家蚕后丝腺细胞的超微结构

本文描述了家蚕幼虫后丝腺细胞的超微结构,并讨论了保幼激素类似物(JH—3)的作用。观察到染色质块移向核内膜及核内物质通过核孔流进细胞质的现象。核仁内布满许多小颗粒体。内腔膨大的颗粒内质网充满着细胞质,它们是丝心蛋白合成和暂时贮留的主要细胞器。丝心蛋白经由高尔基复合体或直接形成丝心蛋白体,它们汇集于细胞顶端,以细胞外排作用,将丝心蛋白放入腺腔。自噬体与溶酶体出现于老熟幼虫后期。 经JH—3处理的幼虫,其后丝腺细胞的超微结构与正常的相近似。     

贝氏隐孢子虫在北京鸭体内发育的超微结构研究

贝氏隐孢子虫各期虫体均位于宿主粘膜上皮细胞的带虫空泡中。在虫体与上皮细胞接触处,虫体表膜反复折迭形成营养器。子孢子或裂殖子与粘膜上皮细胞接触后,逐步过渡为球形的滋养体;滋养体经2—3次核分裂、产生含4或8个裂殖子的两代裂殖体,裂殖体以外出芽方式产生裂殖子;裂殖子无微孔,顶端表皮形成3—4个环嵴,裂殖子进一步发育成为配子体;大配子体含有两种类型的成囊体。小配子呈楔形,无鞭毛和顶体,有一个致密的长椭圆形细胞核,小配子表膜内侧有9根膜下微管;孢子化卵囊内含四个裸露的子孢子和一个大残体。本文是有关鸭体内隐孢子虫超微结构的首次报导。     

中华蜜蜂工蜂蜡腺细胞的超微结构

本文描述了中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)成体工蜂蜡腺细胞的超微结构.通过电镜观察发现蜡腺细胞具有许多质膜内陷形成的管腔,作为蜂蜡或其前体物的输送通道.细胞质中富含线粒体及粗面内质网,细胞核为不规则的形状,细胞质中还含有少量溶酶体,微管和微丝等结构.     

北京鸭

一.北京鸭的特点北京鸭是祖国的、也是世界上最著名的优良品种.1874年由中国输往美国,而后由美国传至英国,因为北京鸭个体大,生长快,产卵多,很快地就传得了广大群众的赞赏,因之声誉四起,在短短的几十年内即遍布全世界,在数量上亦压倒了各国原来饲养的品种.现在苏联的国营农场和集体农庄也已饲养着北京鸭了.这是什么原因呢?我愿意首先介绍一下北京鸭的特点.     

几种淡水鱼的胃腺细胞显微与超微结构的研究

尼罗非鲫的胃腺细胞和一般硬骨鱼类的泌酸胃酶细胞结构不同,属典型的泌酸细胞,与哺乳动物的壁细胞十分相似,细胞内充满微管泡系和线粒体,但是没有发现胃蛋白酶原颗粒,粗面内质网也极少,乌鳢,鲇和黄颡鱼的胃腺细胞则为典型的泌酸酶原细胞,除有微管泡系和线粒体外,还有丰富的胃蛋白酶原颗 和粗面内质网,用显示盐酸的Western方法证明这两类胃腺细胞都能分泌盐酸,但对检测色氨酸的Adams方法,两者都呈阴性反应,未能证明乌鳢胃细胞中胃蛋白酶原的存在,可能乌鳢的胃蛋白酶成分中色氨酸的含量不占多数,故未能检出。这两类胃腺细胞结构和功能的不同,与整个消化道结构的差别相一致,可能与它们的食性不同有关。微管泡系是两类胃腺细胞共有的结构,是泌酸的结构基础,由一系列短管的囊泡组成,在鱼类中,泌酸过程可能有顶浆分泌和局部分泌两种形式,泌酸活动中细胞顶膜,微管泡系以及高尔基体之间膜的转移关系和泌酸形式有关。     

