基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

典型平原河网地区底栖动物生物指数筛选及评价基准研究

2011年夏、秋季在上海市全境主要河流的83个断面进行大型底栖动物的采样, 共获取底栖动物20个分类单位(种), 其中软体动物、环节动物和节肢动物分别占50%、30% 和20%。选取常见的28个生物指数分别进行计算, 并采用非参数统计检验方法筛选出8个敏感生物指数。通过记分法对8种敏感生物指数统一量纲后, 获得数值范围为8-40的综合生物指数, 运用四分法划分了判别河道水环境质量的生物基准: 32-40, 较好(Good); 24-31, 一般(Fair); 16-23, 污染(Poor); 8-15, 严重污染(Very poor)。9个断面未发现活体生物, 定为超严重污染(Super poor)。依照生物基准比较上海市41个代表性断面近5年主要水质理化指标, 基本反映出水质理化指标的空间差异性, 该综合生物指数及判别基准也可适用于评价平原河网地区的河道水质状况。       

深圳大鹏半岛主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年5月对深圳大鹏半岛4条主要河流(葵涌河、王母河、鹏城河和东涌河)的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查,并利用香农-维纳多样性指数和生物指数(BI)对河流水质进行了生物学评价。在大鹏半岛主要河流的15个样点共采获大型底栖动物35种,隶属3门7纲21科,其中水生昆虫26种,约占底栖动物种类数的74%。但底栖动物的种类组成与分布极不均匀,EPT(蜉蝣目+襀翅目+毛翅目)等对水质变化较敏感的类群主要分布于葵涌河的源头及受人为干扰活动较少的东涌河,而耐污能力较强的摇蚊科幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和颤蚓等则为葵涌河中、下游样点、王母河和鹏城河的优势物种。生物指数(BI)相较于香农-维纳多样性指数,更适用于水质评价。结果显示,除葵涌河源头、鹏城河和东涌河样点的水质处于清洁至轻污染外,其余大部分样点处于中污染至重污染状态。推测大鹏半岛的王母河及葵涌河中、下游河段的生活污水及工业废水已对底栖动物的群落结构与河流水质造成了一定的影响。     

天津于桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

于2010年5月-2011年5月按季度对于桥水库大型底栖动物进行了采样调查.结果表明:于桥水库底栖动物有51种,其中水生昆虫23种,占总数的45.1％;软体动物15种,占29.4％;寡毛类12种,占23.5％;其他类1种,占2.0％,优势种类为侧叶雕翅摇蚊(Glyptotendipes lobiferus)、中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cathayensis)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、克拉泊水丝蚓(L.claparedeianus);底栖动物年均密度为159.58 ind·m-2,年均生物量为3.31 g·m-2;各季度底栖动物密度表现为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,生物量表现为冬季＞夏季＞春季＞秋季.利用Goodnight修正指数(GBI)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Margalef丰富度指数(d)、生物学污染指数(BPI)、科级生物指数(FBI)和综合生物污染指数(BI)对于桥水库的水质进行综合评价,结果显示,于桥水库水质整体处于轻-中污型(Ⅱ-Ⅲ),相比1999-2000年(Ⅲ)于桥水库水质污染状况有所好转.     

太湖水质评价中底栖动物综合生物指数的筛选及生物基准的确立

对太湖8个区域共60样点进行底栖大型无脊椎动物采样,共获得底栖动物24种,其中软体动物14种,节肢动物5种,甲壳动物5种.根据Hilsenhoff 生物指数确定了15个相对清洁的样点和45个污染样点,然后进行21种生物指数的综合评估,结果表明,总分类单元数、(甲壳动物 软体动物)分类单元数、%(甲壳动物 软体动物)、%腹足纲、Goodnight-Whitley指数、Hilsenhoff 生物指数和%直接收集者等7个底栖动物生物指数可以用作判别太湖水质的敏感生物指数.通过5, 3, 1记分法对6种生物指数统一量纲后,获得变化范围为7～35的综合生物指数,运用四分法划分了太湖水质判别的生物基准:7～14很差,15～21差,22～28一般,29～35好,并对60个样点进行重新记分,获得了太湖水质的基本生态分区现状,太湖的东南区属水质较好的区域,而西北区属水质较差的区域.该水质生物基准基本适合评价太湖不同区域的水质状况.     

