心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响

随着社会生活节奏的加快,人们承受的心理压力越来越大,心理应激已经成为威胁机体身心健康不可忽视的因素之一。心理应激可对机体多个系统带来不良影响,例如神经系统、免疫系统、心血管系统和生殖内分泌系统等。女性在工作和家庭的双重压力下,极易受到心理应激的危害,心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响越来越受到国内外学者的关注。本文就心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响及其作用机制的研究现状进行论述,为改善和提高女性生殖健康提供理论依据。     

营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露大鼠子宫、卵巢内HPO轴功能及能量代谢的影响

目的:观察一种自行设计的营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露SD雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(HPO轴)功能及能量代谢的影响。方法:将雌性SD大鼠分为对照组、寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组,每组11只。对照组、寒冷暴露组每日灌胃蒸馏水,营养制剂组每日灌胃营养制剂,灌胃后寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组每日于-10℃冷舱内暴露4 h,持续14 d后,取血清、子宫、卵巢,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)等激素指标,采用比色法等检测ATP酶等能量代谢相关指标。结果:与对照组相比,寒冷暴露显著上调大鼠卵巢中FSHR、LHR蛋白表达,增强子宫和卵巢Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶活性(P<0.05);与寒冷暴露组相比,营养制剂能够下调低氧暴露大鼠卵巢FSHR、LHR蛋白的表达,抑制卵巢和子宫中Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶的活性(P<0.05)。结论:...     

营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露大鼠子宫、卵巢内HPO轴功能及能量代谢的影响*

目的: 观察一种自行设计的营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露SD雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(HPO轴)功能及能量代谢的影响。 方法: 将雌性SD大鼠分为对照组、寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组,每组11只。对照组、寒冷暴露组每日灌胃蒸馏水,营养制剂组每日灌胃营养制剂,灌胃后寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组每日于-10℃冷舱内暴露4 h,持续14 d后,取血清、子宫、卵巢,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)等激素指标,采用比色法等检测ATP酶等能量代谢相关指标。 结果: 与对照组相比,寒冷暴露显著上调大鼠卵巢中FSHR、LHR蛋白表达,增强子宫和卵巢Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶活性(P<0.05);与寒冷暴露组相比,营养制剂能够下调低氧暴露大鼠卵巢FSHR、LHR蛋白的表达,抑制卵巢和子宫中Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶的活性(P<0.05)。 结论: 营养制剂可以有效改善间歇性寒冷暴露对子宫、卵巢内HPO轴相关受体表达和能量代谢的影响。     

重复制动应激对雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的影响

目的:探索重复制动应激对雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的影响。方法:40只SD雌鼠随机分为两组(n=20),对照组和实验组,一组正常饲养,一组采取递增负荷束缚应激,每天置于束缚器内制动应激一次(从上午9:00开始),第1日制动2 h,以后采用递增负荷,每日增加0.5 h,持续两周,通过检测体重、脏器系数、动情周期、性激素、病理和相关基因的表达探索其对下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的危害。结果:重复制动应激使雌性大鼠体重下降、动情周期延长,卵巢和子宫的脏器系数和形态发生改变,利用q PCR技术对其相关基因检测,发现下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素、垂体促性腺激素释放激素受体、促卵泡生成素和促黄体生成素mRNA的表达显著下降,卵巢促卵泡生成素和黄体生成素受体mRNA的表达显著上升,卵巢和子宫雌激素受体mRNA的表达显著下降。结论:重复制动应激可能通过干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的内分泌调节作用,使动情周期紊乱,从而损伤雌性动物的性腺和生殖内分泌功能。     

心理应激对卵巢功能不良影响的研究进展

卵巢是女性重要的生殖器官,卵巢功能的损伤不仅对生育能力造成不良影响,也会降低女性的生活质量。心理应激是个体在应对各类压力和挑战时出现的情绪及心理层面的反应, 多种因素都可以作为应激源。长期的心理应激会破坏机体内环境稳态,甚至诱发疾病。当前已有众多研究表明心理应激可通过神经内分泌网络以及代谢途径,影响卵巢局部生理功能,引起卵巢功能的显著变化,导致女性健康问题产生。本文主要综述心理应激影响卵巢功能的相关研究进展, 为相关临床诊疗与研究提供新思路。     

蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体表达的影响

目的：探讨蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体的影响。方法：选取40只健康雌性未孕SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、对照组、乌力吉-18高、低2个剂量组,每组10只。空白组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,对照组灌胃逍遥丸,高、低剂量组分别灌胃2.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1、1.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1乌力吉-18,连续给药31学艺术d。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E₂)及孕酮(PROG)的含量;免疫组化法检测下丘脑组织促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、垂体组织促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)的表达;以蛋白免疫印迹技术检测卵巢组织促卵泡生成素受体(FSHR)、黄体生成素受体(LHR)蛋白表达量。以实时荧光定量PCR检测卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR基因表达量。结果：与空白组比较,乌力吉-18低剂量组可明显升高血清LH含量(P<0.05),上调下丘脑组织GnRH、垂体组织GnRHR表达及卵巢组织FSH...     

