桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的耐寒性测定

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&LaSalle是一种新入侵的检疫性有害生物,为了明确其对极端低温的耐受性,以了解其适生范围,测定了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫及不同地区、不同寄主条件下雌雄成虫以及广东、广西、海南3省6地越冬幼虫12—3月的过冷却点和冰点。结果表明,不同虫态的过冷却点和冰点由低到高顺序为:蛹<幼虫<成虫。蛹的过冷却点和冰点分别为(-24.93±0.10)℃、(-22.81±0.14)℃,成虫的过冷却点和冰点为(-20.93±0.24)℃和(-17.33±0.27)℃。随着纬度的升高,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的过冷却点和冰点都呈现降低的趋势。海南地区不同寄主桉树枝瘿姬小蜂过冷却点从低到高的顺序排列为:湛-201<小叶桉<广林9号。在12—3月,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点随着环境温度的升高而升高,以广东广州地区1月份的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点为最低,其数值分别为(-25.44±0.17)℃和(-24.04±0.21)℃,个体过冷却点的最低值为-26.9℃。由实验结果可知,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂蛹和幼虫的耐寒力最强,以幼虫和蛹越冬。地区、寄主、温度对其耐寒力均有显著的影响,而且其有向现疫区以北的区域扩散的潜能。     

2种不同寄主对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内细菌多样性的影响

[目的]桉树枝瘿姬小蜂是一种林业的重要入侵害虫,为了探明桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的寄主适应机制,研究2种不同寄主植物对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内细菌群落组成及多样性的影响.[方法]以分别取食巨园桉DH 201-2和窿缘桉的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌性成虫为材料,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内细菌16S rDNA...     

寄主植物对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂生物学特性的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&La Salle是桉属(Eucalyptus)植物的重要枝叶害虫。自2007年在我国发现以来,对广西、海南及广东地区的桉树种植已造成严重危害。本文在野外调查的基础上,研究了海南和广东地区共5种桉树上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小、寿命及怀卵量。结果表明,桉树品种能够显著影响桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小;用40%蜂蜜水进行补充营养时,不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的寿命差异显著,而桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫在不同寄主间无显著性差异;不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的怀卵量不同,并且随着日龄的延长,其怀卵量呈现上升的趋势。     

伴生细菌在入侵种桉树枝瘿姬小蜂克服桉树抗性中的作用

【目的】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂是我国近年来发现的一种主要危害桉属树种的外来有害生物。本研究旨在通过探究中国桉树枝瘿姬小蜂主要伴生细菌在桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成功定殖中的作用。【方法】测定不同抗性品系桉树的次生代谢物质黄酮和单宁的含量以及易感品系桉树在枝瘿姬小蜂危害前后的含量变化。通过体外抑菌和化学物质降解实验,探究桉树枝瘿姬小蜂主要伴生细菌对抗虫性物质黄酮和单宁的耐受性及降解能力。【结果】抗性品系桉树的黄酮和单宁的含量明显高于易感品系,易感品系在桉树枝瘿姬小蜂危害后黄酮和单宁的含量显著提高;高浓度的黄酮和单宁会抑制桉树枝瘿姬小蜂伴生细菌的生长,在中低浓度黄酮和单宁的条件下,主要伴生细菌能够适应,并继续繁殖;桉树枝瘿姬小蜂伴生细菌具有一定的降解黄酮和单宁的能力,其中细菌Staphylococcus cohnii降解黄酮的能力比Pseudomonas geniculate稍强,而Bacillus wiedannii、Serratia macescens对单宁具有较强的降解能力。【结论】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂侵染桉树后,可以诱导桉树产生抗性,桉树产生大量的次生代谢物质来抵御桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的危害,而桉树枝瘿姬小蜂部分伴生细菌可降解桉树次生代谢物质来帮助小蜂克服植物抗性完成定殖。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂胚胎发育及胚后发育

【目的】对桉属树木的重要害虫桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa胚胎发育及胚后发育生物学特征进行详细调查,以期深入了解该害虫的生物学特征及发生为害规律。【方法】对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌性生殖系统、卵、虫瘿进行解剖,观察其胚胎发育和胚后发育过程,测量其各发育阶段的虫瘿、虫室和幼体的体积及薄壁细胞层的厚度。【结果】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂完成胚胎发育约需138 h,由3个阶段组成：产卵后0-24 h为营养物质聚集期;36-84 h为胚胎期;96-138 h为孵化期。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在虫瘿内完成发育,其发育过程与虫瘿发育过程保持一致。虫瘿结构由3个基本层组成,由外至内分别为表皮层、中间层和薄壁细胞层。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫体积增长速率随发育时间呈现单峰型,在30 d时增长速率达到最大;虫瘿体积的增长速率呈抛物线状,并且虫瘿内薄壁细胞层厚度随发育时间也呈现抛物线状,其前期增长较快,后期下降变缓。【结论】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂发育至25 d时处于取食量较小的低龄阶段,而虫瘿内薄壁细胞层(食物)厚度已达到最大,为幼虫体积快速增大阶段作好准备。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫林间化学防治试验

