我国三种苦草的比较形态观察

苦草属(Vallisneria)在我国分布广,蕴藏量大,目前已发表的种类有苦草(V.spiralis L.)密齿苦草(V.denseserrulata(Makino)Makino)刺苦草(V.spinulosa Yan),亚洲苦草(V.asiatica Miki),大苦草(V.gigantea Gtaco.)(产台湾),但对这5种植物仅在宏观的形态特征方面作一般描述,微观方面的资料尚感欠缺。本文特对密齿苦草、刺苦草和亚洲苦草作较详细论述。为了核实野外所采标术雌雄株配对是否正确和进一步深入研究,我们对每种苦草只用同一果实的种子在室内进行播种培植,以观察比较它们之间各个发育阶段的形态特征。此外,还利用扫描电子显微镜对其雄花、花粉粒和种子进行了观察研究。结果表明:亚洲苦草的雄花仅有1枚发育雄蕊;花中无退化雄蕊和退化花瓣;果实长园柱形,光滑无刺;种子倒卵状长棒形。种皮上有许多腺毛,而密齿苦草和刺苦草的雄花均具2枚发育雄蕊,花中各有1枚退化雄蕊和退化花瓣。但前者的果实是三棱状长柱形,光滑无刺;种子倒卵状长棒形,无毛状或翅状突起物。而后者的果实虽仍为长柱状三棱形,但各条棱上有小刺状突起;种子倒卵形,有5—2翅。     

长梗苦草雄花结构的环境扫描电镜观察

用环境扫描电子显微镜对沉水植物长梗苦草(Vallisneria longipedunculata)的雄花结构进行了观察研究。结果显示,长梗苦草雄花具3枚花被,2枚雄蕊是由3枚雄蕊中的1枚退化而来的,退化雄蕊清晰可见;花药4室,发育过程中通过药室顶端开裂,以及花药室基部的细胞收缩,将花粉粒都推到花药室的裂口处进行发育,成熟花粉粒直接外露;长梗苦草的花粉粒直径约50μm,壁薄,表面几乎没有纹饰,未发现萌发孔或萌发沟,这些是对特殊生境和传粉方式的适应。     

长江中下游湖泊两种混生苦草属植物生活史特征与共存分布格局

 在对长江中下游流域湖南、湖北、江西和安徽4省25个湖泊苦草属(Vallisneria)植物种群进行广泛的取样调查、鉴定和查明种间共存格局的基 础上,结合同园种植实验,对该属两个混生近缘种刺苦草(V. spinulosa)和苦草(V. natans)有性和无性生活史特征进行了定量测定和比较研究 ,探讨了种间生活史差异对种间共存格局的影响。结果表明：1)刺苦草是长江中下游湖泊的优势物种,苦草为常见种,而密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)仅有很少分布;2)苦草和刺苦草常混生于这些湖泊中,形成共存分布格局：刺苦草和苦草种间呈明显的的带状相间分布格局, 或苦草只零星分布于刺苦草群落中;3)刺苦草和苦草有性和无性生活史特征显著不同：刺苦草为多年生,主要以无性繁殖为主,只有有限的有 性繁殖投入;相反,苦草在调查的地区为一年生,以有性繁殖为主,只进行微弱的克隆生长,且不能产生克隆繁殖器官(冬芽)。刺苦草和苦草 在有性和无性繁殖生活史对策上的权衡,导致种间资源利用和竞争能力的分异而使这两个近缘种得以共存。     

我国苦草属(Vallisneria L.)植物的生态学研究

苦草是水鳖科(Hydrocharitaceae)苦草属(Vallisneria)沉水草本植物,无直立茎,叶基生,线形或带形,常被称为扁担草、蓼萍草、水韭菜、面条草、扁子草和鸭舌条等,广泛分布于世界各地。本属植物有6～10种〔1,2〕,我国的苦草属植物依《中国植物志》第8卷有3种——苦草(V.natansHara)、刺苦草(V.spinulosaYan)和密刺苦草(V.denseserrulataMakino),而没有V.spiralisL.,VasiaticaMiki和V.giganteaGraebner等种〔1〕。本文苦草属植物的命名以《中国植物志》第8卷为准,引用文献一般尊重原作者的意见。下文中,无具体说明,苦草均为苦草属植物的通…     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物命名考及区分要点

