细菌与石油污染的治理

简述了石油污染及其生物治理方法     

石油降解菌剂的研制及其在石油污染土壤修复中的应用

用液态和固态相结合的方式对包含2种细菌的石油降解菌剂进行培养,牛肉膏、蛋白胨作为液态培养基培齐初级种子,然后接种到草炭和麸皮的固态培养基中培养：分析温度、接种量、料水比、草炭与麸皮的比例、培养时间对固态培养的影响.制备的BC—E和BC-12种菌剂的活菌量分别达到2．47×10^11个／g和3．6×10^10个／g。采用研制的菌剂对石油污染土壤进行修复实验,1个月污染土壤中的石油降解率可达到45％。     

石油降解细菌的表型特性和系统发育分析

从3种不同土壤中分离和纯化得到10个石油降解细菌菌株,分离菌株均为好氧菌、革兰氏阴性菌、不形成芽孢的杆菌,10个菌株均能利用中等链长的烷烃、柴油和原油作为碳源,而不能以单环芳烃和多环芳烃为碳源。根据其生理生化性状和16SrDNA序列分析结果表明,分离菌株EVA5,EVA6,EVA7,EVA8和EVA9为假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spp.）,EVA10、EVA11、EVA12、EVA13和EVA14为不动杆菌（Acinetobacter spp.）,均属于Proteobac-teria的γ亚群。     

石油污染土壤堆制微生物降解研究

采用异位生物修复技术堆式堆制处理方法 ,对辽河油田原油污染土壤进行了生物修复处理研究 .处理工程设 4个处理料堆单元 ,每个处理单元长 118.5cm ,宽 6 5 .5cm ,高 12 .5cm .研究结果表明 ,当进行处理的石油污染土壤中石油烃总量为 5 .2 2 g·10 0 g-1土时 ,利用黄孢原毛平革菌 (Phanerochaetechrysospori um) ,经过 5 5d的运行 ,石油烃总量去除率达 5 4.2 % .堆制处理中影响污染土壤石油烃总量生物降解的主要变化因子为污染土壤的O2 和CO2 含量、降解石油烃微生物的数量、污染土壤pH的变化 .通过监测这些数据的变化 ,可直接反映该工程的处理石油污染土壤的效果 .本处理工程采用定期通风措施 ,操作简单、运行费用低廉 ,为石油污染土壤生物修复实用化提供了一种简单易行的污染土壤清洁技术 .     

耐盐碱石油烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其耐盐碱性研究

从大港油田区石油污染盐碱化土壤和油泥中筛选得到10株耐盐碱石油烃降解菌,通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S r RNA序列分析确定这些菌株为苍白杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、迪茨菌属、棒状杆菌属、无色杆菌属、微杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属。通过液体培养试验,研究了10株菌的耐盐碱能力。结果表明,除B07仅能耐受3%盐度外,其他菌株均能耐受5%或者更高的盐度环境,其中B02和B05在盐度高达11%时仍具有较高的生长活性;10株菌均能耐受p H为9的碱度环境,B01、B03、B04、B06、B09能耐受p H为10的环境,其中,B03和B04在p H为11时仍具有较高的生长活性。研究表明石油烃降解菌在不同微生物种属中广泛存在,并具有较好的耐盐碱特性,有望在石油污染盐碱化土壤修复中广泛应用。     

石油污染土壤的生物降解研究

石油工业迅速的发展带来了许多环境问题。在原油生产与输送过程中[1] ,井喷、泄露及沉降排放等引起的原油进入土壤造成的土壤污染 ,很难治理。原油在环境中残留时间长 ,对土壤微生物和土壤 植物生态系统 ,甚至地下水都产生危害 ,影响土壤肥力 ,破坏土壤生产力 ,严重影响当地的粮食产量及产品质量。当前 ,治理土壤石油污染的方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物治理技术[2 ] 。污染土壤生物清洁技术就是利用微生物将土壤中有害有机污染物降解为无害无机物 (ＣＯ2 和Ｈ2 Ｏ)的过程。降解过程可以由改变土壤理化条件 (包括土壤ｐＨ ,温度、湿度、…     

石油污染生态系统中细菌群落结构及其代谢机制研究进展

石油化工产品的不合理处置与泄漏导致石油及其衍生物大量释放到环境中,由此造成的环境污染问题日益严重,石油污染已成为全球性公害之一。微生物修复技术凭借其成本低、环境友好等优势,广泛应用于石油污染的治理。大量研究表明功能微生物群落在石油污染生态系统的修复体系中发挥了重要的作用。其中,细菌是最主要、最活跃的石油降解微生物。然而,在原位/异位生物修复过程中,存在功能菌群在污染体系中难维持、易失调及石油烃降解途径不明晰等问题。因此,本文总结了石油污染自然生态系统和微宇宙实验体系中的细菌群落结构、石油烃代谢机制及相关功能基因,并对微生物法处理石油污染的未来研究方向提出展望,为石油污染场地生物修复方案的制定提供理论参考。     

石油污染环境中固氮和寡氮营养细菌的分离鉴定及其特性

[背景]石油污染治理中的生物修复因无二次污染、处理成本低等优点受到人们的广泛关注,但由于石油烃向环境中大量输入,导致环境中氮源的相对不足成为制约生物修复效率的关键因素之一,因此筛选能够适应寡氮环境的微生物具有重要的生态意义.[目的]从辽河油田油藏水中筛选在不添加氮源培养基中生长的微生物,为石油污染环境生物修复提供候选菌...     

