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1.
降水量变化对蒙古栎落叶分解过程的间接影响   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
分析了在4种不同降水量条件下蒙古栎叶凋落物基质质量的变化,并应用分解袋法研究其凋落物在蒙古栎次生林内的分解过程.结果表明:与对照相比,降水量减少条件下,蒙古栎叶凋落物的初始N、P、K浓度显著升高,初始木质素浓度显著降低,凋落物分解速率大,N、P、K矿化率高,N和P固持时间缩短;降水量增加情况下,其凋落物初始N浓度显著降低、木质素浓度显著升高,N、P、K矿化率低,N和P固持时间延长.4种类型叶片凋落物的质量损失过程均符合指数降解模型,分解速率可以由凋落物木质素/N来预测.相关性分析显示,木质素浓度高、N浓度低的两种凋落物的分解速率与N浓度相关性最大;而木质素浓度低、N浓度高的两种凋落物的分解速率与木质素浓度相关性最大.说明降水量的变化显著地改变了蒙古栎叶凋落物的基质质量,进而间接地改变了凋落物的分解过程.  相似文献   

2.
费威  刘心  杨晨 《生态学报》2015,35(11):3797-3807
对经济与环境效率的科学评价是实现区域可持续发展的前提。运用物质流分析将辽宁省经济系统中数据进行物质化处理,再利用改进的数据包络分析模型对环境和经济效率进行综合评价。结果表明:辽宁省物资消费不主要依赖于进口,向其它地区物质输出量大;环境效率评价的综合效率主要受规模因素影响而显著低于纯技术效率,而整体经济的综合效率却主要受纯技术效率影响而下降。第二产业比重依然偏大的产业结构特征是导致上述结果的主因。进一步改造提升传统产业,发展战略性新兴产业,提高第三产业发展水平,扩大环保规模,促进居民生活质量水平全面提升,将是辽宁省以及与之相似的资源依赖型区域可持续发展的方向。  相似文献   

3.
基于能值和物质流的吉林省生态效率研究   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
李名升  佟连军 《生态学报》2009,29(11):6239-6247
为探讨生态效率计算方法,结合能值分析和物质流分析构建了生态效率表达式,并对吉林省进行实证分析.结果表明:①生态效率在17a间提高了2.9倍;②生态效率的提高使环境压力降低了205.62%,对经济增长的贡献率达63.7%;③人口增长并非环境压力升高的主要原因,资源消耗对环境压力的影响比废弃物排放更大,但其脱钩现象却弱于废弃物排放;④2000年以后,生态效率对抑制环境压力升高、促进经济增长的作用都在下降,各指标的脱钩指数也均在减小,吉林省经济发展的不可持续性在增强.研究结果在理论上有助于深化生态效率研究方法,在实践上有助于深思我国环保政策存在的缺陷,对促进吉林省可持续发展也具有一定的借鉴意义.  相似文献   

4.
施晓清  李笑诺  杨建新 《生态学报》2013,33(19):6398-6410
资源流代谢失调是造成产业生态环境问题的主要原因之一,对其实施基于共生网络的生态管理是解决问题的一项重要的举措。运用全生命周期的思想构建了产业资源共生网络及其管理框架,并运用全生命周期评价的方法,借助生命周期评价软件GaBi4,分别选取EI99 (Eco-Indicator 99)、CML2001 EP评价体系,以武汉市造纸产业为例,通过设计合理的资源流网络关系及中水、废纸和污泥利用共生路径构建虚拟造纸产业共生网络,对比分析了共生设计系统与原有共生系统的各生态环境影响。并运用市场价值法对共生设计系统的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:共生设计系统总的环境影响、生态系统质量、人体健康、资源损耗值的环境影响分值分别为1166.445、814.509、148.893、203.045,比原有系统分别减少23.91%、19.15%、46.56%、22.26%;其中富营养化、气候变化的影响分别比原有系统降低56.25%、16.62%。同时共生设计系统通过污水、废纸及污泥的回用,在不考虑市场波动的情况下,可获得1018-7252万元的经济效益。可见,通过构建共生网络的生态管理是提高资源利用效率的有效手段之一,在一定条件下可取得明显的环境和经济效益。  相似文献   