由于苦草属(Vallisneria L.)植物的繁殖器官微小,营养器官相似且变异较大,使该属植物的鉴定和命名较混乱。笔者通过对有关文献的考证和长期跟踪观察,对我国记载的苦草属3种植物——苦草(Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara)、刺苦草(V. spinulosa Yan)、密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata Makino)的命名历史进行了梳理,并对这3种植物的形态特征进行了详细描述。根据种间形态差异,可为苦草属植物的分类鉴定和相关研究提供一定的参考。     

我国山毛榉科植物中一个新分布的属——三棱栎属

乔木。三叶轮生具成对合生的叶柄间托叶,或叶互生具离生的托叶。花序穗状,自正常和退化两者叶的腋中生出,单性,雄花序位于下方而雌花序位于上方,或仅有雄花序,簇状,或为雌雄同序下方具雄花而上方具雌花。雄花序挺直或曲折。雄花:(1—)3—7朵簇生,每簇具1基生和2侧生苞片;花被具6个复瓦状裂片,裂片下部合生;雄蕊6,与花被裂片对生,花药大(如栎属Quercus),宽卵圆形,基部心形,近背着但不为丁字着;退化雄蕊缺失。雌花:单生或3(—7)朵簇生,两种情况下承以3枚     

楼梯草属二新种

描述了荨麻科楼梯草属2新种,其中发现自贵州的安龙楼梯草与条叶楼梯草近缘,与后者的区别在于此新种的茎和叶无毛,叶片椭圆形或狭倒卵形,较宽,雄苞片无角状突起,雌头状花序无梗,其花序托不等3～4裂,柱头画笔头状; 自广西发现的厚序楼梯草与福贡楼梯草近缘,与后者的区别在于此新种的叶片质地较薄,呈膜质,上面疏被糙伏毛,叶柄较短,长达2 mm或不存在,雄花序梗圆柱形,较长,密被短柔毛,雄总苞由一层不具角状突起的苞片组成。     

楼梯草属二新种

该文描述了荨麻科楼梯草属2新种,其中发现自贵州的安龙楼梯草与条叶楼梯草近缘,与后者的区别在于此新种的茎和叶无毛,叶片椭圆形或狭倒卵形,较宽,雄苞片无角状突起,雌头状花序无梗,其花序托不等3~4裂,柱头画笔头状;自广西发现的厚序楼梯草与福贡楼梯草近缘,与后者的区别在于此新种的叶片质地较薄,呈膜质,上面疏被糙伏毛,叶柄较短,长达2 mm或不存在,雄花序梗圆柱形,较长,密被短柔毛,雄总苞由一层不具角状突起的苞片组成。     

南溪楼梯草,云南荨麻科一新种

该文描述了自云南东南部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,南溪楼梯草(Elatostema nanxiense)。此新种与田林楼梯草(E. tianlinense)相似,但其叶具三出脉,边缘具浅圆齿或小钝齿,雄总苞苞片较少,8枚,排成一层,背面有1～3条纵肋,只1枚在顶端具角状突起而与后者相区别。此外,此新种与盘托楼梯草系的广布种盘托楼梯草(E. dissectum)的区别在于其茎被糙伏毛,叶呈椭圆形,具三出脉,雄头状花序的花序梗较短,雄总苞苞片较少,呈宽卵形或横长方形,背面有1～3条纵肋,雄小苞片有缘毛。     

