TNF-a在乳鼠心肌细胞中诱导HSP70蛋白表达的研究

热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) 在细胞修复、存活和维持细胞正常功能方面有着重要作用。作为分子伴侣,它起着心肌保护的作用。已经对重症心脏病人的心肌组织进行了蛋白组学研究,得到了HSP70在心衰病人心肌组织中较正常人心肌组织表达升高的结论,并且在血液中得到了进一步的验证。在进一步的离体细胞实验中用不同剂量的肿瘤坏死因子-alpha (TNF-α) 刺激乳鼠心肌细胞,以观察不同时间点HSP70的动态表达情况。培养乳鼠心肌细胞,分别对细胞进行热休克（42 ℃）、TNF-α和缺血缺氧处理,在不同的时间点收获细胞,以观察HSP70的动态表达情况。用免疫化学、ELISA以及Western blotting的方法对HSP70蛋白进行分析。结果表明,在正常对照细胞中基本没有阳性信号出现,而在经缺血缺氧、热休克（42 ℃）以及TNF-α处理的细胞中有明显的阳性表达。以上研究首次在乳鼠心肌细胞中证明TNF-α诱导的HSP70表达具有时间和浓度依赖性。通过运用TNF-α对HSP70蛋白表达影响的研究,初步推断HSP70的表达模式,为体内诱导产生HSP70从而发挥心肌保护作用的研究提供一定的理论基础。     

心血管系统热休克蛋白的研究进展

多种应激因素如热应激,缺血,血流动力学变化能引起细胞内代谢异常,细胞骨架紊乱等一系列的病理改变,同时细胞亦相应合成一系列分子量不同的热休克蛋白分子（HSPs)。研究表明,HSPs通过其分子伴侣功能,对细胞产生保护作用。近年来的研究发现,在心肌缺血,缺血预处理,心肌肥大和血管损伤等病理生理条件下,HSP70,HSP90,HSP47,HSP32,HSP27等热休克蛋白分子均参与心血管系统的保护作用。     

缺氧复氧心肌细胞中HSP90对AKT表达的调控作用

研究新生大鼠缺氧复氧心肌细胞中热休克蛋白90(HSP90)的表达对AKT表达的影响,探讨HSP90在PI3K/AKT信号通路中的作用。方法:建立新生大鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧模型,通过运用HSP90阻断剂Geldanamycin(GA),分另以MTT法检测心肌细胞的活力、透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构改变、Western印迹法分析大鼠心肌细胞中HSP90表达变化与总AKT蛋白的相关性。结果:缺氧复氧心肌细胞中HSP90和AKT表达量均有明显升高,阻断HSP90后,AKT表达量明显下降,此时心肌细胞活力明显下降,细胞超微结构受损明显。结论:AKT对缺氧复氧引起的心肌细胞损伤有内源性保护作用,此作用的发挥与HSP90和AKT的结合密切相关,HSP90对缺氧复氧中的心肌细胞AKT表达有显著影响。     

热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡信号转导途径的调节

细胞凋亡信号转导目前已迅速成为揭示细胞凋亡分子机制的前沿课题. 由于热休克蛋白(HSPs)在细胞生长调控和凋亡中发挥的重要作用, 人们进行了大量关于热休克蛋白与细胞凋亡信号转导途径调节机制的研究. 研究发现, 热休克蛋白家族的多个成员, 如HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP27等能够在Fas死亡受体途径、JNK/SAPK途径、caspase途径等多个水平发挥调节作用, 并且部分依赖于热休克蛋白的“分子伴侣”作用, 控制着细胞生命进程.     

热休克蛋白70的结构和功能

热休克蛋白70(HSP70)是进化上高度保守的一种的蛋白质,具有多种生物学功能,包括分子伴侣功能,具有细胞保护及抗细胞凋亡功能,参与免疫调节,以及在病毒感染与疾病研究中也有重要作用。本文着重对HSP70的结构和功能研究的进展作一综述。     

脑缺血后HSP70表达的研究进展

Ritosso ( 1 962 )首先发现环境温度高于正常生理温度 4℃～ 6℃时 ,染色体上会出现特殊的膨突( Puffs) ,称其为热休克现象。后来 Tissieres等发现染色体的这一膨突与细胞中的一类特殊蛋白质的合成有关 ,并将这一类特殊蛋白质称为热休克蛋白 ( Heatshock protein,HSP)或热应激蛋白。近年来研究发现缺血性细胞损伤可以出现 HSP的表达 [1] ,还发现 HSP对受损细胞有保护作用。1　 HSP的分类　　 70 k Da家族是 HSP中最保守和最主要的一类 ,包括 68、70、72及 78k Da的 HSP。其中 HSP70是在缺血性脑损伤中研究最广泛的一种。氨基酸顺…     

