酿酒酵母人造纤维小体的研究进展简

纤维素乙醇的统合生物加工过程（consolidated bioprocessing,CBP）是将（半）纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解和乙醇发酵过程组合,通过一种微生物完成的生物加工过程。 CBP有利于降低生物转化过程的成本,受到研究者的普遍关注。酿酒酵母（ Saccharomyces cerevisiae）作为传统的乙醇生产菌株,是极具潜力的CBP底盘细胞。纤维小体是某些厌氧微生物细胞表面由纤维素酶系与支架蛋白组成的大分子复合物,它能高效降解木质纤维,在酿酒酵母表面展示纤维小体已成为构建CBP细胞的研究热点。笔者综述了人造纤维小体在酿酒酵母细胞表面展示组装的研究进展,重点阐述了纤维小体各元件的设计和改造,并针对酿酒酵母分泌途径的改造,提出提高人造纤维小体分泌组装的可能性策略。     

酿酒酵母人造纤维小体的研究进展

纤维素乙醇的统合生物加工过程(consolidated bioprocessing,CBP)是将(半)纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解和乙醇发酵过程组合,通过一种微生物完成的生物加工过程。CBP有利于降低生物转化过程的成本,受到研究者的普遍关注。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)作为传统的乙醇生产菌株,是极具潜力的CBP底盘细胞。纤维小体是某些厌氧微生物细胞表面由纤维素酶系与支架蛋白组成的大分子复合物,它能高效降解木质纤维,在酿酒酵母表面展示纤维小体已成为构建CBP细胞的研究热点。笔者综述了人造纤维小体在酿酒酵母细胞表面展示组装的研究进展,重点阐述了纤维小体各元件的设计和改造,并针对酿酒酵母分泌途径的改造,提出提高人造纤维小体分泌组装的可能性策略。     

酿酒酵母纤维素乙醇统合加工(CBP)的策略及研究进展

木质纤维素乙醇的统合生物加工过程(Consolidated bioprocessing,CBP)是将纤维素酶和半纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解和乙醇发酵过程组合或部分组合,通过一种微生物完成。统合生物加工过程有利于降低生物转化过程的成本,越来越受到研究者的普遍关注。酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae是传统的乙醇发酵菌株。介绍了影响外源基因在酿酒酵母中表达水平的因素,纤维素酶和半纤维素酶在酿酒酵母中表达研究进展及利用酿酒酵母统合加工纤维素乙醇的策略。     

纤维素酶在酿酒酵母中的表达研究

统合生物加工过程（Consolidated bioprocessing,CBP）具有应用于纤维素乙醇生产的潜力,而该技术的关键是构建能有效降解纤维素的工程菌株。酿酒酵母是传统的乙醇发酵菌株,作为CBP宿主菌株具有很多优势,因此在酿酒酵母中表达纤维素酶引起研究者的普遍关注。综述了纤维素酶基因在酿酒酵母中表达的影响因素,包括基因表达盒表达元件（启动子、信号肽和终止子等）、纤维素酶基因拷贝数及存在形式以及纤维素酶基因来源等,并对一种和多种纤维素酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达及构建得到的CBP菌株研究进展做了简要介绍。     

鸡尾酒δ整合策略构建表达三类纤维素酶的酿酒酵母工程菌株及初步评价

木质纤维素乙醇具有替代化石燃料的潜力,其生产过程包括生物质预处理、纤维素酶生产、水解和发酵等多个步骤。将纤维素酶生产、水解和发酵组合在一起的统合生物加工过程（consolidated bioprocessing,CBP）由于能降低水解和发酵成本而具有应用于纤维素乙醇生产的潜力,该技术的关键是构建能有效降解纤维素的工程菌株,而构建表达纤维素酶的酿酒酵母即是其中一种选择。采用鸡尾酒多拷贝δ整合的策略将7种纤维素酶基因（Trichoderma reesei cbh1、cbh2和egl2,Aspergillus aculeatus cbh1、egl1和bgl1）表达盒整合至酿酒酵母W303-1A染色体上,经4轮整合筛选得到菌株LA1、LA2、LA3和LA4。对这4个菌株进行纤维素酶活性测定,结果表明从LA1到LA3各种纤维素酶活性呈递增趋势,而LA4的酶活性与LA3的酶活水平相当。对菌株LA3进行酸碱预处理玉米芯料的发酵评价,结果表明：①在外加商品化纤维素酶的情况下,与对照菌株W303-1A和AADY相比,LA3能有效利用纤维素料发酵产醇;②与分步整合的菌株W3相比,发酵性能更优;③培养基中的营养成分影响菌株发酵性能。这些结果表明,鸡尾酒δ整合是一种有效的构建酿酒酵母CBP菌株的方法。     

