 5 × 10³) and trivalent (factors of 2 × 10⁴) cations within the bacterial cell wall. Comparison of the calculated concentration factors with those derived from experiments shows that a significant fraction of the uptake of metal by bacteria can be explained by the proposed electrostatic model.     

基于双层多任务委托代理模型的公立医院公益性研究

政府—医院管理层—医务人员之间存在的双层委托代理关系,不仅意味着代理链条延长带来的治理困难,而且在每层委托代理中,代理人都面临多任务,使公益性任务的目标出现两次异化。文章首次将双层多任务委托代理模型引入公立医院公益性问题的分析之中,在借鉴Holmstrom和Milgrom的多任务委托代理模型的基础上,提出了解决两层委托代理关系中多任务委托代理问题的建议。     

Tunable Plasmonic Dispersion and Strong Coupling in Graphene Ribbon and Double Layer Sheets Structure

Based on the interplay between propagating surface plasmon polaritons (PSPs) in graphene ribbon and double layer sheets structure, we theoretically demonstrate a tunable strong coupling mechanism significantly different from reported conventional noble metal nanostructures. The strong electromagnetic coupling between the low order antisymmetric and high order symmetric PSPs modes occurs due to the intersections of dispersion curves, which leads to a modification of plasmonic dispersion and multiple significant anti-crossing regions. Of particular, this strong coupling is controllable through external gate voltage of graphene sheets or ribbon. The results offer an effective regime to dynamically tune the interaction of graphene PSPs, which may find applications in the field of nanophotonic devices in the mid-infrared range.     

The Onset of Double Diffusive Convection in a Viscoelastic Fluid-Saturated Porous Layer with Non-Equilibrium Model

The onset of double diffusive convection in a viscoelastic fluid-saturated porous layer is studied when the fluid and solid phase are not in local thermal equilibrium. The modified Darcy model is used for the momentum equation and a two-field model is used for energy equation each representing the fluid and solid phases separately. The effect of thermal non-equilibrium on the onset of double diffusive convection is discussed. The critical Rayleigh number and the corresponding wave number for the exchange of stability and over-stability are obtained, and the onset criterion for stationary and oscillatory convection is derived analytically and discussed numerically.     

Industrial Requirements of Materials for Electrical Double Layer Capacitors: Impact on Current and Future Applications

Electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are nowadays considered one of the most important energy storage technologies. In recent years, great efforts have been made toward the development of novel materials, active and inactive, suitable for the realization of advanced EDLCs displaying higher performance, especially in terms of energy, compared to the state‐of‐the‐art devices. Nevertheless, the applicability of these materials in real devices and the industrial requirements related to the development of innovative EDLCs are not always properly addressed by the scientific community. This short review addresses these two fundamental aspects, with the aim to supply an updated set of information about the industrial requirements for the materials usable in commercial EDLCs. Additionally, the review also provides an updated overview about the present and estimated future market size of EDLCs as well as present and future applications of this technology addressing the market‐specific needs. This “application‐oriented” information is pivotal for a successful development and large‐scale production of advanced EDLCs.     

Influence of an External AC Electric Field on Plasma Turbulence in the Tokamak Near-Wall Layer

Braginskii reduced equations of two-fluid hydrodynamics are modified to take into account the presence of an external ac electric field localized in the tokamak near-wall layer. Numerical simulations show that, after reaching certain amplitude, such a field oscillating with the frequency ω ≈ ω_GAM is capable of suppressing turbulent processes. The turbulence suppression mechanism consists in a sharp decrease in the growth rate of drift-resistive ballooning instability due to the appearance of additional nonlinear terms related to the external field in the equation for the vorticity.     

Few‐Layer MoS2 Flakes as Active Buffer Layer for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Solution‐processed few‐layer MoS₂ flakes are exploited as an active buffer layer in hybrid lead–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Glass/FTO/compact‐TiO₂/mesoporous‐TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/MoS₂/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Au solar cells are realized with the MoS₂ flakes having a twofold function, acting both as a protective layer, by preventing the formation of shunt contacts between the perovskite and the Au electrode, and as a hole transport layer from the perovskite to the Spiro‐OMeTAD. As prepared PSC demonstrates a power conversion efficiency (η) of 13.3%, along with a higher lifetime stability over 550 h with respect to reference PSC without MoS₂ (Δη/η = ?7% vs. Δη/η = ?34%). Large‐area PSCs (1.05 cm² active area) are also fabricated to demonstrate the scalability of this approach, achieving η of 11.5%. Our results pave the way toward the implementation of MoS₂ as a material able to boost the shelf life of large‐area perovskite solar cells in view of their commercialization.     

Double autoimmunostaining with glycine treatment.

Double autoimmunostaining by a sequential twice-repeated enzyme-labeled polymer method was examined on archival paraffin sections of formalin-fixed human tissue using an autoimmunostaining apparatus to determine optimal conditions for glycine treatment, to select the best combination of dyes for the horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide reaction, and to investigate mounting methods for preparing permanent specimens. The optimal glycine treatment determined by changing the incubation time in 0.1 M glycine hydrochloride buffer, pH 2.2, was glycine buffer washing three times for 1 min each, with suppression of nonspecific binding of the primary antibody by protein blocking. Combinations of DAB and AEC, SG and AEC with Ultramount, and DAB and VIP or NovaRED and SG with the VectaMount were found usable for the double autoimmunostaining, based on color analysis of the dyes. Pairs of primary antibodies, CD68 and anti-fascin antibodies CD3 and CD79a, and anti-Ki-67 antigen and anti-p53 antibodies were applicable in double autoimmunostaining with appropriate antigen retrieval for each pair of primary antibodies. Consequently, good sequential double autoimmunostaining should include masking the nonspecific binding of primary antibodies, optimal glycine treatment, and selection of adequate dyes and mounting methods.