内源植物激素与光敏核不育水稻农垦58S育性的关系

采用气相色谱－质谱联用选择离子检测（ＧＣ－ＭＳ－ＳＩＭ）技术,定性、定量分析了光敏核不育水稻农垦５８Ｓ（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ． ｓｕｂｓｐ． ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）及对照品种“农垦５８”在长（ＬＤ）、短（ＳＤ）日照处理下,不同发育时期顶端全展叶片中内源ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ 和生殖器官中内源ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ、ＧＡ１、ＧＡ４ 的含量变化。实验结果表明：在ＬＤ 处理下,农垦５８Ｓ雌雄蕊形成期的叶片和花粉母细胞形成期的幼穗中ＩＡＡ 相继发生亏缺;农垦５８Ｓ－ＬＤ花粉母细胞形成期、单核期和扬花期,生殖器官中内源ＡＢＡ 均低于农垦５８Ｓ－ＳＤ 的含量,“农垦５８”则与此相反;扬花期不育花药中内源ＧＡ１ 和ＧＡ４ 含量剧减。据此认为：生殖器官中早期ＩＡＡ 的亏损、ＡＢＡ 含量剧减伴随着抗逆性能的减弱及ＧＡＳ的不足共同导致了农垦５８Ｓ的雄性败育     

光敏核雄性不育水稻叶绿体的光合特性

本文报告了在育性转换敏感期光周期处理对湖北光敏核雄性不育水稻（农垦５８ｓ）最新全展叶叶绿体光合特性的影响。结果表明：与短日照（ＳＤ）相比,长日照（ＬＤ）处理的农垦５８ｓ水稻叶绿体只有较低的ＰＳⅡ光化活性和ＰＳⅡ原初光能转化效率,其ＰＳⅡ和全链的电子传递速率低,叶绿体中叶绿素ｂ的含量较少,叶绿素ａ／ｂ值比短日照处理的高约１０％。长日照处理使农垦５８ｓ叶绿体的光化活性普遍下降,这可能是导致农垦５８ｓ败育的初始原因之一。     

免疫测定光敏核不育水稻中光敏色素Ⅰ含量

光敏核不育水稻（农垦５８Ｓ）是中国水稻研究中的一个重要发现,在水稻杂交育种上有巨大潜力。研究表明：农垦５８Ｓ的雄性不育性受光周期调控,光敏色素是育性转变过程中光周期反应的光受体,然而,鉴于高等植物中存在至少两种不同的光敏色素分子,并且它们同时存在于水稻中,人们对调节农垦５８Ｓ雄性不育过程的光敏色素分子种类及作用方式仍然不清楚。本文采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,比较了不同光周期下农垦５８Ｓ和对照品种农垦５８叶片（光周期感受器官）中光敏色素Ｉ（ｐｈｙＡ）的含量。从农垦５８Ｓ的二次枝梗原基分化期开始,进行１０天的光周期处理。一组为短日照（ＳＤ）,另一组为长日照（ＬＤ）。在第１０个暗期结束前,于暗绿光下收获每株水稻的最上部两片新展叶,立即保存在液氮中。样品在研钵中磨成液氮粉,然后加入提取液（含５０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣＩ和０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ巯基乙醇,ｐＨ８．５）匀浆。粗提液经０．５％聚乙烯亚胺（ＰＥＩ）沉淀后,上清液供ＥＬＩＳＡ分析。以燕麦ｐｈｙＡ的多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ＥＬＩＳＡ的一抗和检测抗体。采用ＥＬＩＳＡ可以专一性地检测水稻ｐｈｙＡ（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。几次独立的实验说明,光周期处理对ｐｈｙＡ含     

光敏核雄性不育水稻叶绿体的光合特性

本文报告了在育性转换敏感期光周期处理对湖北光敏核雄性不育水稻最新全展叶叶绿体光合特性的影响。结果表明：与短日照相比,长日照处理的农垦５８ｓ水稻叶绿体只有较低的ＰＳⅡ光化活性和ＰＳⅡ原初光能转化效率,其ＰＳⅡ和全链的电子传递速率低,叶绿体中叶绿素ｂ的含量较少,叶绿素ａ／ｂ值比短日照处理的高化活性普遍下降,这可能是导致农垦５８ｓ败育的初始原因之一。     