利用Flo1p锚定蛋白在酿酒酵母表面展示三种纤维素酶的纤维素乙醇发酵

为了简化纤维素乙醇生产工艺,实现纤维素利用与乙醇发酵的同步进行,通过酵母细胞表面展示技术,以酿酒酵母菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5为受体,通过絮凝素(Flo1p)锚定方式,将来自丝状真菌里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei的内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ(EGII)、纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ(CBHII)以及来自棘孢曲霉Aspergillus aculeatus的β-葡糖苷酶Ⅰ(BGLI)展示在细胞表面,构建同时表达3种纤维素酶的酵母菌群系统。经过免疫荧光验证展示酶的细胞蛋白定位,酶活测定,乙醇发酵性能验证,结果表明:展示表达的3种纤维素酶具有良好的稳定性和功能活性;在EGII、CBHII和BGLI协同作用下重组酵母菌株能够水解溶胀磷酸纤维素(Phosphoric acid swollen cellulose,简称PASC)并产生乙醇,乙醇浓度达到最大值0.77 g/L,乙醇产量为0.35 g/g,相当于理论值的68.6%。本研究成功构建了利用Flo1p作为锚定蛋白的絮凝素展示系统,初步实现了纤维素利用与乙醇发酵的同步进行,为利用酿酒酵母表面展示技术固定并表达纤维素酶提供了一定的理论依据。     

微生物降解利用木质纤维素的协同作用

木质纤维素复杂的结构组成,是制约高效降解利用这一资源、发展生物炼制的瓶颈。微生物的多酶(菌)体系可有效降解木质纤维素。除好氧微生物的游离酶协同系统之外,主要存在于厌氧细菌中的纤维小体也是有序、高效的协同降解纤维素的复合体系。近年来,在天然纤维小体研究的基础上,研究者们成功设计、构建了人工纤维小体,加深了对这一复合体系的组成单元的理性认识。另外,菌群共培养技术利用各组成菌株代谢途径的协同作用实现了木质纤维素的高效降解。最后,引入异源纤维素酶,可改造现有工程菌株的代谢网络,提高工程菌发酵生产终产物的能力。这些技术有利于实现一步转化生产乙醇的联合生物工艺,有助于提高生物炼制的产率、降低生产成本。     

统合生物工艺与纤维素分解性高温菌乙醇转化的研究进展

生物乙醇是可再生的绿色能源,作为可以完全或部分替代化石能源的新型能源,近年来受到了世界各国的关注.木质纤维素作为生物乙醇的生产原料具有巨大的市场潜力,而统合生物工艺(CBP)能有效降低木质纤维素乙醇的生产成本,为纤维素乙醇的工业化生产提供了新的工艺思路.主要介绍利用高温纤维素分解菌的统合生物工艺策略以及国内外对高温纤维素分解茵代谢工程研究的最新进展.     

纤维小体在燃料乙醇中的应用

纤维小体在木质纤维素的降解中起着重要作用。它不仅含有降解纤维素所需的各种纤维素酶系,而且组装成具有高效催化活性的多酶复合体形式。介绍了纤维小体基本结构与功能,重点概述了其在生物燃料乙醇中的应用并对纤维小体的研究提出了展望。     