大型底栖动物对淡水水质生物评价的研究进展

大型底栖动物作为淡水水域水质特征监测的指示生物越来越受到重视。底栖动物的采集主要分为定量和定性2种方法,利用底栖动物评价水质的生物学指标主要有三大类,分别是与群落结构和功能有关的指数、与种类耐污值有关的生物指数和与特定物种直接相关的生物指数。对水生昆虫、水生软体动物和水栖寡毛类对淡水水域的水质评价研究进行综述。     

松花江流域大型底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

【目的】松花江流域是中国最早的工业基地之一,其水生态环境遭到严重破坏,环境保护工作面临巨大挑战。开展松花江流域水质评价及典型生物类群多样性状况调查,可为松花江流域生态系统的保护和修复提供依据。【方法】于2016年7月调查整个松花江流域近岸的大型底栖动物群落组成和测定水质理化指标,开展其水质理化特征评价和生物指数评价,并探讨底栖动物群落分布与水环境因子间的关系。【结果】理化指标评价结果显示,南源松花江水质状况最差,处于中度污染;北源松花江处于轻度污染;梧桐河水质最好,处于良好状态。松花江流域3个河段的底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异性。另外,梧桐河的物种多样性最高,北源松花江次之,南源松花江最低。溶解氧和营养元素K的浓度是驱动底栖动物群落组成发生显著性差异的主要环境因子。生物指数评价结果显示,3个河段水质均处于轻度污染状态。【结论】松花江流域水质处于轻度到中度污染状态。有机污染是松花江流域面临的主要水质环境问题,对松花江流域底栖动物群落结构产生了显著影响。因此,控制有机质的输入是维持松花江流域水生态系统平衡的重要举措之一。     

辽河流域大型底栖动物耐污值

大型底栖动物耐污值是构建河流生物评价指标的基础。受自然地理区域影响,同一分类单元的耐污值会出现地域上的差异,因此计算和修订适用于某一研究区域的耐污值是准确评价该区域河流健康状况的前提。目前尚未有针对我国北方河流大型底栖动物耐污值计算和修订的报道,基于2009年春季、秋季和2010年夏季在辽河流域308个样点的大型底栖动物数据,采用Simpson多样性指数的水质分级标准对所有样点的水质等级进行了划分,并利用累积分位数法计算获得了辽河流域大型底栖动物195个分类单元的耐污值;同时参考专家经验和相关文献核定了其余71个分类单元的耐污值。依据耐污值敏感特征划分标准,辽河流域大型底栖动物优势类群以敏感种和一般耐污种为主,两者几乎占到总分类单元数的84%,耐污类群种类较少,仅占16%。其中敏感类群有齿蛉科Corydalidae,襀科Perlidae,原石蛾科Rhyacophilidae,细裳蜉科Leptophlebiidae等;一般耐污类群有纹石蛾科Hydropsychidae,四节蜉科Baetidae,扁蜷螺科Planorbidae等;耐污类群有颤蚓科Tubificidae、石蛭科Erpobdellidae等。     

徐州市云龙湖大型底栖动物群落演变及环境影响因子分析

【目的】了解江苏省徐州市云龙湖大型底栖动物的群落结构及其环境影响因子,可以为保护云龙湖水生态环境提供依据。【方法】于2013—2017年对云龙湖大型底栖动物和水环境因子进行了调查。利用1/16 m2彼得逊采泥器采集大型底栖动物样品,同时利用有机玻璃采水器采集水样,每年的5月和10月各采样一次,共采样10次。利用3种群落多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数)评价云龙湖大型底栖动物的群落结构,选择ShannonWiener指数进行水质评价,并应用典型相关分析(CCA)得出大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】云龙湖大型底栖动物群落结构简单,物种较少,3种群落多样性指数年际波动不大。云龙湖水质多年处于轻污染到中污染水平之间。优势物种中水丝蚓属的主要影响因子是总氮浓度,摇蚊幼虫的主要影响因子为高锰酸盐指数。【结论】云龙湖的水体有富营养化风险,应对云龙湖大型底栖动物的保护和水质改善给予足够重视。     

渔山岛岩石相潮间带大型底栖动物物种多样性

为系统研究渔山岛潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构与生物多样性,作者于2009年3月至2010年1月在该岛潮间带布设5条断面进行了4个季节的取样,调查大型底栖动物种类组成、生物量和丰度,并分析了多样性状况.结果显示:共鉴定出大型底栖动物100种;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Ma...     