5.
城市建筑代谢研究方法及其展望   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
建筑代谢是当前城市代谢研究领域中的一个新兴热点问题,其研究着重关注建筑系统中物质能量流动可能对周围环境产生的压力及其有害影响。本文在阐明城市建筑代谢内涵的基础上,综述了国内外建筑代谢研究方法的进展情况,分析了目前城市建筑代谢研究方法的适用范围及其特点,指出了城市建筑代谢研究方法在未来应从以下几个方面发展:开发跨城市边界的代谢研究方法;注重建筑代谢中非物质性代谢流研究;制定适合乡土建筑地域特点的代谢研究方法;综合物质量和价值量的建筑代谢研究,全面认识和评价建筑的可持续性。  相似文献   

6.
戴铁军  赵鑫蕊 《生态学报》2017,37(15):5210-5220
废弃物回收利用在一定程度上对缓解资源和环境危机起到积极的作用,已经成为可持续发展的重要举措,但生产过程中消耗的资源、能源,排放的污染物同样也会对自然环境产生负面影响。为解决此问题,以废纸回收利用体系为例,基于物质流分析方法构建了生态成本核算模型,为废弃物回收利用体系优化提供基础。在对生态成本相关研究归纳总结的基础上,定义了生态成本的概念,界定了生态成本的研究内容,并分析基于物质流核算生态成本的可行性。生态成本是对生态负荷的价值化,主要分为资源耗减成本、污染产生和环境保护成本以及生态环境损害成本3部分。污染产生和环境保护成本可以通过将总成本按比例分配给正、负产品的方式求得,资源耗减成本和环境损害成本借助LIME方法核算,总生态成本是回收利用体系内部各项生态成本的总和。生态成本核算是评价生态负荷的重要手段,在废纸回收利用体系物质流动图的基础上,分析各生产流程生态成本的构成情况。提出的生态成本核算模型不仅适用于废纸回收利用体系,其他废弃物也同样适用。通过生态成本的核算,寻找到对生态环境影响较大的工序、流程,为废弃物回收利用体系经济与环境的双赢提供理论与实践指导。  相似文献   

7.
物质流分析研究述评   总被引:29,自引:9,他引:29       下载免费PDF全文
黄和平  毕军  张炳  李祥妹  杨洁  石磊 《生态学报》2007,27(1):368-379
物质流分析方法近年来在循环经济和可持续发展研究领域发展迅速。阐述了物质流分析的定义及其与自然生态系统物质流的区别,着重回顾了该研究方法的发展历程,阐明了物质流分析的主要观点、理论基础、研究思路及研究框架,详细阐译和对比分析了物质流分析的六大类指标及分析方法,并在物质流分析框架的基础上,建立循环经济及可持续发展的评价指标体系,并对物质流分析指标体系和方法学的研究意义及其在环境经济学中的地位进行了客观的评价,进而指出了物质流分析方法的不足之处。对物质流分析在不同层次的应用研究也进行了充分的阐述和分析。对物质流分析今后相关领域的进一步研究予以了讨论和展望。  相似文献   

8.
物质流分析(SFA)方法及研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
张玲  袁增伟  毕军 《生态学报》2009,29(11):6189-6198
物质流分析(substance flow analysis,SFA)通过追踪经济-环境系统特定物质的输入、输出、贮存等过程,量化经济系统中物质流动与资源利用、环境效应之间的关系,为资源环境优化管理提供科学依据.系统阐述了SFA的内涵及发展历程,介绍了SFA方法体系,在此基础上对SFA研究现状进行了评述.分析表明,SFA是产业生态学领域内一种重要的产业代谢分析方法,它在污染物迁移路径追踪及环境影响分析、战略性资源生命周期代谢分析、物质社会存量分析等方面具有十分重要的应用价值.提出了SFA的未来应用领域和发展趋势.  相似文献   

