HLA-DRB1 等位基因的多态性及其应用

HLA系统参与和调节机体免疫功能,是人类重要的遗传标志,具有种族、地域差异.HLA-Ⅱ类系统中DRB1等位基因的多态性最丰富,它的准确分型直接影响器官移植的供体选择、法医学个体认定、HLA与疾病相关性及人类学等研究.本文综述了HLA-DRB1分型检测方法,不同种族人群HLA-DRB1等位基因的多态性,HLA-DRB1多态性研究在探讨人类起源、民族融合方面的价值,HLA-DRB1与肝炎、系统性红斑狼疮等疾病的相关性等.     

HLA—DRB1基因多态性与溃疡性结肠炎的相关性研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎（Ulcerativecolitis,uc）是一种直肠和结肠的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,其病因至今仍未完全阐明,普遍认为与遗传因素和自身免疫异常有关。人类白细胞抗原（Humanleukocyteantigen,HLA）是人类主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）基因的编码产物,是调控人类免疫应答的关键因素之一,其中HLAII类基因参与外源性抗原的递呈,是目前研究的最为广泛的与炎症性肠病相关的区域。HLAII类基因中以HLA—DRB1等位基因的多态性最丰富,国内外大量研究均显示HLA—DRB1基因不仅与uc的发病密切相关,而且与UC的临床特点有关联,但研究的结果并不完全一致,而且其导致特定人群UC易感的分子生物学机制也不十分清楚。本文主要综述HLA．DRB1基因多态性与uc相关性的研究进展。     

陕北白绒山羊DRB1基因多态性与球虫病的相关性分析

本研究旨在探讨陕北白绒山羊MHC (主要组织相容性复合体)基因与疾病抗性的关系,通过对98只陕北白绒山羊DRB1基因外显子2多态性与球虫病的相关性研究,共获得17条等位基因和29种基因型,其中10条等位基因是首次发现。生物信息学分析表明DRB1位点具有高度多态性,且不同等位基因预测的蛋白质结构存在明显差异,说明这种基因可能通过抗原呈递分子结构的改变影响宿主对病原体的免疫应答。相关性分析发现DRB1*16等位基因频率与球虫感染强度呈显著负相关(p0.05),提示该等位基因可能与相关抗原呈递及抗性的产生有关。本次对陕北白绒山羊DRB1基因多态性及其与球虫病的相关性分析有助于筛选疾病抗性和易感性相关基因,进而可加速绒山羊抗病品系的培育进程。     

云南纳西族HLA—DRB1基因多态性研究及其族源分析

首次在国内采用本室改进的高分辨率的基于内含子的PCR－SBT分型方法,检测云南纳西族HLA－DRB1基因多态性。在60例纳西族个体中共检出37种HLA－DRB1等位基因,其显著特点是等位基因的类型检出较多,频率分布比较平均,除12021（17.50%）外其他的等位基因频率均低于8％,其他较常见的等位基因（＞5％）还有1404（7.50%）,1504（5.83%0,04051（5.83%0,08032（5.83%）,09012（5％）,03011（5％）。这几种中频等位基因共占可检出等位基因的35％,与12021一起共占52.49%,其中DRB1＊0305、0438、1123、1132、1310、0812为首次在我国人群中检出,并且在世界各地人群中也比较罕见。以纳西族和世界各地人群的HLA－DRB1频率进行了聚类分析。比较分析的结果显示纳西族明显属于中国南方族群,未显示出其族源来自北方的痕迹。根据遗传数据,并参照民族学、历史学研究,对其民族起源做了初步的分析。     

HLA基因多态性与结核病遗传易感性的研究进展

随着人类基因组计划的完成和功能基因组学的研究的进展,多种结核病候选易感基因被发现,其中人类白细胞抗原（HLA）基因是主要的候选基因之一。HLA基因作为人类最复杂、最具多态性的遗传系统,其功能涉及到机体免疫的各个方面,不同个体对疾病易感性的差异在很大程度上是由遗传因素所决定的,因此HLA基因与某些免疫性疾病的相关性已经成为近年来研究的热点,国内外学者对不同种族的人群对结核分枝杆菌感染的易感性做了大量的研究,探讨HLA基因多态性与结核病遗传易感性的关系。本文对这方面的研究进展做一综述。     