勾儿茶属和小勾儿茶属(鼠李科)的果实及种子形态研究及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜和解剖镜下研究鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)勾儿茶属(Berchemia)和小勾儿茶属(Berchemiella)共17种植物的果实和种子形态.结果表明：小勾儿茶属的核果1室,具1枚种子,勾儿茶属大多数种的核果2室,每室具1枚种子,但多叶勾儿茶(B．polyphylla)的核果1室较大,具1枚种子,另一室较小而没有种子,该种可能是连接勾儿茶属和小勾儿茶属的中间类群.这两个属的种子形状通常为不规则长椭圆形,种皮纹饰可划分为光滑或几乎光滑、具不明显或稀疏的条纹以及具明显的条纹或沟这三种类型.种皮纹饰的差异对这两个属属下种类的划分具有一定的意义.讨论了与前人研究结果不同之处和可能的原因.     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物命名考及区分要点

由于苦草属（Vallisneria L.）植物的繁殖器官微小,营养器官相似且变异较大,使该属植物的鉴定和命名较混乱。笔者通过对有关文献的考证和长期跟踪观察,对我国记载的苦草属3种植物——苦草（Vallisneria natans（Lour.）Hara）、刺苦草（V.spinulosa Yan）、密刺苦草（V.denseserrulata Makino）的命名历史进行了梳理,并对这3种植物的形态特征进行了详细描述。根据种间形态差异,可为苦草属植物的分类鉴定和相关研究提供一定的参考。     

几种水生植物种子萌发的聚集效应研究

以10种常见水生植物的种子为材料,研究了种子聚集对其萌发的影响。结果表明,水鳖科植物种子萌发对聚集的响应多为正效应：海菜花（Ottelia acuminata）、出水水菜花（O.emersa）、密刺苦草（Vallisneria denseser-rulata）、水鳖（Hydrocharis dubia）和无尾水筛（Blyxa aubertii）种子聚集后其最终萌发率显著提高;苦草（V.na-tans）和刺苦草（V.spinulosa）种子聚集后最终萌发率虽然没有显著提高,但是其萌发速率得到显著提高。种子聚集对穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）的种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,而对穿叶眼子菜（Potamogeton perfo-liatus）和水麦冬（Triglochin palustre）的种子萌发无显著作用。水生植物的种子聚集萌发特性可能与其繁殖策略有关。水鳖科植物多进行有性繁殖或者有性繁殖比例较大,其种子也由于粘性物质的包裹为聚集分布,在野外聚集萌发的大量植株形成一个单一物种的斑块,这有利于迅速占领新生境。而穗花狐尾藻、穿叶眼子菜和水麦冬种群维持和扩张基本依靠克隆繁殖。     

Reproductive biology of the dioecious Canary Islands endemic Withania aristata (Solanaceae)

We confirmed functional dioecy of Withania aristata via field and greenhouse studies. Male flowers are significantly larger. Female flowers bear stamens with no pollen; males bear 220?000 grains. Stigmata of male flowers senesce in buds. Anatomical observations confirm more ovules in females and an ovarian nectary in both sexes. We detected nectar in female flowers in the greenhouse but found no nectar in males. Thus, males offer pollen and females nectar. Females bear large numbers of fruits and, infrequently, male plants bear few significantly smaller fruits with few seeds. Outcrosses of females (self crosses impossible without pollen) yielded fruits in young buds, older buds, and open flowers. Self crosses of male flowers succeeded only with very young buds. Although functionally dioecious, this species manifests self-compatibility; however, no fruits are produced autonomously. Bee species (Lassioglossum, Amegilla, Apis) visit flowers and mature buds. Bud visits in which bees force petal tips apart, coupled with self-compatibility, may explain infrequent fruit on males. Thus, dioecy in W. aristata seems to have evolved from self-compatible ancestors, that leaky dioecy may have been favored during colonization, and, that despite autogamy and a low floral visition rate, this endemic enjoys a high rate of reproductive success.     