化石鸭和北京鸭

山东临朐解家河硅藻土矿真是个“化石的宝库”,出产过许多优美的生物化石,连一般罕见的鸟类化石,这里也有。1977年,《化石》曾报道过这里出产的第一只鸟化石——山旺山东鸟,1978年,这里又先后发现两件鸟化石。一件个体很大,有点像现生的孔雀,保存不全。另一件个体中等,保存非常完整,甚至连蹼的印痕还隐约可见。经研究,认为是雁形目鸭科的新属种,取名硅藻中华河鸭。中华河鸭除头骨前端和右足部损坏外,其它各部都很完整。头侧视,眼眶、枕骨、顶骨清楚可辨。下颚已错位,向后推移。颈略长而微弯,两翅左右展开,两脚后伸。由于在躯干部的表面可以看到肩胛骨,我们判断,这只鸟的身体基本上是背腹平压的,背部朝上。可能因为挤压时受力不匀,以致把位于腹面的胸骨,推到躯干的右侧边缘上去了。从肢骨的保存姿势和骨架的完整性推测,想必这只鸟是因为偶遇不幸较快致死的,没有经过太长时间的剧烈挣扎便“呜呼哀哉”了。死亡后,没经搬运或搬运不远很快就被埋藏起来。     

鸭肠炎病毒CHv强毒株超微结构研究

将鸭成纤维细胞培养的鸭肠炎病毒(DEV),经超声处理、高速冷冻差速离心后,采用酒石酸钾—甘油非线性密度梯度超速离心,收集病毒蛋白带,3%磷钨酸负染后观察病毒粒子形态。结果表明:病毒粒子主要集中在40%~50%酒石酸钾—甘油缓冲液交界层。电镜下,病毒粒子纯净,具有疱疹病毒典型形态结构,剖面六角,外观轮廓清楚。成熟病毒粒子直径约150~266nm,病毒囊膜、核衣壳和核心清晰可见;囊膜外层较内层着色略深,且可见尚未形成完整囊膜的柄状拖尾结构。多数病毒粒子以单核衣壳为主,一定数量的病毒具有双核衣壳,偶见三核衣壳,核衣壳直径为100~150nm,呈现致密圆形、半圆形或马蹄形等类型。在核衣壳外和囊膜之间可见明显的亮晕。核心DNA电子染色较深,集中分布,直径40~65nm。本文获得的清晰DEV负染超微结构照片,为该病毒结构生物学的研究提供了重要依据。     

北京鸭卵清蛋白基因调控的研究——Ⅰ.停产与产蛋的北京鸭肝脏和输卵管染色质蛋白质的比较

从停产和产蛋的北京鸭的肝和输卵管制备纯染色质。用0.4NH_2SO_4抽提组蛋白和酸溶性非组蛋白,剩余的非酸溶性非组蛋白用牛胰DNaseI消化DNA法制备。对染色质大分子含量的测定表明,非组蛋白和RNA的含量在产蛋鸭染色质中明显地增加了。用乙酸脲电泳分析,核心组蛋白成份在所有实验样品中都是恒定的,但在产蛋鸭肝和输卵管染色质组蛋白H_1呈两条区带,并且出现较多条酸溶性非组蛋白区带。用SDS电泳分析,产蛋鸭肝和输卵管染色质中出现分子量约20,000的非酸溶性非组蛋白。非组蛋白的这些变化,启示它们可能是控制基因活性的调节因素。     

北京鸭的饲养

北京鸭具有生长快、成熟早、脂肪多、肉质肥美鲜嫩、适于烤食等特点,是世界上著名的优良肉用品种。无产阶级文化大革命以来,特别是在批林批孔运动的推动下,我场全体贫下中农在毛主席革命路线指引下,精神焕发,斗志昂扬,狠抓革命,猛促生产,形势很好。     