新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族HLA-DQA1等位基因多态性研究

目的：探讨新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族HLA—DQA1等位基因多态性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应一序列特异性引物技术,检测107例新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族健康个体的HLA—DQA1等位基因频率,分析HLA—DQA1基因多态性,并将所得结果与国内其他民族的同类资料进行比较。结果：新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族健康个体中共检出10个等位基因,以DQA1＊0104（O．3727）、DQA1＊0501（0．2636）、DQA1＊0103（0．1318）的频率较高,DQA1＊0401（0．0045）、DQA1＊0601（0．0091）的频率较低。结果与国内其他民族的同类资料进行比较,等位基因分布频率上有共同点,也有一定的独特性。结论：新疆吐鲁番地区维吾尔族HLA—DQA1基因,与国内其他民族群体的资料比较,总体检验有显著差异（p〈0．01）,显示人类的遗传系统既有共性亦有各自的特点,显示华人群体遗传背景的复杂性,结果为人类学研究和HLA—DQA1基因相关的疾病提供了较为重要的信息.     

内蒙古地区蒙古族HLA-A、B、DRB1基因座多态性分析

应用序列特异性寡核苷酸探针反向斑点杂交技术对内蒙古地区蒙古族106名无关健康个体的HLA-A、B和DRB1 基因座进行基因分型, 以研究内蒙古地区蒙古族人群HLA-A、B、DRB1基因座的等位基因及其组成的单倍型频率分布特征。 采用最大数学预期值算法计算HLA基因座的等位基因频率和单倍型频率。106 名内蒙古地区蒙古族个体的HLA-A、B、DRB1基因座分别检出13、29、13个等位基因。高频单倍型分别为 HLA-A*02-B*46 (0.0510); HLA-A*02-B*13(0.0495); HLA-A*02-B*51(0.0442); HLA-B*13-DRB1*07 (0.0555); HLA- B*46-DRB1*09(0.0378); HLA-B*35-DRB1*13(0.03300); HLA-A*02-B*13-DRB1*07(0.033019); HLA-A*02-B*46- DRB1*09(0.031985)。研究表明: 内蒙古地区蒙古族人群HLA基因座的等位基因和单倍型具有较高的遗传多态性。HLA- A*24-B*14, HLA-A*32-B*63在该民族具有极强的连锁不平衡。     

甘肃裕固族HLA—DRB1基因多态性及其族源分析

目的：研究甘肃裕固族HLA—DRB1基因的多态性,探讨裕固族的起源、迁徙及其与其他民族的关系。方法：应用PCR-SSP基因分型技术,对54例裕固族个体进行了HLA-DRB1位点的基因分型并进行相应等位基因频率的比较。结果：甘肃裕固族HLA-DRB1位点共检出了14种等位基因,其中高频基因为DR5（0、2115）,DR4（0、1346）和DR7（0．1250）,低频的等住基因为DR14（0．0096）和DR13（0．0192）;裕固族人HLA-DRB1座位等位基因总的分布格局与蒙古族最接近,与云南黎族则相差较远。结论：对裕固族和我国各地人群的HLA-DRB1频率进行了聚类分析,极为相似的HLA-DRB1背景提示裕固族和蒙古族之间密切的遗传关系。     

寡核苷酸DNA Microarray用于HLA DRB1基因分型的研究

对寡核苷酸DNA Microarray用于HLA DRB1基因分型的技术进行研究。常规的酚/氯仿法提取标准血样基因组DNA,在DRB1的exon2区域设计一对引物,经PCR扩增基因组相应区段并用Cy5-dCTP进行标记。设计寡核苷酸分型探针,将探针固定在APS-PDC法制作的DNA Microarray上,用标记的PCR产物与之杂交,扫描仪对杂交效果进行扫描,Imagene软件对杂交图像进行分析。共检测了33例标准血样的HLA DRB1基因型。检测结果证明研制的DNA Microarray准确、灵敏。DNA Microarray技术可以有效地检测DRB1等位基因,对比常规的PCR-SSP和PCR-SSO方法、分型基因芯片方法更为直观,并有集成化优势。     