西红花酸治疗DHT诱导的PCOS小鼠的机制研究

目的:观察西红花酸对双氢睾酮(Dihydrotestosterone,DHT)诱导的多囊卵巢综合症(Polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)小鼠的疗效并探讨其作用机制。方法:妊娠15-18天给予孕鼠皮下注射DHT诱导子代雌鼠PCOS模型。待子鼠8周龄后,随机选择一半数量的PCOS小鼠连续4周西红花酸灌胃,作为西红花酸给药组(n=18)。给药期间检测体重和动情周期,待小鼠16周龄左右,通过眼球取血后处死,取出下丘脑、卵巢。采用HE染色观察卵巢组织的病理改变;ELISA试剂盒检测血清中雌二醇(Estradiol,E2)、睾酮(Testosterone,T)、孕酮(Progesterone,P4)、促黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH);采用免疫组化、Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR法检测下丘脑的前腹侧视旁核(Anteroventral periventricular,AVPV)、弓状核(Arcuate,ARC)的kisspeptin以及视前区(Preoptic area,POA)里Gn RH的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,PCOS小鼠卵巢与体重的比值上升了22.56%±6.77%,动情周期延长,卵巢内出现大的空泡,闭锁卵泡数量增加了138.74%±33.22%,窦状卵泡、成熟窦状卵泡和黄体数量分别减少了38.80%±4.69%、56.35%±7.32%和63.77%±7.25%,血清中E2、P4和FSH水平分别降低了40.99%±2.69%、56.91%±5.25%、和38.80%±4.69%,而T、LH水平分别升高了43.23%±4.70%和148.46%±28.16%,下丘脑中AVPV中kisspeptin神经元表达减少,ARC中kisspeptin神经元表达增多,POA中Gn RH神经元减少,而以上情况能够被西红花酸改善。结论:西红花酸分别通过促进和抑制下丘脑AVPV核和ARC核团的kisspeptin表达改善PCOS的病理变化。     

心理应激对皮肤屏障功能的不良影响

皮肤是机体和外界环境之间的第一道保护性屏障,在保护机体免受外界环境等危险因素造成的损伤方面起着重要的作用。心理应激是人在面对各种压力和挑战时产生的情绪和心理反应,多种因素都可以作为心理应激的应激源。长期的心理应激会造成机体内环境稳态失衡,甚至疾病发生。迄今为止有众多研究表明心理应激可通过神经内分泌反应,导致皮肤细胞功能减弱或异常,从而深刻影响皮肤局部生理功能,引起皮肤屏障功能的显著变化,导致皮肤健康问题产生。本文主要综述心理应激影响皮肤屏障功能的相关研究进展。     

促性腺激素抑制激素与生殖轴的关系

下丘脑的促性腺激素释放激素((GnRH)对调控促性腺激素释放十分重要.10年前在鸟类中首先发现了促性腺激素抑制激素(GnIH),它的鉴定提示GnRH不是唯一能直接影响垂体促性腺激素释放的下丘脑神经肤.GnIH及其同系肽广泛存在于鸟类及哺乳动物体内,GnIH在脑部与GnRH神经接触,GnIH可以直接抑制垂体促性腺激素的合成和释放,GnIH及其受体在鸟类和哺乳动物的生殖腺存在.因此GnIH可以在多个水平直接影响生殖轴:脑部、垂体、生殖腺.     

Sexual behavior and serum concentrations of reproductive hormones in normal stallions

Recently, it has been reported that impotence in the stallion has a physiological basis that involves decreased serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol-17beta, but not testosterone. We have found such a hormonal profile in two of nine stallions studied during an ongoing investigation of the endocrinology of the normal stallion. Nevertheless, both of these stallions possessed vigorous libido and normal seminal characteristics. We conclude that the hormonal profile of low LH, low estradiol and normal testosterone, although it may accompany impotence in the stallion, is not predictive of, or causally related to, abnormalities in sexual behavior.     

Menopause in female rhesus monkeys

Fifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8–11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12–month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E₂) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24–26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E₂ and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E₂ levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27–34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E₂ concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E₂ concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

光照对鸡生长、产蛋及血浆雌二醇、黄体生成素、甲状腺素的影响

70日龄星杂“579”小母鸡120只,随机分成A、B、C三组。C组为对照组。A、B两组分别以32和8Lx的强度补充光照,使其每天的光照时间达14h。从70日龄起,每10天称重一次;从开产日龄起,对每只鸡的产蛋分别按日龄称重、登记。结果表明,光照强度与鸡的生长速度和平均蛋重相关不显著,而与鸡的性成熟和产蛋量显著相关。用放射免疫分析法测定了三组鸡100～180日龄间外周血浆E_2、LH和T_4含量,B组鸡LH峰值最高,其峰值(149日龄)与基础值(100日龄)对比,增长率为231.4％;A组鸡血浆T_4水平增加明显,但其产蛋量相对较低;补充光照组能促使血浆E_2峰值的出现早于自然光照组,但各组鸡E_2峰值无显著差异。     

