常见肝炎病毒感染性疾病相关miRNA功能研究进展

病毒感染引发的疾病一直威胁着人类健康。Mi RNA是真核生物表达的一类重要的小分子RNA,可特异性的调节基因与蛋白的表达。mi RNA的研究为病毒性疾病的发生发展提供了新思路,为目前热点研究领域。随着mi RNA的研究深入,一些病毒感染中相关mi RNA的功能也被相继报道,如有些mi RNA具有抑制病毒感染宿主细胞的功能,有些mi RNA则可促进病毒在宿主细胞中的复制,有些mi RNA却参与病毒相关疾病的发生,还有些mi RNA则可作为病毒感染性疾病的特异性生物标志物。本文主要以两种常见肝炎病毒:HBV、HCV为例来系统阐述mi RNA在病毒感染中的相关功能。     

主要禽源病毒相关microRNA的研究进展

近年来,禽类病毒性疾病已经成为研究病毒感染和致病机制的重要模型之一,而且病毒与micro RNA的调控关系和机制研究也成为人们关注的焦点。本文简要总结禽源疱疹病毒编码micro RNA的概况,以及禽源疱疹病毒的致瘤性与micro RNA的表达调控关系,同时探讨了利用micro RNA靶向调控机制在病毒疾病(如传染性法氏囊病毒、禽白血病病毒、禽流感病毒等)防治中的可能应用。     

循环miR-155作为肿瘤生物标志物的研究进展

microRNAs(mi RNAs)是一类在转录后水平影响生物体基因表达的小分子非编码RNA,参与调控机体正常发育和疾病发生发展等过程。新近研究发现,循环mi RNA由于具有取样方便和高度稳定性等优点,迅速成为目前的研究热点。micro RNA-155(mi R-155)在多种肿瘤中高表达。循环mi R-155已被证实与多种肿瘤的发生、发展相关,可作为一种分子标志物用于肿瘤的早期诊断和实时监测。该文围绕循环mi R-155作为肿瘤标志物的研究进展予以综述。     

MicroRNA对T细胞发育调控作用的研究

Micro RNA(mi RNA)是一类非编码小分子RNA,长约21~25个核苷酸,可以靶向结合特定的信使RNA(m RNA),能够在转录后水平上调节m RNA的翻译进而调控基因的表达。mi RNA的调控功能涉及多种生物学过程,与免疫疾病密切相关。近年来发现,mi RNA可以通过靶向免疫系统中的关键转导信号分子,从而在多个环节上参与免疫细胞的产生、发育以及增殖过程。该文对mi RNA与T细胞的发育关系进行简要概述。     

microRNA在常见致死性心脏病中的改变

微小RNA(micro RNA,mi RNA)是一类真核生物内源性非编码单链的小RNA分子,长度大约为19-23个核苷酸,拥有高度的保守性,不编码蛋白质,也是近年来研究最热门的一个新领域,通过与靶m RNA特异性结合来调节基因表达,且表达都具有组织特异性。最近,许多研究表明mi RNA在心血管系统疾病和肿瘤疾病方面的相关研究都取得了突破性的进展,mi RNA在肿瘤疾病中是通过调节癌基因及抑癌基因而调控肿瘤的生物学过程,在心血管系统疾病中与心肌肥厚及心肌再生等过程有密切的关系,包括冠状动脉疾病、心肌肥大、心肌梗死、心律失常、高血压和心力衰竭等疾病,且在心脏病学中扮演着及其重要的角色。Mi RNA的表达量增加或者减少对心血管疾病都有影响,该文对新近有关的mi RNA在心血管系统疾病中的研究进展、诊断、治疗以及预后予以综述。     

miRNA参与肿瘤基因表达调控研究进展

调查表明,我国城乡居民恶性肿瘤死亡率属于世界较高水平,而且呈持续的增长趋势。近年来的研究发现在肿瘤的发生与发展过程中涉及到多种因素,其中mi RNA可能扮演了重要的作用。mi RNA是一种长度约为22 nt的非编码短序列RNA,通过介导特异性的基因沉默导致靶m RNA降解,促使相应蛋白质的转译受阻而失去原有编码蛋白质的功能。mi RNA在细胞分裂周期中影响着基因的表达调控,在此过程中基因表达的失控就可能导致疾病的发生。而肿瘤的发生是以细胞恶变为基础,细胞恶变则是与细胞周期调控因素失衡相关,由此提示了一些mi RNA可能参与了肿瘤的发生、发展过程并在其中发挥了重要作用。随着研究的深入,mi RNA逐渐成为肿瘤诊治的新研究方向。本文主要讨论mi RNA在肿瘤基因表达调控方面的研究进展。     