感染囊幼病的工蜂咽下腺细胞的超微结构的变化

前言 中华蜜蜂囊幼病是我国养蜂业的一种重要病毒病,发病率很高,有的地区造成大量的幼虫死亡,给我国养蜂生产带来一定的危害,为了对防治病害提供科学的依据,我们首先对该病病原进行了分离、提纯及电子显微镜的研究等工作。发现该病毒对幼虫和成蜂,尤其对工蜂体内各个器官都有程度不同的影响。在幼虫发病期症状特别明显,病幼虫身体松软多水,其表皮容易破裂,当悬挂幼虫时其幼虫末端积聚有透明的液滴,在巢房内幼虫头部尖并变成黑色,头部稍微向上抬起呈船形。死后的幼虫干涸变为褐色的外壳留于巢房内,当感染的幼虫全部封盖后,巢房盖的中央有一小孔,这些异常的变化都是囊幼病的典型症状。幼虫症状虽很明显,但工蜂感染病毒后在外部形态上却没有明显     

Fine structural observations on magnum mucosa in quail and hen oviducts

Summary Previous investigators have reported that albuminous material in the albumin-secreting (tubular gland) cells of the magnum of hen oviduct accumulates in the ergastoplasmic cisternae and is released directly into the glandular lumen without being first concentrated into secretory granules in the Golgi region (Zeigel and Dalton, 1962). Present fine structural studies on the tubular gland cells in oviducts from actively laying wild-type Japanese quail and in an oviduct from an actively laying hen indicate that the Golgi apparatus is directly involved in the formation of secretory granules. At least three types of granules can be observed in the tubular gland cells at various times, and all types seem to be associated initially with the Golgi apparatus.In actively laying quail, the distribution of electron opaque, intermediate, and light granules within the superficial and deep regions of the glandular epithelium varies, depending on the presence of an egg in a particular region of the oviduct. Secretion of the product is merocrine, involving fusion of granule membranes with the plasmalemma of the cell surface.Granules first appear in the tubular gland cells of quail oviducts at about 4 1/2 weeks of age. The granules are of the electron opaque type and probably represent secretion in concentrated storage form. At this age, a few of the tubular gland cells exhibit distended ergastoplasmic cisternae containing material of low electron density. The appearance of these light cells, which occur with greater frequency in oviducts from older quail, probably reflects an increased level of secretory activity initiated by changes in hormonal levels. From 5 weeks of age on, intermediate and light (less concentrated) granules, as well as dark granules, are present.Supported by the National and Medical Research Councils of Canada.     

北京鸭脑钙调素的分离纯化和性质的研究

钙调素(Calmodulin,简称CaM)是一种多生理功能的调节蛋白,在脑的功能活动中有重要作用。本文采用苯基琼脂糖(phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B)层析和葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex G-50)过滤法,从北京鸭脑中分离纯化出CaM。纯化的CaM经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和等电聚焦(IEF)电泳鉴定均为一条区带。分子量为19kD,等电点(pI)为4.15,消光系数为1.83。 对纯化的鸭脑CaM的活性和性质进行了研究。它可明显地激活牛环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶活性,在有Ca~(2+)存在的条件下,SDS-PAGE中出现电泳迁移速度的改变,紫外吸收光谱具有已知CaM特有的吸收多峰形,并观察了Ca~(2+)对荧光发射光谱的影响。其氨基酸组成中,1/3是酸性氨基酸,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的比例为8:2。与猪CaM和牛CaM的物理化学性质作了比较。     

北京鸭肝线粒体DNA的克隆

 本文采用限制内切酶HindⅢ切割经Sepharose 4 B柱纯化的北京鸭肝线粒体DNA,得到五个片段,其大小分别为:A——6.56kb,B——3.12kb,C——3.12kb,D——2.40kb,E——1.40kb。以质粒pWR33为载体,在HindⅢ切点处插入线粒体DNA的HindⅢ酶切片段,将体外重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌HB101内,经筛选、分析:如菌落原位杂交,限制性内切分析和Southern吸印法分析,首次得到了线粒体DNA的HindⅢB、C、D、E四个片段的克隆子。另外还得到了一个与片段A同源的1.60kb大小的片段。     