增大农垦58s小穗育性对光周期条件响应强度的尝试

光敏核不育水稻农垦５８ｓ在１５ｈ长日照下小穗完全不育,在１０ｈ短日照,日平均气温２８．４℃或２３．５℃下自交结实的小穗只有６％￣１３％,以小穗育性对光周条件响应较强为指标做选择,所得农垦５８ｓ－０１在ＬＤ下小穗仍然完全不育,在ＳＤ的ＬＴ乃至ＨＴ下,平均自交结实率超过３５％,对光周期的响应增大两倍多。     

光周期对光敏核不育水稻叶绿体类囊体膜超分子结构的影响

通过冰冻撕裂叶绿体类囊体膜电镜术的研究,在超分子水平上揭示出长日照（ＬＤ）与短日照（ＳＤ）对突变型光敏核雄性不育水稻农垦５８Ｓ及其野生型农垦５８ 倒二叶叶绿体类囊体膜的形成有不同的影响。农垦５８－ＳＤ 和农垦５８－ＬＤ差别不明显;而农垦５８Ｓ－ＳＤ和农垦５８Ｓ－ＬＤ之间出现较明显的差异：（１）农垦５８Ｓ－ＳＤ 叶绿体类囊体膜的垛叠和非垛叠膜区的４ 个冰冻撕裂膜小面呈现的功能蛋白粒的密度、大小及构象分布与其对照农垦５８－ＳＤ 和农垦５８－ＬＤ 类似,均属正常的超分子结构类型。（２）农垦５８Ｓ－ＳＤ叶绿体垛叠类囊体膜区的外质撕裂面（ＥＦｓ）功能蛋白粒的密度比５８Ｓ－ＬＤ的大,且在有的垛叠膜区呈现出类晶格状的规则排列。（３）农垦５８Ｓ－ＬＤ 叶绿体非垛叠膜区的原生质撕裂面（ＰＦｕ）和外质撕裂面（ＥＦｕ）出现频率较低,往往在基粒的边缘膜或末端中能找到,且分布于膜上的功能蛋白粒的密度较小。有的叶绿体ＥＦｕ、ＰＦｕ、ＥＦｓ和垛叠膜区原生质撕裂面（ＰＦｓ）功能蛋白粒极少或丧失,表明类囊体膜受到严重损伤     

光周期诱导光敏感核不育水稻花药蛋白变化的研究

采用双向电脉技术对不同光周期条件下,光敏感核不育水稻（农垦５８ｓ）的可育与不育花药蛋白的变化进行分析,发现花粉发育的不同阶段中,不育花药具有四个特异蛋白ｐＩ６．２／ｂＭＷ７０ＫＤ,ｐＩ６．２／ＭＷ６８ＫＤ,ｐＩ６．２／ＭＷ３８ＫＤ和ｐＩ７．４／ＭＷ３７ＫＤ．对游离组蛋白的分析表明．长日照诱导的不育花药中游离组蛋白的相对百分率均明显低于短日照下的可育花药．据此推测长日照诱导不百花药蛋白质组成和代谢变化．不育花药中游离组蛋白含量低,可能受ＤＮＡ合成数量少的影响．     

PGMS水稻育性转换中的多胺含量变化

在光敏核不育水稻农垦５８ｓ幼穗的花粉母细胞形成期间,短日可育株的多胺含量高于长日不育株。多胺合成的前体Ａｒｇ在短日可育株中比幼穗中多胺早一个时期在叶片中达到高峰,而在长日不育株中大量积累。用甲基乙二醛－双处理的短日可育株中Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ水平、花粉可育度和自交结实度都下降,用Ｓｐｄ补充长日不育株中多胺含量,其花粉可育度有提高。     