The reproductive biology of a distylous tree, Sarcotheca celebica (Oxalidaceae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sarcotheca celebica is a tree endemic lo Sulawesi (and Kabaena Island). Kike many species in the Oxalidaceae it is heterostylous (here distylous). The small red flowers, which last less than one day, are produced in loose inflorescences which bloom over a long flowering season (several months). There are two whorls of stamens in each plant, which overlap in length, perhaps indicating a tristylous origin. Long–styled and short–styled plants differed in the measurements of stamens, styles and pollen grains. Only a small amount of pollen was produced by long–styled plants. Effective insect pollinators were mainly large Hymenoptcra, especially Xylocopa species, which visited many flowers and different trees in rapid succession. A wide diversity of insects visited flowers of both morphs, and numbers visiting each morph were approximately equal. The only successful experimental pollinations were from pollen of short–styled plants onto stigmas of long–styled plants. Automatic self–pollination did not occur. In nature not all flowers produced fruit, some fruits were set with no seeds and a low number of seeds was set in all fruits. The differences in seed set per fruit between short–styled, long–styled and experimental crosses indicate that pollinator visits were insufficient for maximum seed set in some fruits, but selective abortion of seeds must also be occurring. We suggest that S. celebica may represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of dioecy from distyly, with the short–styled flowers making their major genetic contribution through pollen and long–styled flowers through ovules.     

Intra‐specific pollen polymorphism in Mimosa pigra (Mimosaceae)

Five different types of pollen tetrads were detected from the short and long stamens of the male and hermaphrodite flowers of the androdioecious species, Mimosa pigra L. Light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used in this study to redescribe the pollen forms and to identify the various pollen types encountered. An identification key and relative percentages of these pollen types were also presented. The study showed that the long stamens of the male flowers and those of the hermaphrodite ones have five (I, II, III, IV and V) and two (I and V) pollen types respectively, whereas the short stamens of both male and hermaphrodite flowers have only one pollen type (type I). We report here the first incidence of intra‐specific pollen polymorphism in androdioecious species.     

Evolution of host use in fruit flies of the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae): cryptic species on sexually dimorphic host plants

Blepharoneura , a neotropical genus of tephritid fruit flies, includes newly discovered morphologically cryptic species that are highly host specific. Several species of fly, each specific to a different host tissue can infest a single species of sexually dimorphic host. Using allozyme electrophoresis, we analysed morphologically similar populations of flies reared from various tissues of five species of host plant representing three subtribes of the Cucurbitaceae. In Venezuela, we found three sympatric species of Blepharoneura feeding on Gurania spinulosa Cogn. (one species on male flowers, another on female flowers, and a third on seeds). In Costa Rica, we found four non-interbreeding populations of Blepharoneura feeding on G. costaricensis Cogn. : two sympatric 'lowland' populations (one feeding on male flowers and another on female flowers) and two sympatric 'highland' populations (also specific to flowers of different sexes). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a species-rich clade of specialists associated with flowers of the Guraniinae, and a species-poor clade of generalists associated with seeds of the Guraniinae. Specialization on male vs. female flowers appears to have occurred repeatedly. Patterns of laryal dispersal may underlie differehces in diversification of seed vs. flower clades: larvae that feed on seeds are dispersed by bats; larvae feeding on flowers are not dispersed.     

安徽苦草属一新种

描述了1个新种,即安徽苦草,并提供了该属全部已知国产种的分种检索表。     

Lack of trade-offs between the male and female sexual functions in the gynodioecious herb <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geranium sylvaticum</Emphasis>

Resource allocation trade-offs between sexual functions are predicted, but these are usually measured only at the whole plant level. In some gynodioecious species, individuals with partially restored male fertility exist providing an opportunity to investigate whether the costs associated with male fertility restoration are linked to seed production. In this study, we examined whether there is a relationship between the numbers of stamens and seeds produced both at the flower level and at the plant level in the gynodioecious herb Geranium sylvaticum. We individually marked flowers in plants varying in the degree of male sterility in the field and counted the number of seeds produced. There was no significant correlation between the numbers of stamens and seeds produced at the flower level suggesting an absence of resource trade-off between female and male functions. Furthermore, the numbers of stamens and seeds were positively correlated at the plant level. The lack of trade-offs between the two sexual functions in this species indicates that relative sex allocation was not affected by resources within a single season and/or that the male costs were relatively small.