黄河三角洲石油生产对东营湿地底栖动物群落结构和水质生物评价的影响

为了解石油开采对湿地生态系统的影响,2009年10月调查了黄河三角洲东营湿地34个样点的水体物理化学属性和大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构。共获得3门6纲12目41科70属84个大型底栖无脊椎动物分类单元。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(r=-0.446,P=0.02)和TN显著负相关,BI指数与理化指标无显著相关性;软体动物分类单元数与盐度(r=-0.422,P=0.028)显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.435,P=0.023)显著正相关;软体动物个体百分数同样与盐度(r=-0.395,P=0.041)呈显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.565,P=0.002)呈极显著正相关;寡毛类分类单元数与TN(r=0.524,P=0.005)极显著正相关。水体石油含量与生物指数无显著相关性。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,TN、pH、盐度是影响东营湿地底栖动物群落结构的主要环境变量,水体石油污染并不是主要的胁迫因子。寡毛类和软体动物是该地区对环境变化的主要指示生物类群。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数水质生物评价结果显示,溢洪河支流、广利河上游、挑河上游、东张水库属于清洁;轻污点位有9个,其余点位为中污或重污。     

拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2017年8月对拉萨河流域23个采样点的底栖动物群落和环境因子特征进行了调查,采集到大型底栖动物41属(种),其中水生昆虫35属(种),占85.4%;软体动物2属(种),占4.9%;环节动物3属(种),占7.3%;线形动物1属(种),占2.4%。各点位平均物种数为8种,优势种组成差别较大,优势种主要有四节蜉属(Baetis spp.)、大蚊属(Tipula sp.)、纹石蛾属(Hydopsychesp.)、短石蛾属(Brachycentrus sp.)、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus sp.)、摇蚊属(Chironomus sp.)等,各采样点底栖动物平均密度为362只/m2。运用生物多样性指数分析底栖动物的群落结构,Marglef丰富度指数、香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为1.18、1.32和0.49,生物多样性指数水平较低。采用均匀度指数法和底栖动物BI指数法进行了水质评价,两种评价结果显示分别有30.3%和56.5%的采样点水质为中污染至重污染状态。典范对应分析结果表明:影响拉萨河流域底栖动物群落的主要环境因子是海拔、化学需氧量、硫化物、p H值、总磷和总氮。     

Assessment of environmental conditions of Nan-Shih stream in Taiwan

Restoration is a complex endeavor requiring the understanding of the degrading environment before applying any improvement measure. Environmental and ecological data in Nan-Shih stream were investigated in this study to assess its stream condition. Based on the data collected, the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI index) which takes fish species as the major target, the Family-level Biotic Index (FBI) aquatic insects Hilsenhoff index and the Genus Index (GI) of algae were thus analyzed to quantify Nan-Shih stream's ecological system. The indices above were then applied on Index of Stream Condition (ISC index) to describe the overall river condition. Modified sub-indices, including the hydrology, physical form, streamside zone, water quality, and aquatic life, were made and used to provide baseline assessment information. ISC value is 33.89 evaluated as marginal level, in which hydrology sub-index score was the lowest indicating impact of artificial structures affecting flow significantly. The recommendations of the river corridor restoration and the habitat improvement were thus proposed as a reference for river management.     

Aquatic pollution assessment based on attached diatom communities in the Pinang River Basin,Malaysia

The diatom communities collected from artificial substrates (glass slides) at 12 sampling sites along Pinang River Basin were analysed. Species composition was highly variable among sampling sites, and the highest diversity value (mean H = 3.56 bit/individual) and species richness (mean S = 17.32) was recorded at a polluted station in an estuary, which received salt-water intrusion during high tide. The downstream sampling stations were heavily organically polluted with Saprobic Index values ranging between 2.81 and 3.10, while upstream stations were relatively clean with Saprobic Index values recorded between 1.40 and 1.96. The diatom community structure and the specific sensitivity of certain diatom species can be related to the degree of water quality in Pinang River Basin. The abundance of certain diatom species could be used as biological indicators to measure impacts of river pollution.     

Use of Macrophytes in Assessing the Ecological Status of Small River (by the Example of the Okhta River,St. Petersburg)

Hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics have been studied at 13 sites in the Okhta River within the precincts of St. Petersburg in 2010. The Water Pollution Index (WPI), calculated according to hydrochemical parameters, characterizes the river water quality as “very polluted” to “extremely polluted.” According to the Pantle–Buck–Sláde?ek Saprobity Index, obtained on the basis of macrozoobenthos characteristics, polysaprobic and α-mesosaprobic zones can be distinguished in the watercourse. The species richness of river macrophytes is low (18 species). The Macrophyte Water Quality Index makes it possible to assess water quality in the range from “polluted” to “very polluted” water. Macrophyte trophic indexes MTR, IBMR and TIM indicate a high trophy level in the watercourse sites. Based on the analysis of hydrochemical materials and the data on macrozoobenthos and macrophytes, the general tendency is similar: deterioration of water quality downstream. Macrophyte characteristics reflect changes in hydrochemical parameters downstream the river course. А strong correlation (r =–0.76) is found between the Macrophyte Water Quality Index and WPI. The possibility of using the data on macrophytes in small rivers for assessing water quality is demonstrated.     

