授粉诱导蝴蝶兰雌蕊中乙烯合成和ACC氧化酶基因表达

对蝴蝶兰（Ｐｈａｌａｅｎｏｐｓｉｓ “Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｋｕ”ｈｏｒ．）在授粉后乙烯的合成和１－氨基环丙烷－１－羧酸（ＡＣＣ）氧化酶基因的表达进行了研究。实验结果显示在授粉后１２、２４ 和４８ ｈ,柱头和花柱中乙烯的产生和ＡＣＣ氧化酶ｍ ＲＮＡ 的积累显著下降,而子房中则明显上升,表明授粉后雌蕊中乙烯的产生与ＡＣＣ氧化酶基因的表达密切相关。此外,授粉后雌蕊的柱头中合成的乙烯相对量最多,花柱次之,子房中则较少     

菊苣薄层培养花芽,营养芽分化中内源激素的动态变化

菊苣（Ｃｉｃｈｏｒｉｕｍ ｉｎｔｙｂｕｓＬ．）花梗薄层细胞培养于ＭＳ附加ＮＡＡ 和ＢＡ 或ＩＡＡ 和ＢＡ 的ＭＳ培养基上有花芽或营养芽分化． 花芽分化中内源ＩＡＡ、ＤＨＺ＋ ＤＨＺＲ、ｉＰＡ 含量明显增加,而Ｚ＋ ＺＲ变化不明显．营养芽分化中内源细胞分裂素含量增加明显,而ＩＡＡ 在培养前７ ｄ 含量下降,随后有所增加,在原基形成时含量达原初水平的２／３． 可见,花芽分化比营养芽分化所需内源ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＫ 比值要高     

兰州百合生殖器官中睾酮含量的变化

用直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法检测了兰州百合（ＬｉｌｉｕｍｄａｎｄｉｉＤｕｃｈ．）花粉、雄蕊、雌蕊及花瓣中甾类激素──睾酮的含量。雄蕊中睾酮的含量随发育进程上升,开花当天达到最高值。雌蕊和花瓣中的睾酮含量低,而且不伴随花的发育进程变化。生殖器官中睾酮含量以成熟花粉为最高。无论蕾期授粉（亲和）或自花授粉（不亲和）与不授粉的对照相比,雌蕊的睾酮含量无显著差别。百合花粉水合后睾酮含量略有下降。花粉在体外萌发过程中,花粉管中的睾酮含量随花粉管的生长而急剧下降,这时萌发介质中只出现极微量的睾酮,而且在整个萌发时期无明显变化。推测睾酮参与雄配子体的发育和成熟,并与花粉的萌发有一定关系,但无迹象表明与受精的选择性有关。     

莜麦与玉米的远缘杂交

莜麦（Ａｖｅｎａ ｎｕｄａ Ｌ．）和玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓＬ．）杂交有一定的受精率和成胚率。人工传粉后玉米花粉能很快在莜麦柱头上萌发并长入莜麦花柱中,在６８％ 的莜麦花柱中可观察到不只一条玉米花粉管。对授粉后的１６３ 个莜麦子房进行制片观察,发现受精率可达１１．０４％ ,其中只形成胚而无胚乳的卵细胞单受精占３．０７％ ,只形成胚乳而无胚的中央细胞单受精占１．８４％ ,既形成胚又形成胚乳的双受精占６．１３％ 。从授过玉米花粉的大约２２００ 朵莜麦小花中收获１８ 粒种子,对１２ 株实生苗根尖染色体计数表明,其中９ 株为单倍体（２ｎ＝ ２１）,３ 株为二倍体（２ｎ＝ ４２）。结果证明,通过莜麦和玉米杂交后玉米染色体的消除可以获得莜麦单倍体     

施用不同量有机肥的盆栽苹果土壤中生长素及细胞分裂素含量 …

利用酶联免疫检测法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定施用不同量有机肥盆栽苹果土壤中生长素（ＩＡＡ）及细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量的结果表明，土壤中存在可以用８０％甲醇提取的植物激素，有机质含量高的土壤中ＩＡＡ及ＣＴＫ含量明显较高。     