9.
张炳  黄和平  毕军 《生态学报》2009,29(5):2473-2480
区域生态效率(eco-efficiency)评价是考量区域可持发展的重要内容.基于物质流分析(material flow analysis, MFA)构建区域生态效率评价指标体系,并将污染物排放作为一种非期望输入引入到数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis, DEA)模型中,以江苏省(1990~2005年)为例进行生态效率分析评价.结果表明,江苏省的区域生态效率在1990~2005年期间呈现逐步上升的趋势.但是,同期的总物质投入(total material input, TMI)、物质需求总量(total material requirement, TMR)和污染物排放量也呈上升趋势.因此,江苏省社会经济发展和环境影响总体上呈现\"弱脱钩(weak de-link)\".  相似文献   

10.
建设生态海岛是海岛生态经济系统实现可持续发展的重要途径。运用物质流分析方法对长海县的物质输入与输出状况进行计算,并用物质消耗强度、废物排放强度和环境负荷强度3个指标衡量了该海岛县生态效率的变化,分析了技术进步对海岛生态经济系统生态压力变化的贡献状况。结果表明,2003—2009年间,长海县物质输入总量、物质输出总量和环境负荷总量呈增长态势;生态效率明显提高;技术进步对减轻海岛生态经济系统生态压力的贡献没有抵消经济增长所产生的生态压力的增加量。为了减少物质输入和废物输出,减轻经济活动对海岛生态系统产生的压力,建立创新型管理机制有效促进技术进步,不断提高生态效率具有特别重要的作用。  相似文献   

11.
    
Sustainable urbanization requires streamlining of resource management in urban systems which in turn requires understanding of urban metabolism (UM). Even though various methods have been applied for UM analysis, to date there is no standardized method for comprehensive accounting of material flows in urban systems. Moreover, the accounting of material flows is rarely implemented with a bottom‐up approach that can provide a thorough analysis of UM. This article presents the Urban Accounting Model (UAM) which aims to allow comprehensive accounting of urban material flows based on a bottom‐up approach. The model comprises two interlinked sub‐models. The first was developed by integrating a new physical input output table (PIOT) framework for urban systems into a three‐dimensional structure. The second comprises a set of physical accounts for systematic accounting of material flows of each economic sector in the system in order to support the compilation of the PIOTs. The functions of the UAM were explored through its application to two urban neighborhoods in the Stockholm Royal Seaport district. The application highlighted that the UAM can describe the physical interactions between the urban system and the environment or other socioeconomic systems, and capture the intersectoral flows within the system. Moreover, its accounts provide information that allow an in‐depth analysis of the metabolism of specific sectors. Overall, the UAM can function as a useful tool for UM analysis as it systematizes data collection and at the same time depicts the physical reality of the urban system.  相似文献   

12.
    
The identification of potential by‐product exchanges is important for fostering industrial symbiosis. To discover these potential exchanges, this article extends the analysis of local industrial symbiosis to a national scale. A waste input‐output table, which is a material flow accounting tool, was compiled and used as a database to examine the existing exchanges of by‐products. The supplies and demands of industrial wastes or by‐products were compared to highlight their potential use for promoting higher exchange flows. The analysis of the linkages indicated that the majority of each of the by‐products were reused by the few industries that had the technology and operational capacity for reuse. This finding is useful for determining which industries are good candidates for promoting further industrial symbiosis (IS). Based on a nation‐wide analysis that considered the industrial characteristics of Taiwan comprehensively, 23 types of major by‐products with greater reuse flows and 216 potential exchange patterns were identified between the industries. In addition, three types of eco‐industrial networks were characterized as follows according to their dominant types: (1) fossil fuel, metal, and mineral‐dominated; (2) agricultural and synthetic material‐dominated; and (3) information and communications technology (ICT) and chemical industry‐dominated eco‐industrial networks. This analysis highlights the resource exchange potentials and provides information to new firms for networking with existing businesses.  相似文献   

13.
    