In vitro optimization of the Gallus domesticus oviduct epithelial cells culture

The aim of this experiment was to establish an efficient method for isolation and further culture in vitro of the normal chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) for cell-based research models. Different factors were tested to optimize COEC primary culture for repeatable results: the origin of isolated cells (oviduct Infundibulum or Magnum section); the oviduct tissue dissociation procedure (mechanical scrapping or mincing), tissue digestion times (15, 30 and 45 min), the culture plates coating (colagene I, polystyrene surface or 3T3 feeder layer), the growth media (classic DMEM/Ham's F12 and defined serum-free medium, Lonza Switzerland), incubation temperature (37 °C vs 41°C) and different cell seeding numbers: 0.2M, 0.5M and 1.0M cells/well. The COEC isolated by mincing the Infundibular neck and digestion of tissue for 30 min formed cell aggregates of bright colour and gave proliferating colonies of epithelial-like character which was the best result obtained from all applied procedures in our studies. The fibroblast-like cells considered as contaminants occurred only sporadically up to day 7 of culture. Seeding about 1M cells in 1 mL of serum-free medium onto 12-well dishes gave the optimal growth of colonies resulting in 5 to 7 confluent culture wells from a single oviduct sample. Feeder layer and collagen I did not improve adhesion of the COEC to the culture vessel. Adoption of 37 °C and 41 °C did not reveal apparent differences to the condition of cultured COEC. Cell differentiation and proliferation potential depends on number and replicative capacity of isolated progenitors. The progenitors are responsible for holoclones formation and good culture growth. The percentage of colonies developed from the cells isolated from Infundibulum was greater than that of other samples in our studies. We conclude that the model of COEC primary cultures from different segments of oviduct, in particular infundibulum, should be incorporated to the range of avian cells research as this work generates questions about undocumented sources of oviduct progenitor cells.     

北京鸭消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学研究

应用七种消化道激素抗血清,对北京鸭消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位,促胃素释放肽细胞大量分布于腺胃和肌胃。生长抑素细胞在腺胃和肌胃数量很多,在幽门部密集,且偶见于十地二指肠,胃素细胞在幽门部非常密集,并较多分布于整个小肠,肌胃内亦有少量。５－羟色胺细胞大量见于肠管各段,并偶见于幽门,少量胰多肽细胞见于腺胃、十二指肠和空肠,未检出胃动素和抑胃肽细胞。     

鸡输卵管上皮细胞体外分离培养的研究

鸡输卵管上皮细胞是卵清蛋白的主要分泌细胞,是研究输卵管特异表达蛋白调控的重要工具。在以往的研究中,多采用普通DMEM培养液对鸡输卵管上皮细胞进行分离与培养,容易造成其自身特性在体外培养过程中的改变。本研究我们优化了细胞分离方法,发现从输卵管漏斗部组织分离的输卵管上皮细胞增殖较快;用鸡输卵管上皮细胞培养基相比DMEM更适合促进细胞生长;与胰酶相比,用Accutase消化酶进行细胞传代,有利于输卵管上皮细胞特性维持。对所获得的输卵管上皮细胞鉴定发现,己烯雌酚能促进卵清蛋白的表达,说明分离培养的细胞保持了鸡输卵管上皮细胞特性。本研究建立的方法为输卵管特异表达蛋白调控以及家禽生物反应器的研究奠定了基础。     

Localization of cells producing thyroid stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland of the domestic drake