热休克蛋白27在肿瘤中的研究进展

热休克蛋白27（HSP27）作为热应激蛋白表达于各种生理或是环境损伤之后,保护细胞生存,其具有多种功能包括：分子伴侣,抗凋亡,参与细胞运动等。近年来发现HSP27在多种肿瘤中过度表达,参与肿瘤的发生发展,分化,耐药以及转移等方面,因而抑制HSP27成为一种新的肿瘤治疗策略。本文就相关研究进展进行综述。     

热休克蛋白27 在肿瘤中的研究进展

热休克蛋白27(HSP27)作为热应激蛋白表达于各种生理或是环境损伤之后,保护细胞生存,其具有多种功能包括:分子伴侣,抗凋亡,参与细胞运动等。近年来发现HSP27在多种肿瘤中过度表达,参与肿瘤的发生发展,分化,耐药以及转移等方面,因而抑制HSP27成为一种新的肿瘤治疗策略。本文就相关研究进展进行综述。     

热休克蛋白90在缺氧心肌细胞中表达的初步研究

观察热休克蛋白90(HSP90)在缺氧心肌细胞中的表达变化规律,并初步阐明HSP90在早期心肌缺氧损害中的作用。方法:原代培养SD大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞,随机分为正常对照组、缺氧组和加HSP90阻断剂格尔霉素(geldanamycin,GA)预处理后再缺氧组(GA 缺氧组),蛋白免疫印迹法(western blot)及间接免疫荧光法检测缺氧1、3、6、12、24h后心肌细胞中HSP90蛋白分布表达情况,并检测细胞上清中肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量变化。结果:心肌细胞缺氧3h后HSP90蛋白在胞浆内表达量升高,持续到12h达到峰值。与单纯缺氧组相比,GA 缺氧组中LDH,CK-MB含量在不同时相点均有显著升高。结论:缺氧早期即可引起心肌细胞胞浆中HSP90蛋白表达增强,HSP90可能在早期心肌缺氧损害中发挥其内源性抗损伤机制。     

HSP70单克隆抗体的制备

利用DEAE 离子交换和ATP 亲和层析法从热休克的大鼠肝脏中分离纯化了热休克蛋白 70 (HSP70 )。用它做抗原免疫小鼠 ,通过分离脾淋巴细胞和细胞融合技术 ,得到了杂交瘤细胞 ;用酶联免疫吸附测定法筛选出了阳性克隆 ;经过多次亚克隆、抗体的大量制备及分离纯化 ,得到了抗HSP70的单克隆抗体。用此一抗和Western免疫印迹技术分析了C6 大鼠神经胶质瘤细胞中HSP70的表达。     

Hyperthermia assists survival of astrocytes from oxidative-mediated necrotic cell death.

In response to many stresses and pathologic states, including different models of nervous system injury, cells synthesize a variety of proteins, most notably the inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which plays important roles in maintaining cellular integrity and viability. We report here that cultured astrocytes from rat diencephalon express high levels of Hsp70 upon exposure to elevated temperatures, and are less vulnerable to a subsequent oxidative stress. Complex oxidative stress was induced by exposure of astrocytes to an aqueous extract of tobacco smoke. This resulted in both glutathione and ATP depletion, along with cell death that proceeded through a necrotic pathway. Pretreatment of cultures with the glutathione replenishing agent, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, prevented glutathione and ATP loss as well as necrotic cell death. Thermal stress also protected astrocytes from necrotic cell death but without affecting glutathione or ATP levels. We propose that heat shock protects astrocytes from necrosis induced by oxidative stress, probably as a result of Hsp70 synthesis, through an antioxidant-ATP independent mechanism. As Hsp70 may transfer from glial to neuronal cells, its synthesis by astrocytes may represent an important survival mechanism by which astrocytes protect neurons against oxidative-mediated cell death.     

热激蛋白70的研究进展

热激蛋白(HSP70)作为分子伴侣参与细胞内许多重要反应,从而对生物体起着重要的作用。随着研究的深入,其生物学功能不断被发现和利用的同时,HSP70的应用前景也变得越来越广泛。已有研究者对HSP70的生物学功能做了详细介绍,我们主要对近年来HSP70在医学及环境监测等方面的应用进行综述。     

The human oesophageal squamous epithelium exhibits a novel type of heat shock protein response.

