山西上党地区汉族肤纹研究

报道中国中原山西省上党地区汉族群体肤纹模式样本的参数。样本包括500名男性和500名女性。技术分类用《ADA标准-CDA版本》, 项目参数用《CDA标准》。分析了指纹总嵴线数(TFRC)、指三角a和b间嵴线数(a-bRC)、手掌轴三角t到指三角a和d角度(atd)、轴三角t百分距离(tPD)、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等项目的二级模式样本。还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,非随机组合的现象。山西东南部自古称为"上党", 地处黄河流域中下游广大的中原地带的中心区域,在远古时期就有原始人类聚集生息, 是中华民族发祥地之一, 是研究中原汉族肤纹参数的较具代表性地域。我们建立中原汉族肤纹的模式样本, 为体质人类学等学科研究提供较完整的资料。     

肤纹研究中的技术标准和项目标准

中国肤纹学研究协作组规定的《ADA标准-CDA版本》和《CDA标准》, 对肤纹研究做了分析技术和项目的规范。"CDA版本"和《CDA标准》是了继承《ADA标准》系统, 并对其做了补充和完善。本文的指纹三个系统的分析法、嵴线追踪等内容, 是谓"CDA版本"。"CDA版本"和"ADA标准"融合, 形成《ADA标准-CDA版》, 贯穿在我国民族肤纹研究过程之中。对《CDA标准》中的模式样本的概念, 采样规定, 3级模式样本的具体项目, 都做了明确的表述。     

台湾闽南汉人肤纹学研究

本文报导台湾闽南汉人的肤纹参数,样本包括100名男性和100名女性。研究的项目有TFRC、a-b RC、atd、tPD、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等,并且还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,见到非随机组合的现象。这是对闽南汉人肤纹较详尽的调查,为人类学、遗传学和医学等提供了较完整的肤纹数据。     

台湾原住民噶玛兰人肤纹学研究

报道中国台湾噶玛兰人的肤纹参数, 样本包括50名男性和50名女性. 研究的项目有: 指纹总嵴线数(TFRC)、指三角a和b间嵴线数(a-b RC)、手掌轴三角t到指三角a和d角度(atd)、轴三角t百分距离(tPD)、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等. 还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况, 见到非随机组合的现象. 对台湾原住民(高山族)噶玛兰人的肤纹进行了详尽的调查, 为人类学、遗传学和医学研究提供了较完整的资料.     

西藏门巴族肤纹参数研究

本文首次详细报道了巴藏门巴族正常人群的肤纹参数,样本包括１０１名男性和１１６名女性。本样本和中国其他１４个民族肤纹参数作了比较,并绘制了聚类图。本样本与白色人种作对比,见到人种间肤纹有明显的差异。     

藏汉后代肤纹参数的聚类分析

木文采用聚类分析的方法,将藏汉后代群休的肤纹参数（其中藏父汉母及汉父藏哥各100例）与他们冬自的父母群体样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较,再与1000例藏族及1040例汉族两个大样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较。结果表明：藏汉子代的肤纹特征介于藏埃和汉族之间,藏汉子代与其母亲的遗传距离相近。提示肤纹参数的多因子遗传本质和肤纹遗传有一定的性别差异。     

《人类肤纹学》一书出版

高等院校教材《人类肤纹学》一书于2006年3月由上海交通大学出版社出版。全书共有28．6万字,19章,分别有“肤纹学研究的简史”、“指纹理论的形成”、“肤纹在人类学、医学、刑侦的应用”等。书中系统而简要地介绍了人类肤纹学研究的历史、原理、方法和应用,分别介绍了指纹皮肤的解剖学构造、指纹皮肤和其他皮肤的区别以及肤纹研究中的伦理问题。该书在编排上,既遵循了重点突出的原则,又充分考虑到便于学生思考与复习,在每个章节后摘出“重要内容”,并列出了“复习思考题”。     

西藏珞巴族的肤纹参数的聚类分析

本文报道了珞巴族正常人群的１２项肤纹参数,样本包括了１４２名男性和１９０名女性,参数与汉族及其他少数民族作了比较,用聚类分析法算出各民族间的距离,并绘制了聚类图。结果提示民族间的肤纹参数均有显著差异。     

西藏珞巴族的肤纹参数和聚类分析

本文报道了珞巴族正常人群的１２项肤纹参数．样本包括了１４２名男性和１９０名女性．参数与汉族及其他少数民族作了比较,用聚类分析法算出各民族间的距离,并绘制了聚类图．结果提示民族间的肤纹参数均有显著差异．     

新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹初步研究

本文报道新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹参数的正常值,样本中有男女各500例,本文的研究包括13类,它们是:指纹总嵴数,a-b间嵴数,指纹,指间花纹,大鱼际纹,小鱼际纹,猿线,掌指c三叉缺失,多个t三叉点,(足母)趾球部纹,足小鱼际纹,趾间纹,足跟纹。     

Dermatoglyphics from All Chinese Ethnic Groups Reveal Geographic Patterning

Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.     

Digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Eskimo and Amerindian populations: relationships between geographic, dermatoglyphic, genetic, and linguistic distances.

Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to assess population affinities and structure. Here, we describe the digital patterns of four Eskimo populations from Alaska: two Yupik-speaking villages from St. Lawrence Island and two Inupik groups presently residing on mainland Alaska. For a broader evolutionary perspective, these four Eskimo populations are compared to other Inuit groups, to North American Indian populations, and to Siberian aggregates. The genetic structures of 18 New and Old World populations were explored using R-matrix plots and Wright's FST values. The relationships between dermatoglyphic, blood genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances were assessed by comparing matrices through Mantel correlations and through partial and multiple correlations. Statistically significant relationships between dermatoglyphics and genetics, genetics and geography, and geography and language were revealed. In addition, significant correlations between dermatoglyphics and geography, with linguistic variation constant, were noted for females but not for males. These results attest to the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in resolving various evolutionary questions concerning normal human variation.     

Sexual dimorphism in the Chuvashian population of Russia in two types of dermatoglyphic traits: principal component analysis

With the aim of determining sexual dimorphism in the component structures among the Chuvashian population of Russia, finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of 547 individuals (293 males, 254 females) were analyzed. The sex differences in two categories of dermatoglyphic traits (22 quantitative traits and 38 asymmetry and diversity traits) are reflected differently and contradictory with other ethnic groups. However, a common feature of the factor 1 "digital pattern size factor" (finger ridge counts from the first category of traits) indicate its degree of universality when compared with other populations, which suggests that the variability of finger ridge counts is determined by the same genes that control the pattern types. The factors "intra-individual finger diversity factor", and "bi-lateral asymmetry factor" extracted from the second category of dermatoglyphic traits are also similar in both sexes. However, these components are hardly described in the literature. The nature of variation of these components (from two categories of dermatoglyphic traits) appears with a good similarity between sexes, which suggests their common biological validity of the underlying component structures of the finger and palmar dermatoglyphic characters.     

Dermatoglyphic studies among the two breeding isolates of Gujjars of northwestern India

Dermatoglyphic studies among two breeding isolates of Gujjars (200 individuals from each population) from northwestern India have been carried out. The distribution of phenotypic frequencies of dermatoglyphic features among the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars provides strong evidence that these populations have become distinct in the course of their history. This could have occurred due to the inflow of genes from Muslim invaders and surrounding populations or from the effects of inbreeding and biosocial and geographical isolation of the Muslim Gujjars from their counterpart, the Hindu Gujjars. However, the frequency distribution of dermatoglyphics of the Hindu Gujjars resembles those of the Rajputs, Jats, and Ahirs, suggesting an infrequent inflow of genes from neighboring populations and probably their recent isolation. Sexual dimorphism for dermatoglyphics has also been observed in both Hindu and Muslim Gujjar populations.     

The Daghestan gene pool: Interethnic and intraethnic differentiation of eight aboriginal ethnic groups: Analysis based on data on the AB0 erythrocyte antigen systems

Analysis of the genetic variation of eight aboriginal Daghestan ethnic groups based on data on the AB0 and Rhesus blood groups has been carried out in a total sample of 18348 subjects. The degree of genetic differentiation (G _ST) and the levels of intraethnic (H _S) and interethnic (H _T) variations of Daghestan ethnic groups have been estimated at two hierarchical levels of the population system. Prevalence of intraethnic diversity over interethnic one has been found in Daghestan populations. The parameters of subdivision of Daghestan populations were compared with those for the populations of all other regions of the Caucasus and the Pamir. The population subdivision of ethnic groups of Daghestan and other regions of the Caucasus is lower than that of Pamir ethnic groups.     

Pseudoautosomal repeat displays higher variability in Blacks than in Caucasians

Summary DNA patterns from a pseudoautosomal variable number tandem repeat-like minisatellite (locus DXYS20) were compared in two samples: a Caucasian and a Black sample. We defined 3 types of DNA patterns named A, B and C, and found that these patterns have different frequencies in the Caucasian and Black groups. A set of alleles (the C group) in 48% of the Black sample is not found in the Caucasian sample. We also found a greater degree of fragment-size variability among Black individuals than among those of Caucasian origin. The large degree of ethnic variation indicates that this locus will be useful in population genetic studies.     