It is vital to find reasons for differences in the results of environmental input‐output (EIO), physical input‐output (PIO), and hybrid input‐output (HIO) models for industrial and environmental policy analysis. Using EIO, PIO, and HIO models, China's industrial metabolism is calculated. Four reasons were found to account for differences in the results of analysis using EIO, PIO, and HIO models: the manner in which they deal with residential consumption, service sectors, and waste recycling, and the assumption of unique sector prices. The HIO model, which treats residential consumption as sectors of the intermediate delivery matrix, is preferred to the EIO and PIO models for analyzing industrial and environmental policies. Moreover, waste recycling in five sectors—agriculture; the manufacture of paper, printing, and articles for culture, education, and sports activities; the manufacture of nonmetallic mineral products; smelting and pressing of metals; and construction—should be comprehensively considered when using the HIO model to study problems related to these five sectors. Improvements in the EIO, PIO, and HIO models and future work are also discussed.  相似文献   

14.
我国生态工业园认识和实践中的误区:隐喻的使用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
王震  石磊  孙德智 《生态学报》2009,29(11):6199-6206
近几年随着我国生态工业园的蓬勃发展,不可避免地出现了一些认识和实践中的误区,这些问题将会影响我国循环经济工作的健康开展.生态工业园在理论层面中的一个基本属性就是其概念的隐喻性,而我国的学术界和实践界都或多或少地忽视了这个问题,将研究和实践带入了一个不必要的误区.提出了工业系统与自然系统之间的双向隐喻现象,并深入分析了隐喻在科学研究中的作用和限制;总结了我国生态工业园相关的隐喻性概念及其泛化现象,进而分析了其产生的深层原因,并提出了改进建议;以工业共生不稳定现象的研究为案例初步说明了如何在产业生态学的研究中合理地使用隐喻性概念.  相似文献   

15.
    
Industrial ecology (IE) methodologies, such as input/output or material flow analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA), are often used for the environmental evaluation of circular economy strategies. Up to now, an approach that utilizes these methods in a systematic, integrated framework for a holistic assessment of a geographic region's sustainable circular economy potential has been lacking. The approach developed in this study (IE4CE approach) combines IE methodologies to determine the environmental impact mitigation potential of circular economy strategies for a defined geographic region. The approach foresees five steps. First, input/output analysis helps identify sectors with high environmental impacts. Second, a refined analysis is conducted using material flow and LCA. In step 3, circular strategies are used for scenario design and evaluated in step 4. In step 5, the assessment results are compiled and compared across sectors. The approach was applied to a case study of Switzerland, analyzing 8 sectors and more than 30 scenarios in depth. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from waste incineration, biogas and cement production, food waste prevention in households, hospitality and production, and the increased recycling of plastics had the highest mitigation potential. Most of the scenarios do not influence each other. One exception is the CCS scenarios: waste avoidance scenarios decrease the reduction potential of CCS. A combination of scenarios from different sectors, including their impact on the CCS scenario potential, led to an environmental impact mitigation potential of 11.9 Mt CO2-eq for 2050, which equals 14% of Switzerland's current consumption-based impacts.  相似文献   

16.
This study investigates the benefits of waste management policies on gaseous emissions and resource consumption caused by the final demand, in the specific case of France and in a context of economic growth. Waste input‐output analysis is implemented to compare three scenarios, depicting and combining the upward trend of final demand from 2008 to 2020, the increase in recycling rates by 2020 (encompassing the achievement of recycling objectives set by European Union Directives), and the simultaneous larger implementation of best available techniques (BAT) for waste incineration. Hybrid monetary physical input‐output tables are initially derived from balanced physical supply and use tables and further complemented with process inventory data on waste treatment technologies. A dramatic reduction in the demand for primary metals (by a factor of 2.0) and for primary mining and quarrying products for construction (by a factor of 1.9) is observed in 2020, as compared to 2008, in the case of the scenario “recycling,” despite the competition induced by the evolution of the final demand. On the contrary, considering energy requirements and fossil carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions caused by the French final demand, the combined improvements in recycling and incineration performances by 2020 would only limit the rise induced by the evolution of the final demand. On the basis of these results, the potential contribution of waste management policies to the decoupling of resource consumption and gaseous emissions from final demand's growth is finally discussed.  相似文献   