The human oesophageal epithelium is subject to damage from thermal stresses and low extracellular pH that can play a role in the cancer progression sequence, thus identifying a physiological model system that can be used to determine how stress responses control carcinogenesis. The classic heat shock protein HSP70 is not induced but rather is down-regulated after thermal injury to squamous epithelium ex vivo; this prompted a longer-term study to address the nature of the heat shock response in this cell type. An ex vivo epithelial culture system was subsequently used to identify three major proteins of 78, 70, and 58 kDa, whose steady-state levels are elevated after heat shock. Two of the three heat shock proteins were identified by mass spectrometric sequencing to be the calcium-calmodulin homologue transglutaminase-3 (78 kDa) and a recently cloned oesophageal-specific gene called C1orf10, which encodes a 53-kDa putative calcium binding protein we have named squamous epithelial heat shock protein 53 (SEP53). The 70-kDa heat shock protein (we have named SEP70) was not identifiable by mass spectrometry, but it was purified and studied immunochemically to demonstrate that it is distinct from HSP70 protein. Monoclonal antibodies to SEP70 protein were developed to indicate that: (a) SEP70 is induced by exposure of cultured cells to low pH or glucose starvation, under conditions where HSP70 protein was strikingly down-regulated; and (b) SEP70 protein exhibits variable expression in preneoplastic Barrett's epithelium under conditions where HSP70 protein is not expressed. These results indicate that human oesophageal squamous epithelium exhibits an atypical heat shock protein response, presumably due to the evolutionary adaptation of cells within this organ to survive in an unusual microenvironment exposed to chemical, thermal and acid reflux stresses.     

CHIP, a cochaperone/ubiquitin ligase that regulates protein quality control, is required for maximal cardioprotection after myocardial infarction in mice

Limitation of damage after ischemia and reperfusion injury to the myocardium remains an elusive clinical goal. Previous studies have suggested that molecular chaperones, which include members of the heat shock protein (Hsp) family, may have cardioprotective effects, although the protective role of endogenous chaperones has not been well documented. CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) is a cochaperone/ubiquitin ligase that integrates the response to stress at multiple levels. We tested the response of CHIP(-/-) mice to in vivo ischemia and reperfusion injury induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Compared with wild-type littermates, CHIP(-/-) mice had decreased survival and increased incidence of arrhythmias during reperfusion. The size of myocardial infarction, as assessed by the ratio of infarct area to area at risk, was 50% greater in CHIP(-/-) mice. Increased infarct size was accompanied by impaired upregulation of the chaperone Hsp70 after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In situ analysis also indicated that hearts of CHIP(-/-) mice were more prone to develop apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and especially endothelial cells of intramural vessels. Previous studies have found that CHIP plays a central role in maintaining protein quality control and coordinating the response to stress. The present data indicate that these functions of CHIP provide a critical cardioprotective effect in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury due in part to increased apoptosis in cardiac cells. Quality control mechanisms therefore may be underappreciated clinical targets for maximizing myocardial protection after injury.     

Constitutive heat shock protein 70 interacts with α-enolase and protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress

Constitutive heat shock protein 70 (Hsc70) is a molecular chaperone that has been shown to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for this protection remains uncertain. To understand the mechanism associated with the myocardial protective role of Hsc70, we have embarked upon a systematic search for Hsc70-interacting proteins. Using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we have identified α-enolase, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, as a novel Hsc70-interacting protein in the myocardium of both sham and myocardial ischemia-reperfused Sprague-Dawley rat hearts. This interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assays in the myocardial tissues and H9c2 cardiomyocytes and protein overlay assay (POA). It was further shown that Hsc70-overexpression alleviated the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease of α-enolase activity and cell damage, and Hsc70 deficiency aggravated the decrease of α-enolase activity and cell damage in H(2)O(2) treated H9c2 cells. Our research suggests that the protective effect of Hsc70 on the cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress is partly associated with its interaction with α-enolase.     

Over-expression of 70-kDa heat shock protein confers protection against monochloramine-induced gastric mucosal cell injury

The major heat shock protein, HSP70, is known to be involved in cytoprotection against environmental stresses mediated by their function as a "molecular chaperone". Monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) is a potent cytotoxic oxidant generated by neutrophil-derived hypochlorous acid and Helicobacter pylori urease-induced ammonia. In this study, to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of HSP70 against NH(2)Cl-induced gastric mucosal cell injury, rat gastric mucosal cells (RGM-1) were stably transfected with pBK-CMV containing the human HSP70 gene (7018-RGM-1) or pBK-CMV alone (pBK-CMV-12) as control cells. These cells were treated with various concentrations of NH(2)Cl. Cell Viability was determined by MTT assay and the direct plasma membrane damage was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation analysis. NH(2)Cl caused injury to pBK-CMV-12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. NH(2)Cl-induced gastric cell injury was significantly diminished in HSP70 over-expressing cell line (7018-RGM-1) both necrosis and apoptosis compared to the control cell line (pBK-CMV-12) transfected with CMV vector alone. These result suggest that overexpression of HSP70 plays an important role in protecting gastric cells against NH(2)Cl-induced injury.     

Heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative disorders and aging

Many members of the heat shock protein family act in unison to refold or degrade misfolded proteins. Some heat shock proteins also directly interfere with apoptosis. These homeostatic functions are especially important in proteinopathic neurodegenerative diseases, in which specific proteins misfold, aggregate, and kill cells through proteotoxic stress. Heat shock protein levels may be increased or decreased in these disorders, with the direction of the response depending on the individual heat shock protein, the disease, cell type, and brain region. Aging is also associated with an accrual of proteotoxic stress and modulates expression of several heat shock proteins. We speculate that the increase in some heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative conditions may be partly responsible for the slow progression of these disorders, whereas the increase in some heat shock proteins with aging may help delay senescence. The protective nature of many heat shock proteins in experimental models of neurodegeneration supports these hypotheses. Furthermore, some heat shock proteins appear to be expressed at higher levels in longer-lived species. However, increases in heat shock proteins may be insufficient to override overwhelming proteotoxic stress or reverse the course of these conditions, because the expression of several other heat shock proteins and endogenous defense systems is lowered. In this review we describe a number of stress-induced changes in heat shock proteins as a function of age and neurodegenerative pathology, with an emphasis on the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family and the two most common proteinopathic disorders of the brain, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.     

Heat protectors and heat-induced preferential redistribution of 26 and 70 kDa proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells

An overall increase of 40% in nuclear-associated protein has been shown to be one of the sequellae of exposure of eukaryotic cells to elevated temperatures. Several investigators have shown that the increased protein/DNA ratios correlated well with the degree of cytotoxicity. In previous investigations, we have shown that cycloheximide, which protects the cell from the killing effects of heat, produces a dramatic reduction of the bulk nuclear-associated proteins after heating. In this investigation, we studied a previously unobserved efflux of a 26 kDa protein after heat shock and the preferential accumulation of the 70 kDa protein. The 26 kDa protein was shown not to be a member of previously described heat shock protein families. Preferential reduction of a 26 kDa protein and accumulation of a 70 kDa protein was observed in nuclei isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells after heating at 43 degrees C. After heat treatment, the 26 kDa protein in the nucleus was decreased to a level 0.1-0.3 times the original amount in unheated cells, and the 70 kDa protein in the nucleus increased by a factor of 1.6-1.8. The normal levels of these two proteins were restored when cells were incubated at 37 degrees C following heat shock. Cells treated with heat protectors, cycloheximide and histidinol, demonstrated approximately the same redistribution in nuclear 26 and 70 kDa proteins immediately after heating as those not exposed to these drugs. On the other hand, restoration to control levels was much faster in the protector-treated cells, suggesting that "repair" of heat-induced damage is an important factor in the cells ability to survive this insult. Return to normal protein levels did not require new protein synthesis.     

Aspirin-induced heat stress resistance in chicken myocardial cells can be suppressed by BAPTA-AM in vitro

Our recent studies have displayed the protective functions of aspirin against heat stress (HS) in chicken myocardial cells, and it may be associated with heat shock proteins (HSPs). In this study, we further investigated the potential role of HSPs in the aspirin-induced heat stress resistance. Four of the most important HSPs including HspB1 (Hsp27), Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90 were induced by aspirin pretreatment and were suppressed by BAPTA-AM. When HSPs were induced by aspirin, much slighter HS injury was detected. But more serious damages were observed when HSPs were suppressed by BAPTA-AM than those cells exposed to HS without BAPTA-AM, even the myocardial cells have been treated with aspirin in prior. Comparing to other HSPs, HspB1 presented the largest increase after aspirin treatments, 86-fold higher than the baseline (the level before HS). These findings suggested that multiple HSPs participated in aspirin’s anti-heat stress function but HspB1 may contribute the most. Interestingly, during the experiments, we also found that apoptosis rate as well as the oxidative stress indicators (T-SOD and MDA) was not consistently responding to heat stress injury as expected. By selecting from a series of candidates, myocardial cell damage-related enzymes (CK-MB and LDH), cytopathological tests, and necrosis rate (measured by flow cytometry assays) are believed to be reliable indicators to evaluate heat stress injury in chicken’s myocardial cells and they will be used in our further investigations.