Urinary gonadotropin and estrogen excretion during the postpartum estrus,conception, and pregnancy in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)

Hormonal profiles during postpartum estrus, time of conception, and pregnancy were determined in urine samples from six cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Noninvasive collection techniques permitted daily sampling throughout lactation and pregnancy. Urinary estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and both bioactive and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) measures revealed an interval of 19 ± 2.07 (S E M) days between parturition and the postpartum ovulatory LH peak. An increase in both E1 and E2 was seen prior to the LH peak; however, E1 and E2 continued to increase to their highest concentrations after the LH peak. Since postpartum ovulations resulted in pregnancy, neither postpartum estrus nor conception was suppressed by lactation. The length of gestation (measured from the LH peak to parturition) was 183.7 ± 1.14 (S E M) days, which is at least 30 days longer than that previously reported for other callitrichid species. Both E1 and E2 reached their maximum levels during midpregnancy but showed a rapid decline at parturition. Gestational levels of CG were first detectable approximately 20 days after the LH peak and continued to be elevated for approximately 80 days. The Sub-Human Primate Tube Test (SHPTT) for pregnancy did not detect the LH Peak and was less sensitive than other methods in detecting CG. Two RIA methods and a bioassay technique could not distinguish between LH and CG. We concluded that monitoring both estrogen and LH concentration was needed to determine when ovulation occurs in the cotton-top tamarin, since peak values of estrogen are seen after the ovulatory LH peak. Also, these tamarins were pregnant the majority of the time, indicating an unusually high fertility rate in contrast to most noncallitrichid primate species.     

Higher molecular weight immunoreactive species of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: possible precursors of the hormone.

Separation of extracts of sheep hypothalami on Sephadex G-25 gave three peaks exhibiting luteinizing hormone releasing hormone immunoreactivity. One peak corresponded in elution volume with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone but the others (I and II) eluted earlier, indicating that they are of higher molecular weight. Elution volumes were unaffected by 8 M urea treatment. Incubation of I and II with hypothalamic peptidases produced a small quantity of immunoreactive material eluting in the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone region. Digestion of I with trypsin resulted in a marked increase in total immunoreactivity and the production of material with the same elution volume as II. Tryptic digestion of II gave rise to a small quantity of immunoreactive peptide eluting in the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone region. The amount of I and II relative to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone was lower in the median eminence than in the supra optic chiasmatic and basal hypothalamic regions.     

Luteinizing hormone signaling restricts hematopoietic stem cell expansion during puberty

The number and self‐renewal capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tightly regulated at different developmental stages. Many pathways have been implicated in regulating HSC development in cell autonomous manners; however, it remains unclear how HSCs sense and integrate developmental cues. In this study, we identified an extrinsic mechanism by which HSC number and functions are regulated during mouse puberty. We found that the HSC number in postnatal bone marrow reached homeostasis at 4 weeks after birth. Luteinizing hormone, but not downstream sex hormones, was involved in regulating HSC homeostasis during this period. Expression of luteinizing hormone receptor (Lhcgr) is highly restricted in HSCs and multipotent progenitor cells in the hematopoietic hierarchy. When Lhcgr was deleted, HSCs continued to expand even after 4 weeks after birth, leading to abnormally elevated hematopoiesis and leukocytosis. In a murine acute myeloid leukemia model, leukemia development was significantly accelerated upon Lhcgr deletion. Together, our work reveals an extrinsic counting mechanism that restricts HSC expansion during development and is physiologically important for maintaining normal hematopoiesis and inhibiting leukemogenesis.     

Pituitary luteinizing hormone responses to single doses of exogenous GnRH in female social Cape ground squirrels exhibiting low reproductive skew

The Cape ground squirrel Xerus inauris is unusual among social mammals as it exhibits a low reproductive skew, being a facultative plural breeder with not all females breeding within a group. We investigated pituitary function to assess whether there was reproductive inhibition at the level of the pituitary and potentially the hypothalamus in breeding and non-breeding female Cape ground squirrels. We did so during the summer and winter periods by measuring luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to single doses of 2 g exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and physiological saline administered to 42 females from 11 colonies. Basal LH concentrations of females increased in response to the GnRH challenge. Basal plasma LH concentrations were greater during winter, when most oestrus events are observed. However, we found no differences in plasma LH concentrations between breeding and non-breeding females. We showed that the anterior pituitary of non-breeding female ground squirrels is no less sensitive to exogenously administered GnRH than that of breeding females. We therefore concluded that the pituitary is no more active in breeding than non-breeding females. The lack of differentiation in response to GnRH suggests that either non-breeding females have ovaries that are less sensitive to LH or that they refrain from sexual activity with males through an alternative mechanism of self-restraint.