美味猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃种间杂交花粉管行为和早期胚胎发生的观察

美味猕猴桃（Ａｃｔｉｎｉｄｉａ ｄｅｌｉｃｉｏｓａ Ｎｏ．２６）和软枣猕猴桃（Ａ． ａｒｇｕｔａ）杂交,观察了花粉管在花柱内的行为和早期胚胎发生,结果如下： 花粉粒在柱头的乳突细胞表面萌发,在开放型的Ｖ 形花柱道内生长,生长速度比对照的缓慢, 到达胚珠珠孔处的时间延迟５０ 到６０ ｈ。当花粉管生长到花柱基部时出现波纹状弯曲;顶端膨大或尖细;部分花粉管的直径发生变化;少数花粉管生长极不规则。花粉管中胼胝质沿管壁不规则沉积, 有的不形成胼胝质塞,或整个管壁被胼胝质所覆盖。约有２６．７４％ 的胚珠受精, 并发育成种子,其中正常种子占６８．５０％ ;败育种子占３１．５０％ ,其中约有１１．４１％ 为空瘪种子;未受精胚珠占６１．４５％ 。正常种子及其胚均较对照的小。胚发育为茄型,胚乳为细胞型,合子保持休眠十几天后开始分裂形成胚,传粉后５０ｄ 见到子叶胚     

水稻雌蕊与胚囊中钙的超微细胞化学定位

用焦锑酸盐沉淀法对水稻（OryzasativaL．）授粉前后雌蕊和胚囊中的钙进行了超微细胞化学定位。结果表明,柱头乳突细胞表面和花柱薄壁细胞中均含钙沉淀;开花前1d,整个胚囊中含钙较少,两个助细胞中钙分布无差异;临近开花时,1个助细胞已退化,其钙含量明显增加;开花后6h,胚囊已受精,退化助细胞中钙含量进一步增加;受精前卵细胞中钙主要分布在液泡中,核和胞质中较少;受精后,其钙含量明显增加,主要分布于核中。重点讨论了钙与助细胞退化和卵细胞激活的关系。     

噬菌体RB69 DNA聚合酶的表达、分离纯化和其聚合反应的稳态动力学研究

噬菌体ＲＢ６９外切酶活性缺失的ＤＮＡ 聚合酶突变体（Ｄ２２２Ａ／Ｄ３２７Ａ）在大肠杆菌细胞中表达,表达量达细胞蛋白总量的６９％ ．表达后经ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ＦａｓｔＦｌｏｗ , Ｓｏｕｒｃｅ ３０Ｑ 和ＨＴＰ三步分离纯化,纯度可达９９％ 以上．随后测定了该酶利用５种ｄＮＴＰ为底物进行聚合反应的酶促动力学常数（Ｋｍ 和Ｋｃａｔ）,结果表明该酶利用ｄＵＴＰ的能力与利用ｄＴＴＰ的能力相近,Ｋｍ （ｄＴＴＰ）和Ｋｍ（ｄＵＴＰ）均较高于其它３种脱氧核苷酸的Ｋｍ （ｄＡＴＰ, ｄＣＴＰ, ｄＧＴＰ）,推测其Ｋｍ 值的差异主要来源于Ｔ／Ｕ 碱基本身,而并非全部由ＧＣ碱基配对与ＡＴ碱基配对之间的氢键作用力的强弱差别所决定．     

黄瓜子房（幼果）中内源激素含量和过氧化物酶活性变化及其单 …

授粉与不授粉的黄爪单性结果品系ＥＰ－６以及授粉的间意志生结果品系ＹＤ－１、ＺＱ－１均能正常结果,不授粉的ＹＤ－１、ＺＱ－１果产不能发育或发育成畸形。从花前２ｄ至开花当天,ＥＰ－６子房中ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ含量与过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性均高于ＹＤ－１、ＺＱ－１。从开花当天至花后４ｄ的幼果,４个能单性结果的ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ含量均上升而ＰＯＤ活性下降,不授粉ＹＤ－１、ＺＱ－１的ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ含量花后仍维持低水平     

鲜为人知的自体授精现象

在开花植物中,传粉、受精这一过程很为常见,但不传粉而能正常进行受精、结实的现象却鲜为人知。本世纪８０年代初,美国康涅狄格大学的植物学家费尔勃里克（Ｃ．Ｔ．Ｐｈｉｌｂｒｉｃｋ）发现,水马齿属（Ｃａｌｌｉｔｒｉｃｈｅ）的两个种:异叶水马齿（Ｃ．ｈｅｔｅｒｏｐ?..     

Change in Cytokinin Levels in Reproductive Organs of Nicotiana tabacum Before and After Pollination

Immunoaffinity systems and indirect competitive ELISA were used to determine the changes of cytokinin (CTK) content in reproductive organs of Nicotiana tabacum before and after pollination. It was found that t-ZR and iPA existed in all reproductive organs tested, and their contents were higher in female than in male organs. On the 5th day before anthesis. CTK reached its peak value in anthers and filaments, then it declined. In styles, CTK content increased after pollination and reached its peak one day later. In ovaries, levels of CTK began to increase two days after pollination and reached its peak two days later, just at the time when fertilization took place. If unpollinated, CTK levels decreased both in styles and ovaries. Pollination and fertilization resulted in an increment of CTK in pistils, accompanied with the process of pollen germinfition and pollen tube growth. It could thus be inferred that t-ZR and iPA played some active role in pollination and fertilization.     