雄性不育水稻农垦58S的P61蛋白质是叶绿体ATP酶β亚基的同工型

Ｐ６１蛋白质是从水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）雄性不育突变体农垦５８Ｓ（ＮＫ５８Ｓ）叶绿体中发现的一个蛋白质,微序列分析结果表明它的Ｎ端氨基酸序列与水稻和大麦叶绿体ＡＴＰ酶β亚基的一致。免疫印迹分析证明Ｐ６１与玉米叶绿体ＡＴＰ酶β亚基抗体有特异性的交叉反应。Ｐ６１与常规水稻“农垦５８”（ＮＫ５８）的β亚基的分子量基本相同,但其等电点偏碱性端,与β相差约０．３个ｐＨ     

核酸代谢抑制剂对水稻光敏核不育性的影响

在稻穗分化的二次枝梗期后,观察比较了叶片喷施核酸代谢抑制剂５ＦＵ对水稻光敏核不育性及幼穗发育的影响,结果表明：长日照下,５ＦＵ在使农垦５８Ｓ穗长缩短、颖花数减少的同时,却使其抽穗提前,可育性得到一定程度的恢复;５ＦＵ处理还使农垦５８的抽穗被完全阻止。在短日照下,５ＦＵ处理则使农垦５８Ｓ与农垦５８在穗长与颖花数减少的同时,其抽穗反被延迟,可育性受到抑制而结实率显著降低,上述效应还可被随后施用的恢复剂乳清酸所弱化。因此可以认为光敏核不育现象与稻穗发育中核酸代谢的改变有关。     

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long-day and short-day treatments. The distribution of free-IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long-day treatment was much lower than that in short-day-treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S-LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.     

Relationship Between Male Fertility and Endogenous Phytohormones in Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice

A spontaneous male sterile rice plant (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nongken 58S) "Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice has been found to be male sterile under long day cycles (LD) and fertile in short day cycles (SD). The period from secondary rachis-branch and spikelet primodia to pollen mother cell formation in the process of panical development was the photoperiod-sensitive stage for fertility alternation. The phenotype of this mutant was reported to be controlled by two pairs of recessive alleles. The research on relationship between the fertility alternation and phytohormone action in this mutant have been performed by Chinese scientists since 1985. In order to study the mechanism of fertility alternation in Nongken 58S, endogenous IAA, ABA, GA1 and GA4 in apical leaves and reproductive organs in different development stages under LD and SD conditions have been quantiatvely and qualitatively identified by GC-MS-SIM method. It was found that endogenous IAA in apical leaves at the stage of pistil and stamen primodia formation and in panicles at pollen mother cell stage of Nongken 58S with LD condition was deficient comparing with those in SD. Endogenous ABA level in panicles at pollen mother cell stage, in spikelets at uninucleate stage and in anthers at anthesis stage of Nongken 58S-LD were lower than those in SD. ABA levels in corresponding organs and developmental stages of wild type of rice, "Nongken 58" were always higher in LD treatment than those in SD. Endogenous IAA, GA1 and GA4 levels in anthers at anthesis stasge of "Nongken 58"-LD were increased obviously. Thus it appeared that "Nongken 58" possess stronger resistance to LD stress than Nongken 58S. It is concluded that IAA deficiency of reproductive organs at early developmental stage, ABA decrease implying poor resistance to LD stress and reduction of GAs in late developmental stages were the factors causing the anther sterility in Nongken 58S-LD.     

光周期对光敏核不育水稻光敏色素A含量及其mRNA丰度的影响

光敏核不育水稻(农垦58S)是我国特有的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种质材料,光敏色素是光周期诱导其育性转变的受体。报道了育性转换敏感期间的光周期处理对农垦58S及对照“农垦58”叶片中光敏色素A(Phy A)含量及其mRNA丰度的影响。在10个光周期处理的最后一个暗期结束前,收获每株水稻的上部两片叶,用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定Phy A。和长日照(LD)相比,短日照(SD)处理导致农垦58SPhy A相对含量增加38.5％;而“农垦58”只增加18.5％。显然,在较长的暗期中,农垦58S中Phy A的积累比对照快。在水稻幼苗中也得出相似的结果。以光敏色素A基因(phy A)的特异性片段RPA3作探针,用RNA斑点杂交的方法对叶片中Phy A mRNA丰度进行分析的结果表明,光周期处理5d和10d时,两品种水稻的Phy A mRNA丰度都是SD处理的比LD的高,而且SD下农垦58S Phy A mRNA的丰度均比“农垦58”的高。这些结果表明,甲基化水平较低的农垦58S phy A可能比“农垦58”的phy A更活跃地表达。另外,在育性转换敏感期每日主光期结束时(EOD)进行10次短暂的远红光(FR)照射。结果表明,农垦58S植株抽穗和开花期比SD处理推迟2d,而花粉败育率、种子结实率却无变化。暗示农垦58S开花和育性转变过程的光周期反应可能不同。     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Phytochrome a Levels and Its mRNA Abundance in Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice Mutant and the Wild Type