The development of a Biotic Pollution Index for the River Nile in Egypt

This article describes the development of a Nile Biotic Pollution Index (NBPI) for the River Nile in Egypt. Chemical data were collected from 30 locations along the Nile from Aswan to Cairo and 21 sites within the river delta, incorporating a range of conditions from unpolluted to grossly polluted. Seven chemical variables were used to calculate a Nile Chemical Pollution Index (NCPI) for each site. Biological data were collected primarily using Artificial Substrate Samplers (ASS). The UK developed, Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) biotic index and the BMWP-ASPT were applied to the data. A Nile Biotic Pollution Index (NBPI) and the NBPI-ASPT were obtained by incorporating more of the Nile taxa. There were highly significant regressions (P < 0.001) for both the UK and the Nile Pollution Index scores with the NCPI for the whole river. The modification of the UK indices improved the Nile Indices increasing the number of taxa recorded from 29 to 43 and the total number of recorded taxon occurrences from 377 to 490. The Nile Indices provided better discrimination at both ends of the pollution spectrum. The NBPI-ASPT was best for the river as a whole, and particularly for the river from Aswan to Cairo. The NBPI was much better in the delta than from Aswan to Cairo. These differences in performance were attributed to the fact that the NBPI-ASPT excludes information on taxon diversity. In clean waters there was a wide range of NBPI score suggesting that the biodiversity of taxa is dependent on other aspects of habitat quality. Conversely in the polluted delta the high score of an individual taxon is critical for the NBPI-ASPT as it may have a distorting effect. As the NBPI-ASPT was the most consistent biotic index it is recommended as the regular biological assessment and regulatory tool for Egypt to meet the requirements of the Convention for Biodiversity. Handling editor: R. Norris     

Large-scale climate change vulnerability assessment of stream health

Freshwater streams are critical resources that provide multiple benefits to humans and aquatic biota alike. As climate changes, it is projected that changes to the hydrological cycle and water temperatures will affect individual biota and aquatic ecosystems as a whole. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of climate change impacts on stream ecosystems as represented by four commonly used stream health indicators (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT), Family Index of Biotic Integrity (FIBI), Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI)). Seven watersheds in Michigan were selected based on stream thermal regimes. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate streamflow and pollutant loads. Important variables for each thermal class were selected using a Bayesian variable selection method and used as inputs to adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems models of EPT, FIBI, HBI, and IBI. Finally, an ensemble of climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 were used to determine the impacts of climate on the stream health in 2020–2040 compared to 1980–2000. The risk of declining stream health was determined using cumulative distribution functions. A stream temperature regression model was also developed to assess potential changes in stream thermal regimes, which could cause shifts in composition of aquatic communities. Several flow regime variables, including those related to flow variability, duration of extreme events, and timing were mainly affected by changing climate. At the watershed scale, most indicators were relatively insensitive to changing climate and the magnitude of stream health decline was low. However, at the reach scale, there are many instances of high risk and large magnitude of declines in the stream health indicators. At the same time, several streams experienced changes in thermal class, mostly transitioning from cold-transitional and cool streams to warm streams. This research demonstrated the applicability of the stream health modeling process in performing a climate change impacts assessment.     

Comparative monitoring of diatoms, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes in the Woluwe River (Brussels, Belgium)

The river Woluwe in Brussels and Flanders (Belgium) is a small tributary of 15 km length that drains an area of 9400 ha in the Schelde river basin. The headwaters of the Woluwe are highly fragmented by diverse pond systems and are vaulted in the Brussels agglomeration. Hyporheic zones locally influence the water quality. The downstream stretch of the river receives sewage waters from households and industry. As the river Woluwe within a short distance represents a typical gradient from groundwater-fed sources in the forest towards severely polluted water, a comparative monitoring using diatoms, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes was done. The saprobic index based on diatoms, the Belgian Biotic Index (BBI) for macroinvertebrates and a macrophyte index based on the N-values of Ellenberg were used in this comparison and for estimating the correlation with the bimonthly measured chemical variables in 16 sampling stations. The diatom saprobic index and the macrophyte index were strongly correlated. Both groups showed strong correlations with phosphate, ammonium and chemical oxygen demand. The Belgian Biotic Index showed lower correlations with the nutrient variables, but was slightly better correlated to chemical oxygen demand, chloride and dissolved oxygen. None of the indices showed a correlation with nitrate. Local substrate or light conditions could interfere with the indicator system, especially for the macrophytes and occasionally for the macroinvertebrates. It was concluded that at least in this particular river system, the indices based on the primary producers were more indicative for the trophic status, whereas the BBI showed a broader relationship to the general degree of pollution. Therefore, these three indices are considered as complementary for monitoring the biological quality and the ecological status of a river system.