17.
With the rapid growth of highway mileage and vehicles, the Chinese highway traffic system (HTS) has become one of the great resource consumers. This article attempts to evaluate the material metabolism of China's HTS during 2001–2005 using the approach of material flow analysis (MFA) and to explore possible measures to promote circular economy throughout HTS. We measured a set of indicators to illustrate the whole material metabolism of China's HTS. The results indicated that the direct material input (DMI) of China's HTS increased from 1181.26 million tonnes (Mt) in 2001 to 1,874.57 Mt in 2005, and about 80% of DMI was accumulated in the system as infrastructure and vehicles. The domestic processed output (DPO) increased by 59.0% from 2001 to 2005. Carbon dioxide and solid waste accounted for 80.5% and 10.4% of DPO, respectively. The increase of resource consumption and pollutant emissions kept pace with the growth of transportation turnover. All these suggest that China's HTS still followed an extensive linear developing pattern with large resource consumption and heavy pollution emissions during the study period, which brought great challenges to the resources and the environment. Therefore, it's high time for China to implement a circular economy throughout the HTS by instituting resource and energy savings, by reducing emissions in the field of infrastructure construction and maintenance, by reducing vehicles’ energy and materials consumption, and by recycling waste materials.  相似文献   

18.
    
Modeling pathways toward sustainable production and consumption requires improved spatio-temporal and material coverage of end-use product stocks. Momentarily, studies on inflow-driven, dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA) extrapolate scarce information on material end-use shares (i.e., ratios that split economy-wide material consumption to different end-use products) for single countries and years across longer time periods and global regions. Therefore, in part 1 of this work, we reviewed five methods to derive material end-use shares which use industry shipment data in physical units and monetary input–output tables (MIOTs). Herein, we comparatively apply these methods to the United States, drawing on detailed national data, as well as the multi-regional input–output model EXIOBASE3. To better match MIOT and dMFA system definitions, we propose the end-use transfer method, which re-routes specific intermediate outputs to final demand in MIOTs. In closing, we conclude on 12 points for improved end-use shares. We find mixed results regarding the fit between end-use shares derived from industry shipments and MIOTs: for detailed national data, we find good fit for some materials (e.g., aluminum), while others deviate strongly (e.g., steel). In many cases, the temporal trend of MIOT-derived end-use shares roughly agrees with industry shipments. For EXIOBASE3, we find good fit for some countries and materials, but substantial mismatches for others. Despite mixed results, combining MIOT-based end-use shares with industry shipments and auxiliary country-level data could enable improved temporal, geographical, and end-use resolution. However, the scarcity, documentation, and quality of input data are key limitations for more accurate and detailed end-use shares. This article met the requirements for a gold-gold data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges .   相似文献   

19.
    
The physical input‐output table (PIOT) is a useful tool for analyzing the environmental sustainability of cities. Taking Chinese statistical sources as an example in this study, we discuss data acquisition methods for applying the PIOT to cities. We propose several methods and present a case study of Suzhou City to illustrate the proposed methods. These methods can provide foundations for constructing the PIOT of cities in other countries.  相似文献   

20.
生态工业园区生态系统理论及调控机制   总被引:18,自引:2,他引:16       下载免费PDF全文
袁增伟  毕军  王习元  张炳  黄娟 《生态学报》2004,24(11):2501-2508
随着工业生态学理论的发展 ,尤其是循环经济理念的广泛推广 ,生态工业园区建设在全球范围蓬勃开展起来。然而 ,由于对生态工业园区生态系统结构、功能及其优化调控机制认识的不足 ,导致目前生态工业园区建设走入了单纯构建闭环链以实现废物循环利用的误区。本研究旨在剖析生态工业园区生态系统的特点 ,建立其生态系统概念模型 ,并阐释其优化调控机理。为此 ,作者首先深入分析了生态工业园区生态系统的特点 ,阐释了技术流和知识流在该类生态系统功能中的重要性 ,在此基础上提出了基于社会子系统、环境子系统、经济子系统和资源子系统的四维一体生态工业园区复合生态系统结构框架 ,并给出了系统功能协调度、调节费用及其系统效益之间的理论变化曲线。其次 ,作者又从生态系统功能流的角度分析了其物质流、能量流、信息流、价值流、技术流和知识流 ,并给出了各功能流的表征指标和衡算方法。另外 ,从系统优化调控的角度提出了基于绿色招商和绿色供应链管理的生态工业园区生态系统控制管理体系。最后 ,以苏州工业园区为例 ,对其生态系统做了优化研究  相似文献   

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