microRNA对衰老相关分子SIRT1调控作用的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)是NAD+依赖的III类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,是衰老相关信号通路中的重要分子,参与细胞衰老过程。微小RNA(micro RNA,mi RNA)是一类长度约为22 nt的内源性非编码小分子RNA,通过影响靶m RNA的稳定性或抑制其翻译从而对基因进行转录后表达的调控。研究表明,mi RNAs可以通过调控SIRT1的表达,促进细胞衰老。现就mi RNA对衰老相关分子SIRT1的调控作用进行概述。     

miR-146a的功能及其靶基因的研究进展

微小RNA (micro RNA, mi RNA)是小分子非编码RNA中的一类,可与靶m RNA结合,降解或抑制该m RNA进行翻译,进而对细胞的生长、增殖、衰老等过程进行调控。mi RNA-146a(mi R-146a)与炎性因子所致的自身免疫性疾病以及肿瘤的侵袭和转移相关,其失调往往导致病情的加重。然而,目前相关疾病常用的临床诊断指标和治疗药物缺乏特异性。现以mi R-146a为切入点,为寻找相关的自身免疫性疾病以及肿瘤更加精准的早期诊断指标和治疗靶点提供线索。     

循环miRNAs在几种肝病检测中的研究进展

micro RNAs(mi RNAs)是一类单链非编码的内源性小RNA分子,参与细胞、组织甚至个体的生长发育。以往人们主要研究的是肝脏组织中mi RNAs在肝脏相关疾病检测中的应用,随着2008年血液中mi RNAs的发现,循环mi RNAs在疾病检测中的研究逐渐成为热点。micro RNAs普遍存在于血液中,与肝癌、肝硬化等多种肝脏疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文介绍了循环mi RNAs的来源及其特异性、稳定性等特性,简述了循环mi RNAs传统和最新的检测方法及特点,总结了循环mi RNAs在肝癌、肝炎、肝硬化、药物性肝损伤等肝脏疾病检测中的研究进展。近年研究表明循环mi RNAs检测具有采样方便、稳定性好、灵敏度高、可连续监测等优势,在肝脏相关疾病的诊断和预测中发挥了越来越重要的作用,其临床意义及应用前景已引起高度关注。本文重点综述在前人的研究结果中有望成为肝脏相关疾病诊断和预后判断的循环mi RNAs分子标志物发现目前的很多研究只是停留在实验室阶段,尚缺乏简单有效的诊断方法和统一的诊断标准,未来研究的热点应集中在如何进一步提高有潜力的mi RNAs分子标志物的敏感性、特异性和标准化,使其真正应用于临床诊断。     

ADARs对病毒感染的影响及其作用机制

双链RNA依赖的腺苷酸脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase acting on RNA,ADAR)是一组催化双链RNA腺苷(A)脱氨基产生次黄嘌呤(I)的RNA编辑酶。ADARs具有多种功能,如编辑蛋白质编码区可引起蛋白质功能改变;编辑非编码区可以控制m RNA水平和翻译效率;编辑mi RNA前体使其成熟过程被抑制,编辑mi RNA靶位点导致下游靶基因沉默;还可以控制组织发育和造血,保证器官正常发育等。近年来研究表明,ADARs在病毒的感染与复制过程中也发挥重要作用,如ADARs可促进VSV、HDV等病毒的复制,而对MV、HCV等病毒显示出抗病毒作用。现主要就ADARs在病毒感染与复制过程中的作用及其分子机制做一综述。     

High-Throughput Sequencing Identifies Novel and Conserved Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) microRNAs in Response to Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection

Seedlings of Cucumis sativus L. (cv. ''Zhongnong 16'') were artificially inoculated with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) at the three-true-leaf stage. Leaf and flower samples were collected at different time points post-inoculation (10, 30 and 50 d), and processed by high throughput sequencing analysis to identify candidate miRNA sequences. Bioinformatic analysis using screening criteria, and secondary structure prediction, indicated that 8 novel and 23 known miRNAs (including 15 miRNAs described for the first time in vivo) were produced by cucumber plants in response to CGMMV infection. Moreover, gene expression profiles (p-value <0.01) validated the expression of 3 of the novel miRNAs and 3 of the putative candidate miRNAs and identified a further 82 conserved miRNAs in CGMMV-infected cucumbers. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the predicted target genes of these 88 miRNAs, which were screened using the psRNATarget and miRanda algorithms, were involved in three functional categories: 2265 in molecular function, 1362 as cellular components and 276 in biological process. The subsequent Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the predicted target genes were frequently involved in metabolic processes (166 pathways) and genetic information processes (40 pathways) and to a lesser degree the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (12 pathways). These results could provide useful clues to help elucidate host-pathogen interactions in CGMMV and cucumber, as well as for the screening of resistance genes.     