A globally occurring indel polymorphism in the promoter of the IFNA2 gene is not associated with severity of malaria but with the positivity rate of HCV

Background

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is a genetic factor for many diseases and exhibits great diversities among various populations. We assessed association of the genotypes of Glutathione S-transferases Omega-1 (GSTO1) A140D with ethnicity in China.

Results

Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 1314 individuals from 14 ethnic groups. Polymorphisms of GSTO1 A140D were measured using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Logistic regression was employed to adjustment for regional factor. The frequency of GSTO1 140A allele was 15.49% in the total 14 ethnic populations. Compared to Han ethnic group, two ethnic populations were more likely to have AA or CA genotype [odds ratio (OR): 1.77, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.05–2.98 for Uygur and OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.18–2.69 for Hui]. However, there were no statistically significant differences across 14 ethnic groups when region factor was adjusted. In Han ethnicity, region was significantly associated with AA or CA genotype. Han individuals who resided in North-west of China were more likely to have these genotypes than those in South of China (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21–2.20).

Conclusion

The prevalence of the GSTO1 140A varied significantly among different regional populations in China, which showed that geography played a more important role in the population differentiation for this allele than the ethnicity/race.     

Analysis of the variation in chromosome size among diverse human populations by bivariate flow karyotyping

Chromosomes sampled from seven human populations were analyzed by flow cytometry to survey normal variation in chromosome size. The populations include two African Pygmy groups, two Amerindian tribes, Druze, Khmer Cambodians, and Melanesians. Mitotic chromosomes were isolated from cultured cells and stained with Hoechst 33 258 and chromomycin A3. The relative DNA content and base-pair composition of each homolog was quantified by bivariate flow karyotyping. Significant variation in DNA content, ranging from 10–40%, was observed for chromosomes 1, 13–16, 19, 21, 22, and Y. The measurements for each population appeared to be a random sampling of the total set of 33 individuals for the majority of chromosomes. A few significant differences in the distributions of chromosomal DNA content were observed among the populations, however. The data, when combined with an earlier study of 33 unrelated individuals of unknown ethnic origin, provide a good representation of the variation in chromosome size among humans. Received: 3 September 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1997     

Genome-wide SNP typing reveals signatures of population history

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays have become a popular technology for disease-association studies, but they also have potential for studying the genetic differentiation of human populations. Application of the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set to a population of 102 individuals representing the major ethnic groups in the United States (African, Asian, European, and Hispanic) revealed patterns of gene diversity and genetic distance that reflected population history. We analyzed allelic frequencies at 388,654 autosomal SNP sites that showed some variation in our study population and 10% or fewer missing values. Despite the small size (23-31 individuals) of each subpopulation, there were no fixed differences at any site between any two subpopulations. As expected from the African origin of modern humans, greater gene diversity was seen in Africans than in either Asians or Europeans, and the genetic distance between the Asian and the European populations was significantly lower than that between either of these two populations and Africans. Principal components analysis applied to a correlation matrix among individuals was able to separate completely the major continental groups of humans (Africans, Asians, and Europeans), while Hispanics overlapped all three of these groups. Genes containing two or more markers with extraordinarily high genetic distance between subpopulations were identified as candidate genes for health differences between subpopulations. The results show that, even with modest sample sizes, genome-wide SNP genotyping technologies have great promise for capturing signatures of gene frequency difference between human subpopulations, with applications in areas as diverse as forensics and the study of ethnic health disparities.     

Population variation of human mtDNA control region sequences detected by enzymatic amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes.

A method for detecting sequence variation of hypervariable segments of the mtDNA control region was developed. The technique uses hybridization of sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes to DNA sequences that have been amplified by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the two hypervariable segments of the mtDNA control region from 52 individuals were determined; these sequences were then used to define nine regions suitable for SSO typing. A total of 23 SSO probes were used to detect sequence variants at these nine regions in 525 individuals from five ethnic groups (African, Asian, Caucasian, Japanese, and Mexican). The SSO typing revealed an enormous amount of variability, with 274 mtDNA types observed among these 525 individuals and with diversity values, for each population, exceeding .95. For each of the nine mtDNA regions significant differences in the frequencies of sequence variants were observed between these five populations. The mtDNA SSO-typing system was successfully applied to a case involving individual identification of skeletal remains; the probability of a random match was approximately 0.7%. The potential useful applications of this mtDNA SSO-typing system thus include the analysis of individual identity as well as population genetic studies.