人类白细胞抗原与鼻咽癌的相关性

鼻咽癌是一种多因素影响的复杂性疾病, 其发病具有显著的地理分布差异。Epstein-Barr(EB)病毒感染与鼻咽癌发病密切相关已得到公认, 但环境因素及遗传因素在鼻咽癌的发病中也具有重要作用。在鼻咽癌的遗传相关因素中, 位于6号染色体上具有高度多态性的人类白细胞抗原(Human leukocyte antigen, HLA)与鼻咽癌发病风险相关在多个研究组中被报道。随着DNA测序技术的发展, 高分辨基因分型技术的应用, HLA新等位基因数目呈指数级的上升, 更多的HLA全基因序列被研究者所报道。近年来, 等位基因关联性分析、微卫星连锁不平衡分析及全基因组关联性分析的研究结果均证实了6号染色体HLA区域与鼻咽癌具有显著关联。为了进一步探讨遗传相关性因子HLA在鼻咽癌发生发展中的作用, 文章着重综述了HLA与鼻咽癌相关性研究的最新进展, 为鼻咽癌HLA相关性研究提供新的思路。     

HLA class II haplotypic association and DQCAR microsatellite polymorphisms in Croatian patients with psoriasis

The purpose of the present study was to investigate polymorphism of HLA class II haplotypic associations (HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1) and DQCAR alleles in 78 Croatian patients with psoriasis. Patients were divided into two groups according to a family history of disease and age of onset: type I (positive family history and early onset) and type II (negative family history and late onset). The difference in frequency of HLA class II haplotypic associations between type I patients and controls was observed for the following combinations: HLA-DRB1*0701, -DQA1*0201, -DQB1*02 (23.6% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001), HLA-DRB1*0701, -DQA1*0201, -DQB1*0303 (8.5% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.0018) and HLA-DRB1*1601, -DQA1*0102, -DQB1*0502 (2.8% vs. 9.3%; p = 0.06). The difference between type II psoriasis and controls for association: HLA-DRB1*1501, -DQA1*0102, -DQB1*0602 is not significant (20.0% vs. 8.9%; p = 0.06). The significantly higher frequency of DQCAR 113bp and 119bp alleles in patients with type Ipsoriasis is a result of linkage disequlibrium of these alleles with both HLA-DRB1*0701 haplotypic associations. Analysis ofDQCAR alleles in the HLA-DRB1*0701 haplotypic associations in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and matched controls did not reveal any difference in polymorphism of DQCAR alleles. These data suggest that HLA-DRB*0701 haplotypic combinations are associated with type I but not for type II psoriasis in the Croatian population. DQCAR polymorphism is not useful genetic marker to distinguish susceptible HLA class II haplotypic association.     

Association of HLA-DRB alleles and pulmonary tuberculosis in North Chinese patients

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response. HLA class II molecules are essential for T cell-mediated adaptive immunity and present peptide antigens to CD4(+) T cells. Because of its important role in the immune response and its high degree of polymorphism, the HLA system is associated with many diseases. We examined the polymorphisms of HLA-DRB alleles and the sequences of the HLA-DRB promoter region in 97 unrelated patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and in 62 unrelated normal controls of the Han nationality from North China, using PCR with sequence-specific primers and PCR direct sequencing. We found that the frequency of HLA-DRB1*15 was significantly higher in the pulmonary tuberculosis group than in the healthy control group. The P value was 0.001, and the odds ratio was 3.793. The pulmonary tuberculosis group had the same HLA-DRB1 promoter region sequences as the control group. We concluded that the HLA-DRB1*15 allele is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Han nationality from North China. The HLA-DRB1 promoter region sequences had no association with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis

We have previously reported that autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a bioclinical entity characterized by high serum immunoglobulin G4 concentrations and association with the HLA-DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 haplotype. However, the precise identity of gene(s) within this haplotype directly responsible for AIP pathogenesis is yet to be established. To dissect the genetic contribution of the incriminated haplotype, we have now performed an association analysis within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region using various types of polymorphic markers. Genomic DNAs from 43 AIP patients and 213 unrelated Japanese controls were used in this analysis. In each DNA sample, we established the genotype of 25 microsatellite markers distributed throughout the HLA region, that of single nucleotide polymorphism within the 5'-flanking regions of the TNFA and IkBLI (also known as NFKBIL1) as well as HLA class I and II genes. The HLA-linked susceptibility regions for AIP were localized to two segments: HLA-DRB1 (*0405; OR = 3.20, P = 0.00063, Pc = 0.0016) -DQB1 (*0401; OR = 3.29, P = 0.00046, Pc = 0.0069) in the HLA class II and C3-2-11 microsatellite (allele 219; OR = 2.96, P = 0.0076, Pc = 0.099) in the HLA class I regions. Upon stratification analysis in search for a synergistic effect given the extensive linkage disequilibrium within the major histocompatibility complex, it was established that each segment contributed to disease pathogenesis. The two critical HLA regions for susceptibility to AIP are limited to the HLA-DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 in the class II and the ABCF1 proximal to C3-2-11, telomeric of HLA-E, in the class I regions.     

Full-length sequence analysis of the HLA-DRB1 locus suggests a recent origin of alleles

The HLA region harbors some of the most polymorphic loci in the human genome. Among them is the class II locus HLA-DRB1, with more than 400 known alleles. The age of the polymorphism and the rate at which new alleles are generated at HLA loci has caused much controversy over the years. Previous studies have mostly been restricted to the 270 base pairs that constitute the second exon and represent the most variable part of the gene. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the HLA-DRB1 locus on the basis of an analysis of 15 genomic full-length alleles (10-15 kb). In addition, the variation in 49 complete coding sequences and 322 exon 2 sequences were analyzed. When excluding exon 2 from the analysis, the diversity at the synonymous sites was found to be similar to the intron diversity. The overall diversity in noncoding region was also similar to the genome average. The DRB1*03 lineage has been found in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan. An ancestral "proto HLA-DRB1*03 lineage" appeared to have diverged in the last 5 million years into the human-specific lineages *08, *11, *13, and *14. With exception to exon 2, both the coding- and the noncoding diversity suggests a recent origin (<1 million years ago) for most of the alleles at the HLA-DRB1 locus. Sites encoding for amino acids involved in antigen binding [antigen recognizing sites (ARS)] appear to have a more ancient origin. Taken together, the recent origin of most alleles, the high diversity between allelic lineages, and the ancient origin of sequence motifs in exon 2, is consistent with a relatively rapid generation of novel alleles by gene conversion like events.     

同一染色体上基因转换在HLA多态性形成中的作用

摘要: 人类白细胞抗原(Human leukocyte antigens, HLA)是人类基因组中已知多态性最高的基因家族, 为人类面对异源多变的外界生物分子所必须。以往对HLA多态性形成的研究多集中在互换式重组机制上, 文章研究了基因转换这一重要的多态性形成机制在HLA-DRB基因多态性形成中的作用。应用已知的各基因座的等位基因序列对其进行多态性分析表明, HLA-DRB是一高度多态的基因家族。用Ester Betran模型检测到32个基因转换的区域, 最小的基因转换区域长2 bp, 最远差异位点间隔为204 bp。在71~75、18~221等几个区域上出现基因转换的频数高, 成为基因转换的热点。进一步的分析显示, 71~75、205~217等热点区域分别与东方人、高加索人这两个人群密切相关, 提示基因转换的热点可能具有一定的人群特异性     

Susceptibility gene for non-obstructive azoospermia located near HLA-DR and -DQ loci in the HLA class II region