The effect of photoperiod treatments on phytochrome A (Phy A) level and its mRNA abundance in the leaves of a photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (Nongken 58S) and its wild type ("Nongken 58') of Oryza sativa L. was investigated. The top two leaves of each rice shoot were harvested at the end of the last dark phase of 10 cycles during photoperiod-sensitive stage for fertility alteration of the mutant. Phy A was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies. Compared with longday (LD) treatment,short day (SD) resulted in 38.5% increase of relative Phy A content in the mutant, only 18.5% increase in the wild type. In an extended darkness (25 h), the accumulation of Phy A also appeared to be more rapid in the mutant seedlings than in its wild type. RNA dot blot analyses with RPA3 (a cDNA clone of rice Phy A) as a probe showed:the abundances of Phy A mRNA in top leaves of Nongken 58S and "Nongken 58" were obviously higher in SD than those in ID at the end of dark phase of 5 d and 10 d photoperiod treatments. Moreover, under SD Phy A mRNA contents in Nongken 58S were more than those in "Nongken 58" during the whole photoperi- od-sensitive stage for fertility alteration. In addition, after 10 cycles of end-of-day far-red irradiations (EOD FR), the heading and flowering date of the mutant was delayed for 2 d. However, EOD FR had little or no effect on male fertility of the mutant.     

光周期调节光敏感不育水稻叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性

从第二次枝梗原基分化期开始用长日照(LD)或短日照(SD)处理光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S和常规水稻农垦58。与SD处理比较,LD处理明显抑制农垦58S和农垦58的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsAPOD)的活性,对农垦58S的AsA POD活性的抑制效应较之农垦58的大。随着AsA POD活性下降,抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加,AsA POD活性与AsA和MDA含量之间呈负相关。LD抑制ASA POD活性和抑制幼穗发育的时间有一定的一致性。推测在LD处理下AsA POD活性下降与幼穗发育受阻有某些内在的联系。     

农垦58s育性转换与吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的关系

本文报道了农垦58s和农垦58幼穗发育期长短日下吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性变化。结果表明:58s LD叶片中吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性从花粉母细胞形成期至花粉内容物充实期显著低于58s SD,与游离IAA的积累密切相关,可能影响花粉育性;但过氧化物酶的活性在上述时期显著高于58s SD,与游离IAA的积累无关,其作用尚不清楚。58s LD幼穗及花药中两酶活性在减数分裂期和花粉内容物充实期均较58s SD高,与同期幼穗及花药中游离IAA的亏缺有一定联系,从而可能在一定程度上影响花粉育性。对照农垦58叶片和幼穗及花药中两酶活性变化都不呈现上述现象。     

Effects of Photoperiod on Supramolecular Architecture of Thylakoid Membranes from a Rice Mutant (Oryza sativa Nongken 58S)