microRNA治疗在癌症及其他疾病中的研究进展*

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性、非编码小分子RNAs(约22 nt),在基因表达调控中发挥关键作用。已有研究表明,miRNAs失调是造成多种人类疾病的原因,如癌症、病毒感染及自身免疫性疾病等。补充或抑制miRNAs功能与活性已成为多种疾病治疗的新策略,抗肿瘤miR-34 mimics、治疗HCV感染的anti-miR-122等基于miRNAs的治疗方案已进入临床试验。重点就miRNAs治疗在癌症及其他疾病中的最新研究进展进行综述,并对目前开发安全有效miRNAs治疗策略所面临的挑战进行分析。     

Proteomic Screening of Human Targets of Viral microRNAs Reveals Functions Associated with Immune Evasion and Angiogenesis

Kaposi''s sarcoma (KS) is caused by infection with Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The virus expresses unique microRNAs (miRNAs), but the targets and functions of these miRNAs are not completely understood. In order to identify human targets of viral miRNAs, we measured protein expression changes caused by multiple KSHV miRNAs using pulsed stable labeling with amino acids in cell culture (pSILAC) in primary endothelial cells. This led to the identification of multiple human genes that are repressed at the protein level, but not at the miRNA level. Further analysis also identified that KSHV miRNAs can modulate activity or expression of upstream regulatory factors, resulting in suppressed activation of a protein involved in leukocyte recruitment (ICAM1) following lysophosphatidic acid treatment, as well as up-regulation of a pro-angiogenic protein (HIF1α), and up-regulation of a protein involved in stimulating angiogenesis (HMOX1). This study aids in our understanding of miRNA mechanisms of repression and miRNA contributions to viral pathogenesis.     

MicroRNA profiling in the bursae of Marek's disease virus-infected resistant and susceptible chicken lines

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a cell-associated oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus (MDV). Clinical signs of MD include bursal/thymic atrophy, neurologic disorders, and T cell lymphomas. MiRNAs play key roles in regulation of gene expression by targeting translational suppression or mRNA degradation. MDV encodes miRNAs that are associated with viral pathogenicity and oncogenesis. In this study, we performed miRNA sequencing in the bursal tissues, non-tumorous but viral-induced atrophied lymphoid organ, from control and infected MD-resistant and susceptible chickens at 21 days post infection. In addition to some known miRNAs, a minimum of 300 novel miRNAs were identified in each group that mapped to the chicken genome with no sequence homology to existing miRNAs in chicken miRbase. Comparative analysis identified 54 deferentially expressed miRNAs between the chicken lines that might shed light on underlying mechanism of bursal atrophy and resistance or susceptibility to MD.     

Analysis of microRNAs induced by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mouse brain

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA (∼22nts) molecules that are expressed endogenously in cells and play an important role in regulating gene expression. Recent studies have shown that cellular miRNA plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an RNA virus and is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV is infectious in aerosol form and is a potential biothreat agent. In this study, we report for the first time that VEEV infection in mice brain causes modulation of miRNA expression. Pathway analyses showed that majority of these miRNAs are involved in the neuronal development and function. Target gene prediction of the modulated miRNAs correlates with our recently reported mRNA expression in VEEV infected mice brain.     

A humanistic library for physicians by physicians.

In 1986 the rate of infectious syphilis (primary and secondary) in Los Angeles County began to rise from previously stable levels of about 23.5 per 100,000 to peak at 55.6 per 100,000 in 1987. The incidence of congenital syphilis increased from 205 cases in 1987 to 575 cases in 1989. The county''s Sexually Transmitted Disease Program instituted a disease-specific plan to address the epidemic. Factors considered in designing the program included the high morbidity and mortality associated with congenital infection, the existence of latent infection, self-limiting symptoms, and the availability of an inexpensive screening test and curative treatment. Policy changes implemented comprised expanded screening, expanded surveillance, increased contact tracing, and the initiation of condom promotion programs. To evaluate the relative effectiveness of Los Angeles County''s syphilis control efforts, the epidemic curve for infectious syphilis was compared with trends in other urban areas. Although the rate of infectious syphilis climbed a year earlier in Los Angeles than in other cities, it returned to baseline levels when other cities'' rates remained at epidemic levels.