The technical developments and expanded indications for testicular sperm extraction (TESE) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) provide great advantages for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Such success, however, also means that genetic abnormalities in non-obstructive azoospermia can be transmitted to the next generation, demonstrating the importance of being able to understand the genetic background of non-obstructive azoospermia. We have previously reported that human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-A33 and -B44 in the HLA class I region and the HLA-DRB1*1302 allele in the HLA class II region are linked to susceptibility to non-obstructive azoospermia in Japanese men. However, strong linkage of HLA-DRB1*1302 with HLA-A33 and -B44 is also evident in the Japanese population. Thus, uncertainty prevails as to whether the HLA class I or class II molecule is more directly associated with non-obstructive azoospermia. In the present study, we performed association analysis with 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers identified near the HLA genes to map the gene involved in the development of non-obstructive azoospermia more precisely. Microsatellite markers located in the HLA class I region or the class III region showed no statistically significant association with this disorder, although once again the HLA-A33 and -B44 alleles showed a significant association. In contrast, some of the microsatellite markers in the HLA class II region and at the HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci displayed strong associations with non-obstructive azoospermia. Taken together, our previous and present data suggest that the critical region for development of non-obstructive azoospermia is near the HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 segments in the HLA class II region.     

High resolution genetic typing of the class II HLA-DRB1 locus using group-specific amplification and SSO-hybridisation in microplates

The HLA-DRB1 locus is one of the most polymorphic HLA class II loci and rapid and accurate typing of this polymorphism is important both in bone-marrow transplantation, analysis of disease association and in forensic medicine. The allelic variation at DRB1 is characterized by combinations of a limited number of amino-acid motifs, reducing the resolution of a typing strategy based on a single PCR and subsequent analysis of polymorphic motifs. In the present paper we describe a strategy for typing of DRB1 based on eight allele-specific PCRs followed by sandwich hybridization to immobilized probes in a microplate format. The combined approach results in a rapid typing system with very high resolution. Using a rapid DNA extraction protocol, a complete HLA-DRB1 typing can be performed in less than a day.     

The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis

The discoveries in the 1970s of strong associations between various diseases and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) factors were a revolution within genetic epidemiology in the last century by demonstrating for the first time how genetic markers can help unravel the genetics of disorders with complex genetic backgrounds. HLA controls immune response genes and HLA associations indicate the involvement of autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) was one of the first conditions proven to be HLA associated involving primarily HLA class II factors. We review how HLA studies give fundamental information on the genetics of the susceptibility to MS, on the importance of linkage disequilibrium in association studies, and on the pathogenesis of MS. The HLA-DRB1*1501 molecule may explain about 50% of MS cases and its role in the pathogenesis is supported by studies of transgenic mice. Studies of polymorphic non-HLA genetic markers are discussed based on linkage studies and candidate gene approaches including complete genome scans. No other markers have so far rivaled the importance of HLA in the genetic susceptibility to MS. Recently, large international collaborations provided strong evidence for the involvement of polymorphism of two cytokine receptor genes in the pathogenesis of MS: the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain gene (IL7RA) on chromosome 5p13 and the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain gene (IL2RA (=CD25)) on chromosome 10p15. It is estimated that the C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6897932, within the alternative spliced exon 6 of IL7RA is involved in about 30% of MS cases.     

Association of HLA-DR, -DQ genotype and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism with Graves' disease in Japanese children

OBJECTIVE: Childhood onset Graves' disease (GD) has been documented to be clinically distinct from adult onset GD, and an association with the genes encoding HLA and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) has been reported in both Caucasian and Japanese adult GD patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether HLA-DR, -DQ and CTLA-4 are associated with childhood onset GD in Japanese individuals. METHODS: We investigated the genotype of HLA class II (DRB1, DQB1) and the A/G transition polymorphism of CTLA-4 exon 1 position 49 in 43 GD patients and in healthy controls for comparison. The CTLA-4 alleles were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA and restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) with Ita1. RESULTS: The frequency of both HLA-DRB1*0405 and DQB1*0401 was increased in the patient group (DRB1*0405: 26.7%, p < 0.001; DQB1*0401: 25.6%, p < 0.005) compared with the controls. Patients with GD had a significantly lower frequency of the AA genotype of CTLA-4 than the controls, but there was no difference in allele frequency between the G and A allele. CONCLUSIONS: the association of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotype with susceptibility to childhood onset GD differs from that in adult onset GD, whereas the association between CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and childhood onset GD is similar to that in adult onset GD in Japanese individuals, but the association is weak.