生物乳化剂产生菌及其产乳化剂条件初步研究*

从胜利油田原油污染土壤边分离得到一株能降解多种石油芳烃和烷烃且能产生物乳化剂的细菌Eml,经生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber)。对菌株Eml产生乳化剂的条件进行了研究,结果表明,该菌株在以正十六烷为碳源时能较快速产乳化剂,其最佳条件为：正十六烷10g/L,酵母抽提物1g/L,初始pH值为7,30℃下200r/min摇床培养。在此条件下,发酵ld后,培养液的表面张力即降到最低值,约30mN／m,而乳化能力达100％;乳化剂浓度则在第5d达到最大,为68倍的CMC;经初步研究该乳化剂为脂类物质。     

一株甲胺磷分解菌的分离及其特性研究

通过富集驯化和选择性培养,从福建三农集团污水处理池的活性污泥中筛选到一株能以甲胺磷为惟一碳源和氮源的细菌DM-1。研究了该菌形态与部分生理生化特性。DM-1菌在无机盐基础培养基中对甲胺磷的最高耐受浓度为1500mg／L,DM-1菌最适生长条件：起始pH值8．0,培养温度28℃,接种量3．0％,摇床转速150r／min,培养时间72h。最佳碳、氮源分别为D-甘露醇和蛋白胨。     

海洋石油降解菌AH07的分离鉴定及其石油降解性能分析

以原油为唯一碳源,从大连新港石油污染区域海底沉积物中分离获得1株石油高效降解菌AH07。通过形态学观察、生理生化特征检验及16S rDNA序列分析,确定菌株AH07为人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum anthropi),GenBank序列登录号为KT831449。通过单因素试验确定了菌株AH07的最优生长条件,即培养温度为30℃,培养基pH 7.0。为了进一步了解并提高菌株AH07的降解性能,选用5种氮源考察不同氮源对菌株石油降解性能的影响。结果表明,玉米粉为最佳有机氮源,NH_4NO_3为最佳无机氮源;28℃、150 r/min振荡培养10 d,菌株AH07对原油的降解率分别为58.25%和31.98%。     

一株氯嘧磺隆降解菌分离鉴定及降解条件优化

为解决氯嘧磺隆残留对土壤、水体污染及后茬敏感作物药害问题,为污染土壤微生物修复提供降解菌种资源,文中采用富集培养、逐级驯化等方法,从氯嘧磺隆污染土壤中分离到1株高效氯嘧磺隆降解菌T9DB-01,经形态特征、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.。采用单因素实验探究温度、pH值、底物浓度、装液量和接种量对菌株T9DB-01降解氯嘧磺隆的影响,采用正交试验及验证,优化菌株T9DB-01对氯嘧磺隆降解条件。结果表明,在30℃,pH 8.0,底物浓度200 mg/L,装液量100 mL/250 mL,接种量4%的条件下,5 d后降解率达到93.7%。该降解菌株对氯嘧磺隆污染土壤原位生物修复具有一定的应用潜力。     

Survey of petroleum-degrading bacteria in coastal waters of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve

A survey of petroleum-degrading bacteria was carried out in the Indian part of deltaic Sunderbans to evaluate the distribution of the naturally occurring petroleum-degrading aerobic bacteria. Bacteriological analysis of surface water samples collected from five different locations in the Hooghly–Matla river mouth showed that, depending on the location, 0.08–2.0% of the heterotrophic bacteria culturable in marine agar medium could degrade crude petroleum hydrocarbons as the sole source of carbon. In the entire study area, the number of heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1 × 10³ to 3.8 × 10⁵ c.f.u/ml, amongst which 2.7 × 10¹ to 6 × 10³ c.f.u/ml were petroleum degraders. There was a maximum number of petroleum-degrading bacteria in the waters of Haldia Port and its surrounding areas, where the water is highly polluted by hydrocarbon discharges from a nearby oil refinery and from the ships docking at the port. Among the isolates, identified on the basis of their Gram reaction, morphological and biochemical tests including the use of API20E strips, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, and Nocardia were the most common petroleum degraders. Other heterotrophic bacteria included several species of Escherichia, Klebsiella, non-oil-degrading Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Bacillus. Following preliminary selection, five strains, showing best growth in medium with oil fraction as sole carbon source, were chosen for estimation of the efficiency of crude oil biodegradation. The selected strains belonged to Pseudomonas (two strains), Mycobacterium (two strains), and Nocardia (one strain). These strains degraded 47–78% of Arab-Mix crude oil over a period of 20 days. The best oil-degrading isolate, a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (BBW1), was found to degrade and multiply more rapidly in crude oil than the rest. BBW1 showed profuse growth in Bushnell Haas medium containing crude oil (as sole source of carbon) at high concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20% (v/v), with optimum at 10%. As much as 75% of the oil was degraded within 72 h of incubation with the bacteria. Physicochemical analysis showed considerable decrease in initial boiling point and carbon residue of the degraded oil. The ability to degrade crude oil was found to be associated with a single 70-kb plasmid, pBN70. Resistance to the metals Mn²⁺ (50 mM), Mg²⁺ (200 mM), Zn²⁺ (6 mM), Ni²⁺ (10 mM) and antibiotics like ampicillin (10 g/ml), cephalexin (30 g/ml), nitrofurantoin (300 g/ml) and penicillin (10 U/ml) were plasmid-mediated.     

Changes in mutagenicity during crude oil degradation by fungi

Two fungal strains, Cunninghamella elegans and Penicillium zonatum, that grow with crude oil as a sole carbon source were exposed to three crude oils that exhibit a range of mutagenic activity. At regular time intervals following fungal incubation with the various crude oils, extracts were tested for the presence of mutagenic activity using the spiral Salmonella assay. When the most mutagenic of the oils, Pennsylvania crude oil, was degraded by C. elegans or by P. zonatum, its mutagenicity was significantly reduced; corresponding uninoculated (weathered) controls of Pennsylvania crude remained mutagenic. West Texas Sour crude oil, a moderately mutagenic oil, exhibited little change in mutagenicity when incubated with either C. elegans or P. zonatum. Swanson River Field crude oil from Cook Inlet, Alaska is a slightly mutagenic oil that became more mutagenic when incubated with C. elegans; weathered controls of this oil showed little change in mutagenicity. Mycelial mat weights measured during growth on crude oils increased corresponding to the biodegradation of about 25% of the crude oil.     

油脂下脚料中残油微生物降解初步研究

以油脂降解菌Bacillus sp DE-8为出发菌,对油脂下脚料中的残油生物降解条件进行初步研究。结果表明:该菌对油脂下脚料降解条件为:起始pH值为8,接种量4%、摇床转速为150r.min-1、温度为32℃、发酵72h,该菌株对菜籽饼的降解率可达78.8%。     

Microbial removal of halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes in an aerobic soil exposed to methane

Abstract Contamination of ground water with halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons threatens this source of drinking water. In order to study microbial processes that may enhance the removal of these compounds, Lincoln fine sand was exposed to an atmosphere containing methane (4%) to enrich microorganisms capable of growth on this gaseous hydrocarbon. The methane-enriched soil was then tested to determine whether the enriched microbes could remove seven halocarbons from aqueous solution. Removal of dichloromethane. trans -1,2-dichloroethylene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane was significantly different in methane-enriched soil compared to non-enriched soil (ANOVA, 95% significance level). Tetrachloroethylene was not removed. Autoclaving the methane-enriched soil inhibited completely the removal of all the compounds. Once the soil was enriched with methane, its presence in the headspace was not required for removal of several of the compounds but methane was required for their complete removal. These results suggest that methane stimulation of microbial communities may be an alternative treatment technology for bioremediation of contaminated subsurface soils and ground water.     

印度洋深海沉积物石油烃降解菌分离、鉴定与多样性分析

烃类物质在海洋环境中广泛分布,深海可能含有特殊的烃降解微生物。本研究通过对西南印度洋中脊与印度洋中部深海沉积物中石油降解菌的富集培养和分离鉴定,从6个站点的样品中共分离得到800株菌,通过BOX-PCR去重复菌株后,对其中183株菌进行了16SrRNA基因序列分析,发现这些菌分属于23个属;其中,γ-变形菌纲的食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)和放线菌纲的微杆菌属(Microbacterium)占优势。此外,还发现了食烷菌属2个潜在的新种、假海栖菌属(Pseudooceanicola)1个潜在新种。高通量测序结果证明,富集菌群中γ-变形菌纲是优势菌,主要包括食烷菌属、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)等。结合可培养菌与高通量测序结果,食烷菌属、盐单胞菌属、海杆菌属、交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas)、海源菌属(Idiomarina)与微杆菌属(Microbacterium)是沉积物样品中常见的石油烃降解菌,迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、赤杆菌属(Erythrobacter)与副球菌属(Paracoccus)等可能也参与了烃的降解。