用免疫亲和层析和ELISA测定百合花粉萌发过程中细胞分裂素含量的变化

兰州百合（Ｌｉｌｉｕｍ ｄａｖｉｄｉｉＤａｃｈ．）花粉在ＰＥＧ－４００ 中萌发,用高度灵敏和特异的ｔ－ＺＲ－ＩｇＧ和ｉＰＡ－ＩｇＧ 免疫亲和层析分离纯化萌发花粉和萌发液中细胞分裂素,并用酶检疫连锁鉴定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定Ｎ６－异戊烯腺嘌呤核苷（ｔ－ＺＲ）和异戊烯基腺苷（ｉＰＡ）含量。结果表明每克鲜重花粉含有３９ ｎｇ ｔ－ＺＲ和４８ ｎｇ ｉＰＡ。花粉水合后ｔ－ＺＲ 含量略有下降,而ｉＰＡ 含量明显增高,细胞分裂素总量几乎不变。水合过程中有细胞分裂素的消长,这种变化与花粉管的启动有关。在萌发的前３ 小时,花粉管生长速度最快,ｔ－ＺＲ和ｉＰＡ 在花粉管和萌发液中的含量也随着增加,其增长趋势和花粉管生长速度同步     

Fluctuation in levels of endogenous plant hormones in ovules of normal and mutant cotton during flowering and their relation to fiber development

The contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinins were determined in ovules of normal cotton (Tm-1) and a kind of fiber differentiation mutant (Xin) before and after flowering by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. It was found that 24 h before flowering, a peak of IAA content was observed in ovules of Tm-1, whereas in ovules of Xin, a low level of IAA was determined. From –1 day (1 day before flowering) to +3 days (3 days after flowering), GA₁₊₃ levels in ovules of Xin were 40–70% lower than those of Tm-1; GA₄₊₇ levels were very low, and there was no visible difference in GA₄₊₇ content between normal and mutant cotton. The ABA content in ovule of Tm-1 decreased by 70% 3 days after flowering, whereas that of Xin only decreased by 20%. The levels of cytokinins in ovules of Tm-1 decreased after flowering, and those of Xin kept up a steady increase.Abbreviations IAA indole-3-acetic acid - GA gibberellin - ABA abscisic acid - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - FW fresh weight - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - iPA isopentenyladenosine - ZR zeatin riboside - DHZR dihydrozeatin riboside - CTK cytokinin     

Changes of Endogenous Hormone Contents During Floral Bud and Vegetative Bud Differentiation in Thin Cell Layer Culture of Cichorium intybus L. Explant

The sectioned thin cell layers (TCL) of flower stalk of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA or IAA and BA where floral and vegetative buds were developed from the explant. Endogenous IAA, DHZ+DHZR, iPA increased significantly during the floral bud formation, while Z+ZR remained changed. The levels of cytokinins, DHZ +DHZR, iPA, and Z-f-ZR all increased significantly during the vegetative bud formation, however IAA level was reduced during the first 7 days of culture and increased to two-thirds of initial values on the day when the bud primordia were formed. The results suggested that the initiation of floral buds was associated with a high IAA/CTK ratio, whereas the induction of vegetative bud differentiation was related to a low IAA/CTK ratio.     

棉花花芽分化时期茎尖内源激素的变化

实验结果表明,从子叶展平后到肉眼可花芽（现蕾）,所测几种激素（ABA、IAA、GA3、iPA、ZR）的含量均表现出明显的动态变化,而且在花芽分化临界期表现出最显著的变化（出现高峰或出现低峰）。推测所测几种激素均与花芽分化有密切关系。其中ABA、GA3和CTK（iPA、ZR）在花芽分化临界期时,其含量变化均呈现出一个高峰;而IAA则在花芽分化临界期时出现一个低峰。经比较分析得知,随着花芽分化的进行,ABA/IAA、GA3／IAA、CTK／IAA均表现一个较明显的变化规律。即从子叶展平时起,其比值开始上升,到花芽开始分化时达到一个峰值,之后逐渐下降,并维持在一个较稳定的水平。显然,ABA／IAA、GA3／IAA、CTK／IAA在棉花的花芽分化过程中起着重要的调控作用。由此推测,增加植物体内的ABA、GA3、CTK的含量或降低IAA的含量,都可以促进棉花的花芽分化;反之则抑制棉花的花芽分化。     

Studies on the Active Changes of GA3 and Cytokinins During Development and Ripening in Seabuckthorn Fruits