Plants of a rice mutant (Hubei photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice, Oryza sativa L. Nongken 58S) and its wild type cv. Nongken 58 were cultured in natural summer conditions in Beijing. After induction of proper photoperiods small panicle at the stem tip emerged and developed to the stage of secondary rachis-branch and spikelet primordium formation. Subsequently, part of the rice plants received long day (LD), i.e. 10 h of day-light treatment followed by 5 h of white fluorescent illumination with 1～2 Wm-2) . The others were exposed to daylight for 10 h alternating with a 14 h of dark period as short day (SD) treatment. After 10 days of the photoperiodic treatments, the chloroplast ultrastructure of the first leave below the flag leaf was examined by freeze-fracture rotary and unidirectionally shadowed electron microscopy. At anthesis stage, Nongken 58S plants with LD treatment showed complete pollen sterility, while the same plants with SD treatment exhibited normal fertility. And fertility of Nongken 58 was not affected by photoperiod treatments. The results from electron microscopic observation showed no significant effects of either SD or LD treatment on the freeze-fractured uhrastructure of thylakoid membranes in Nongken 58. No significant difference in particle density and size distribution was found on stacked and unstacked thylakoid membrane regions of the Nongken 58S-SD and those of Nongken 58 rice. However, the particle density of the endoplasmic fracture face in the staked region (EFs) and protoplasmic fracture face in the staked region (PFs) faces detected from the leaf thylakoid membranes of Nongken 58S-SD rice was significantly higher than that of the corresponding faces from Nongken 58S-LD. In some cases much more particles on EFs faces of thylakoid membranes isolated from Nongken 58S-SD rice appeared as paracrystalline particle array, indicating increases in the number of PS Ⅱ reaction centres, LHC I and Cyt b6/f per unit area of thylakoid membrane. The particle density of the endoplasmic fracture face in the unstaked region (EFu) and protoplasmic fracture face in the unstaked region (PFu) faces from unstacked thylakoid membranes of Nongken 58S-LD was less than that of the corresponding faces from Nongken 58S-SD. And the particle density of PFu faces from margin and end of the membranes of the grana thylakoids of LD-treated Nongken 58S leaves was also less than that of unstacked thylakoid membranes from SDtreated rice. In severe cases, most of the particles on endoplasmic fracture face in the unstaked region (EFu) and protoplasmic fracture face in the unstaked region (PFu) faces were even missing, indicating a decrease in the numbers of photosystem Ⅰ , LHCⅠ , Cyt b6/f and ATPase per unit area of' thylakoid membrane. The above results could further provide an augmentation for explaning the photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterility.     

光敏核不育水稻开花和育性转变不同的光反应

从光敏核不育水稻"农垦585"幼穗分化至二次枝梗期开始,在每天的短日照光期（10h日光）结束、暗期开始时（EOD）进行15d的远红光（FR）照射实验,以比较开花、育性转变过程对短暂的远红光（FR）或红光（R）的反应。EODFR明显抑制水稻植株开花（穗分化）,导致"农垦585"和原种"农垦58"的抽穗期均比短日照下推退7d,表现为长日照效应,而"农垦58S"的结实率与原种相比却无显著变化。这暗示诱导农垦58S开花、育性转变过程的光反应可能有差异,前者不仅与光周期有关,且受EODFR的剧烈影响,而育性主要受光周期（临界暗期）控制,基本上不受EODFR的调控。     

水稻种子萌发过程中α—淀粉酶与萌发速率关系的分析

用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术和3,5－二硝基水杨酸（DNS）测定还原糖法,对不同萌发时间农垦58F,农垦58S和农垦58种子胚中α－淀粉酶同工酶及其酶活性变化进行研究,0－36小时萌发过程中,农垦58F和农垦58Sα-淀粉酶活性高于农垦58。胚中检测出五条酶,A2,A4和A5为上述种子共有酶带,A3为农垦58F和农垦58S特异性酶带,A1为农垦58特异性酶带,据此认为α-淀粉酶对水稻种子萌发速度起重要调控作用,A1和A3可能是调控种子发芽快慢的重要酶分子。     

水稻种子萌发过程中α 淀粉酶与萌发速率关系的分析

用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术和3,5_二硝基水杨酸（DNS）测定还原糖法,对不同萌发时间农垦58F、农垦58S和农垦58种子胚中α_淀粉酶同工酶及其酶活性变化进行研究。0～36小时萌发过程中,农垦58F和农垦58S α_淀粉酶活性高于农垦58。胚中检测出五条酶。A2、A4和A5为上述种子共有酶带。A3为农垦58F和农垦58S特异性酶带。A1为农垦58特异性酶带。据此认为α_淀粉酶对水稻种子萌发速度起重要调控作用。A1和A3可能是调控种子发芽快慢的重要酶分子。