酿酒酵母木糖转运基因研究进展

由于对全球变暖等日益严重的环境问题的担忧,生产生物乙醇等清洁能源的技术正受到世界各国越来越多的关注。较之以粮食为原料生产乙醇,木质纤维素生产生物乙醇具有更大的发展潜力,因其来源广泛,廉价且可再生。以木质纤维素生产生物乙醇已经取得长足进步,但仍面临几个主要问题,比如天然酿酒酵母不能利用木糖发酵乙醇,木质纤维素酶成本过高,木质纤维素预处理环节成本高等。已经有基因改造的酵母菌株可以利用戊糖和己糖进行生物乙醇生产。然而,这些菌株对木糖的利用效率很低。这主要是因为酿酒酵母缺乏高效的特异性木糖转运基因,木糖运输依赖已糖转运基因。为了提高木糖利用速度,已有不少方法成功应用于构建重组酵母细胞。现对酵母木糖转运基因的最新研究进展进行简要概述。     

Screening of optimal cellulases from symbiotic protists of termites through expression in the secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

For direct and efficient ethanol production from cellulosic materials, we screened optimal cellulases from symbiotic protists of termites through heterologous expression with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 11 cellulases, belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 5, 7, and 45 endoglucanases (EGs), were confirmed to produce with S. cerevisiae for the first time. A recombinant yeast expressing SM2042B24 EG I was more efficient at degrading carboxylmethyl cellulose than was Trichoderma reesei EG I, a major EG with high cellulolytic activity.     

Screening of Optimal Cellulases from Symbiotic Protists of Termites through Expression in the Secretory Pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

For direct and efficient ethanol production from cellulosic materials, we screened optimal cellulases from symbiotic protists of termites through heterologous expression with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 11 cellulases, belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 5, 7, and 45 endoglucanases (EGs), were confirmed to produce with S. cerevisiae for the first time. A recombinant yeast expressing SM2042B24 EG I was more efficient at degrading carboxylmethyl cellulose than was Trichoderma reesei EG I, a major EG with high cellulolytic activity.     

In vitro assembly of minicellulosomes with two scaffoldins on the yeast cell surface for cellulose saccharification and bioethanol production

The present paper reports in vitro strategies for assembly of minicellulosomes with two miniscaffoldins on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface. It was carried out through incubation of the yeast cells displaying scaffoldins with Escherichia coli lysates containing recombinant cellulases, or using a four-population yeast consortium. The results showed that the display level of miniscaffoldin II was distinctly increased by moving the cellulases production into E. coli or other yeast cells, indicating that the metabolic burden of the yeast host was decreased. The yeast consortium did not show any cellulolytic activity, while the E. coli lysates-treated yeast, whose anchoring miniscaffoldin length was optimized, was able to produce ～1138 mg/L ethanol from microcrystalline cellulose within 4 days. We also confirmed that the yeast-associated minicellulosome moreover showed both higher thermal stability and lower protease accessibility than free minicellulosome. This research promotes the application of S. cerevisiae as a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) microorganism in cellulosic bioethanol production.     

Engineering microbes for direct fermentation of cellulose to bioethanol

Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by micro-organisms is desired for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol fuels. Potential candidates have been discovered, including cellulolytic bacteria and filamentous fungi. Genetic and metabolic manipulation of these organisms further promotes their fermentation capacities and the ethanol tolerance. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other yeasts were genetically modified to express recombinant cellulases in media or display them on the cell surface for CBP of cellulose. To compensate the insufficient capacity of a single strain, various microbial consortia have also been developed. In this article, we reviewed the recent advances in CBP microbes and focused on the efforts in strain improvement employing genetic engineering.     

Hydrolysis and fermentation of amorphous cellulose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this study, we expressed two cellulase encoding genes, an endoglucanase of Trichoderma reesei (EGI) and the beta-glucosidase of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera (BGL1), in combination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting strain was able to grow on phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) through simultaneous production of sufficient extracellular endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase activity. Anaerobic growth (0.03h(-1)) up to 0.27gl(-1) DCW was observed on medium containing 10gl(-1) PASC as sole carbohydrate source with concomitant ethanol production of up to 1.0gl(-1). We have thus demonstrated the construction of a yeast strain capable of growth on and one-step conversion of amorphous cellulose to ethanol, representing significant progress towards realization of one-step processing of cellulosic biomass in a consolidated bioprocessing configuration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recombinant strain of S. cerevisiae growing on pure cellulose.