The phenological stages in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Subsp. sinensis Rousi and H. thibetana Schlechted) distributed naturally over an area of Wushao ridge were observed. The changes in levels of endogenous phytohormones GA3, iPA, zeatin, IAA and ABA were investigated systematically during development and ripening periods in the two sorts of fruits. The results showed that two peak values of GA3 level in seeds were detected (in 105—109 days and 128--132 days after anthesis). The first peak value of isopentenyl adenine (IPA) in seeds was determined in 92--96 days when the fruit was starting to change its colour and just right now the zeatin first appeared. The iPA content reached the second peak value in 127-136 days after anthesis during fruit full ripening and beginning to deciduous leaf and the maximum of zeatin in seeds appeared near the same time (in 127 days after anthesis). It was remarkable that the zeatin content in fruit stalk and flesh still was kept on high level, in the meantime the zeatin level in seeds dropped down rapidly. Based on the facts that the time of the first peak value in GA3 and iPA level is close to the date when ABA is first detected, and the date of second peak value in GA3, iPA and IAA is coincident with the time of maximum in ABA and zeatin levels make it reasonable to consider that the balance of phytohormones may be more important than absolute amounts of any single hormone during the periods of fruit development and ripening, and meanwhile it also proved that GA3 and CTK play an important regulatory role in controlling fruit ripening and colour changing process of seabuckthorn fruit.     

Ethylene synthesis in petunia stigma tissues governs the growth of pollen tubes in progamic phase of fertilization

In the pollen-pistil system of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) self-compatible and self-incompatible clones within 7 h after self-pollination, we determined the content of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), the activity of two enzymes (ACC synthase and ACC oxidase), and the rate of ethylene production. Depending on the type of pollination, germination of pollen on the stigma surface and the pollen tube growth in the tissues of style were accompanied by different levels of ACC and ethylene release. The pollen-pistil system of the self-compatible clone contained twice more ACC than in the self-incompatible clone, whereas the pollen-pistil system in the self-incompatible clone produced 4–5 times more ethylene than in the self-compatible clone. For both types of pollination, ACC and ethylene were predominantly produced in the stigma tissues. The rate of ethylene production therein was 50 times greater than in the styles and ovaries, and the content of ACC was 100 times higher than in the styles and ovaries. Germination of male gametophyte after both types of pollination was accompanied by elevated ACC synthase activity (especially in the case of compatible pollination), whereas notable increase in ACC oxidase activity was manifested in growing pollen tubes after self-incompatible pollination     

野菊与菊花杂交中花粉活力和柱头可授性及胚胎发育研究

应用石蜡制片、活体压片、光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察等方法,研究了四倍体河南云台山野菊(Dendranthema indicum)与栽培菊花'钟山金山'(D.grandiflorum 'Zhongshanjinshan')种间杂交中父本花粉活力、花粉在柱头萌发、花粉管生长及胚胎发育情况等.结果发现,父本云台山野菊的花粉活力在授粉时为12%左右.人工授粉后的不同时间,在柱头上都观察到正常萌发的花粉粒,且花粉管都能进入柱头,其中,在授粉后0.5 h时,平均每柱头有5.9粒花粉萌发;12 h时,为59.9粒;而24和48 h时,则分别降为47.1和35.7粒.此外,在授粉后8、10、12和15 d时,分别在49.1%、40.8%、39.7%和38.5%子房内观察到正常发育的胚胎,最终杂交结实率为44.8%,而母本自然开放结实率为52.3%.研究表明,授粉前其多数母本雌蕊发育良好、授粉后多数花粉能在柱头正常萌发和花粉管正常生长,在受精后大部分胚胎发育正常是野菊与栽培菊种间杂交较高结实率的重要保证,而授粉前父本较低的花粉活力对杂交结实率影响不大.     

Doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization in Ipomoea purpurea

• Flowers, the reproductive organs of angiosperms, show a high degree of diversity in morphological structure and flowering habit to ensure pollination and fertilization of the plants. Effect of flower movement on pollination and fertilization was investigated in Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) in this study.
• Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the germination of pollen grains at different temperatures.
• From 04:00 to 06:00 h, the stigma was taller than the filaments, so that self‐pollination could not occur, and cross‐pollination was carried out by insects. Pollen grains germinated rapidly after falling on the stigma; the pollen tube reached the ovule to complete fertilization after 2–3 h. From 07:00 to 09:00 h, filaments of two stamens grew rapidly and reached the same height as the stigma, thus allowing self‐crossing. But at this time, the ambient temperature was already high and was not conducive to the germination of pollen grains. The corolla closed, forming an inverted bell shape, where the inner microenvironment ensured completion of pollen germination and fertilization.
• Preferential cross‐pollination and delayed self‐crossing of I. purpurea provided a doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization, facilitating its adaptation to a high temperature climate.