选用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、40%毒死蜱乳油、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂以及这3种农药的混配剂,分别稀释成5、10、20倍液,采用注干法对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫进行林间药效试验。试验表明,施药30 d后,相同浓度的不同药剂对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的校正死亡率则存在极显著差异。混配剂5倍液的防治效果最好,在30 d内对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的校正死亡率为81.63%。施药后5～10 d,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的死亡率增长速度最快;施药10 d后,死亡率的增长速度明显变缓。同一种药剂的浓度越高,对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的致死时间越短。     

五种桉树对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的抗性研究

本文通过室内网室接虫,以感虫株率、株平均虫瘿数、单株最多虫瘿数和感虫速度4个指标,评价了5种桉树对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&La Salle的抗性.结果表明:在人工接种16 d、22 d和25 d后,DH201-2、GL9和邓恩桉分别出现明显的虫瘿,DH32-29和JGI在接种后的40 d内均未出现感虫症状.经方差分析表明,供试的5种桉树对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的抗性有显著差异,其抗性序列由大到小为:DH32-29=JG1>邓恩桉>GL9>DH201-2.     

生态因子对赣南桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄成虫比率的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa具有偏雌性的特点,了解桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的性比规律,有利于监测和掌控该蜂的种群动态,便于及时有效防控该蜂.2017年至2019年,采用在桉树Eucalyptus林中悬挂黄色粘虫板的方法,监测、观察桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫的发生动态,通过分析该蜂雄成虫比率及其影响因子,以弄清生态因子对该蜂雄成虫比率的影响.结果表明,赣南桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄成虫平均比率为2.44％ ～34.05％,呈现季节波动性,在4-8月期间,雄成虫比率随时间推移逐渐上升,至7-8月时达到高峰,之后(9-11月)呈波浪式缓慢下降趋势.该蜂雄成虫比率与温度密切相关,在4-8月期间,雄成虫比率与月平均温度呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.87,P<0.01),而在9-11月期间,则随温度下降而缓慢下降;另外,由于2019年的夏秋温度比其它年份更高,导致2019年的雄成虫比率显著高于2017年和2018年.桉树品种也影响着该蜂性比,窿缘桉E.exserta上的该蜂雄成虫比率显著地高于DH201-2(E.grandis×E.tereticornis)和大叶桉E.robusta上的雄成虫比率(P<0.01).桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄成虫比率与其种群动态存在一定关系,雄成虫比率与其成虫数量呈弱负相关关系.     

尾叶桉无性系生长、干形和抗枝瘿姬小蜂综合选择

对尾叶桉60个无性系进行了生长量和桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的敏感性调查。结果表明, 生长性状在无性系单株间存在显著的相关性,而尾叶桉受姬小蜂的危害情况与生长性状间无显著相关性。对遗传参数的估算表明, 尾叶桉无性系抗桉树枝瘿姬小蜂水平有较高的重复力,可以通过无性系选择获得抗蜂、速生的尾叶桉无性系。最终通过独立淘汰法选择出6个优良的尾叶桉无性系。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂入侵海南省

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher ＆ La Salle是一种新入侵的有害生物,专一危害桉属植物。近几年在地中海、非洲、中东和东南亚陆续发生,2007年中国大陆首次发现该虫,2008年7月发现其在海南发生。通过调查,目前在海南省分布在以三亚市、东方市和儋州市为中心的2个圆弧形区域,中心点危害较为严重,植株生长严重受阻。文章介绍桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的鉴别特征、生物学特性、在海南的发现及扩散过程和防控建议。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of chickens infected with Eimeria brunetti and in chickens immunized with Eimeria maxima and cross-infected with Eimeria brunetti

Differential bacterial counts were made on the intestinal and caecal contents of chickens after inoculation with a standard dose of 320 000 freshly sporulated oocysts of Eimeria brunetti.     

Middle Pleistocene fossil Cercopithecidae from Asbole, Afar Region, Ethiopia

A sample of 117 fossil cercopithecids has been collected from the Middle Pleistocene site of Asbole, Afar Region, Ethiopia. A minimum of five species is present. There are two species of Cercopithecini, here recognized as cf. Chlorocebus aff. aethiops, and cf. Chlorocebus cf. patas. There are also two species of Papionini: Papio hamadryas ssp. indet. and Theropithecus oswaldi leakeyi. Finally, there is a single species of colobine present, Colobus sp. indet. The assemblage is chronologically constrained and is derived from sediments dated to approximately 600 ka. Within this sample Colobus sp. is by far the most common species present, outnumbering the other four species combined. The cercopithecid assemblage is most consistent with a woodland habitat, corroborating an earlier interpretation based on the non-primate fauna. Taxonomic, biogeographic, and evolutionary implications of the assemblage are also discussed.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.