Summary Cells binding anti-bovine TSH serum were found exclusively in the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the drake using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex unlabelled antibody method. The specificity of the binding of the anti-serum to TSH cells was established by relating the morphology and relative abundance of immunochemically stained cells to the TSH content of the adenohypophysis after experimentally altering the activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. The TSH activity of the adenohypophysis was assessed indirectly, by the weight of the thyroid glands, and directly, by bioassay. As determined by bioassay, the TSH content of the rostral lobe of the adenohypohysis was much greater than that of the caudal lobe. Compared with control drakes, immunochemically stained cells in birds fed a goitrogen, methimazole, seemed to be enlarged and were closer together, while the stained cells in drakes injected with thyroxine were shrunken and less intensely stained. The TSH content of the adenohypophysis was increased in drakes fed methimazole. Castration did not alter the TSH content of the adenohypophysis or change the morphology of immunochemically stained cells. These observations suggest that in the drake: 1) anti-bovine TSH serum binds specifically to TSH cells; 2) the TSH cells occur in the rostral and not in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis; and 3) the activity of TSH cells is not inhibited by the feedback effects of gonadal steroids.We thank Dr. L.E. Reichert Jr. and the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic and Digestive Diseases for the gift of ovine TSH and Mr. R. Wilkie for technical assistance. We are grateful to Dr. M.F. El Etreby, Professor B.K. Follett, Dr. C.G. Scanes, Dr. J. Seth and Dr. J.G. Pierce for gifts of immunochemicals     

中华大蟾蜍输卵管分泌物在受精过程中作用的探讨

未曾包被输卵管分泌物的卵球,即无胶膜卵球,在授与高浓度精液(0.9—3.8×10~8个精子/毫升)条件下,并不能受精,从而进一步证实,输卵管分泌物是卵球受精的必要因素。透射电镜观察表明,未曾接触输卵管分泌物的体腔卵球和体外排出卵球的卵黄膜中,有许多纤维束(直径1200—1500A),纵横交织。在输卵管中运行时,卵球外周包被输卵管分泌物。输卵管各部分(直部、卷曲前部和卷曲部)分泌物中,都含有松散卵黄膜纤维束的因子,经其作用,卵黄膜纤维束松散成微纤维(直径50一70A)。卵黄膜纤维束松散程度与胶膜作用时间的长短呈现正的相关性;卵黄膜纤维束松散程度与卵球受精率可能亦具有正的相关性。     

兔输卵管上皮细胞解除大鼠早期胚胎发育阻滞的研究

本研究利用兔输卵管上皮细胞(ROEc), 与异种动物大鼠的受精卵共培养,结果大量出现突破2细胞发育阻滞的现象。体外受精卵和体内受精卵的2细胞发育阻滞突破率分别为62%和73%;利用ROEC 条件培养液培养大鼠的体外受精卵,2细胞发育阻滞的突破率达68%,且能顺利发育至桑椹胚和囊胚。将ROEC直接培养在含~(35)S-甲硫氨酸的CZB 培养液中,经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及放射自显影,发现在该条件培液中出现了分子量分别为135Kd,68Kd,55Kd,51Kd 和44Kd 由ROEC 分泌的多肽,其中68 Kd 区带最显著,而135 Kd区带非常弱。用(125)~I-酰化剂标记示踪发现,与ROEC 共培养24 h 的大鼠胚胎透明带上含有68Kd 蛋白,并发现55 Kd 蛋白与透明带结合的痕迹。这些蛋白很可能就是胚胎发育调控由母型向合子型过渡并突破早期发育阻滞的关键因子,在功能上似无种属特异性。     

卤虫(Artemia salina)孵化腺细胞分化时相的免疫细胞化学研究(简报)

动物孵化酶(hatching enzyme,HE)是早期胚胎在特定发育阶段由孵化腺细胞产生和分泌的,在动物早期胚胎孵化中具有关键性作用。孵化腺细胞(hatching gland cell,HGC)一般为单细胞腺体,是从胚胎发育到特定阶段(孵化前)出现、至胚胎孵出后的特定时期消失的一时性细胞(transient type ofcells)。完全分化的HGC内充满了低电子密度的酶原颗粒(孵化酶原颗粒),在鱼胚中的分布因物种而异。在大多数鱼中,HGC分布在胚体的外表面和/或卵黄囊中,一般为外胚层来源。如在虹蹲鱼HGC分布在胚体的前表面、卵黄囊、咽部、鳃的内表面及外表面,属于外胚层来源。而日本鳉鱼HGC