笼养绿尾虹雉血液生理生化指标分析

为了解人工饲养绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)血液生理生化指标及特点,以四川宝兴蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区笼养的9只成年非繁殖期绿尾虹雉为研究对象,测定了34项血液生理生化指标,按性别分组统计进行差异显著性检验。结果表明,绿尾虹雉血液生理指标不同性别间无显著差异(P0.05)。血液生化指标中的血液总蛋白雄性显著低于雌性(P0.05),血清尿素雄性显著高于雌性(P0.05),但血液中的其他有机物(白蛋白、球蛋白、肌酐、葡萄糖、尿素、酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯等)及无机离子(钾、钠、镁、氯、钙、磷、铁)不同性别之间无显著差异(P0.05)。说明本实验条件下,笼养绿尾虹雉非繁殖期血液生理指标与性别没有相关性,血清总蛋白、血清尿素含量可能与性别有关。     

Beagle犬正常血液学指标及血清生化指标测定

选用普通级健康Beagle犬270只(雄性135只,雌性135只),6～8月龄,体重7～9 kg,前肢内侧隐静脉采血,使用日本西森美康(Sysmex)全自动五分类血球仪及配套试剂和日本奥林巴斯(OLYMPUS-2700)全自动生化分析仪及配套试剂,分别测定血液学指标和血清生化指标.数据经统计分析,得出了雄性、雌性Beagle犬血液学指标和血清生化指标正常参考值的均值及标准差;19项血液学指标雌雄间差异不显著(P＞0.05);4项血液学指标:平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板压积(PCT)、血小板体积分布宽度(PDW)、网织红细胞(Ret)与国内相关报道差异显著(P＜0.05);1项血清生化指标:碱性磷酸酶(ALP)雌雄间差异显著(P＜0.05),其余9项血清生化指标雌雄间差异不显著(P＞0.05).建立了本研究所繁育饲养基地Beagle犬血液学指标和血清生化指标的正常参考值范围,为医学研究提供参考基础数据.     

西藏小型猪血液生理生化指标的初步研究

目的探讨西藏小型猪的生理生化指标特性。方法采用全自动血球计数仪和全自动生化仪,对1.5~5月龄西藏小型猪(♂21,♀24)血液的部分生理和生化指标进行测定和分析。结果西藏小型猪血液生理指标的性别差异不显著,部分生化指标性别差异显著;但多数指标在不同月龄间差异极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05),并有近半数项目随月龄的增长呈减少或增加的趋势,其余多无明显的变化规律。所测生理生化指标中部分与巴马小型猪相近,与普通猪差异较大,与人类水平接近。结论西藏小型猪、其他小型猪和人类的生理生化特性有一定的相似性。     

幼狼血液生理生化及激素参考值

为了了解狼(Canis lupus)幼体的血液生理生化和某些激素正常值及其特点,为相关生物学研究、人工饲养和健康检测提供参考资料,本文采用全自动血球计数仪、全自动生化分析系统和全自动第三代发光免疫仪对8只4月龄幼狼的40项血液生理生化及8项血清激素指标进行了测定.结果表明,雌雄幼狼的血液生理生化指标无显著差异;雄性幼狼的大多数血液理化指标均比雌性幼狼偏高;雌雄幼狼的血清激素水平存在一定的性别专属.     

SPF大白猪和长白猪群体生理生化特性分析

目的研究分析SPF大白猪、长白猪生殖生理和血液生理生化特性。方法常规方法测定SPF大白猪、长白猪群体10项生殖生理指标、19项血液生理和18项血液生化指标,统计分析各指标在不同群体、不同年龄、不同性别间的差异。结果 SPF大白猪、长白猪生殖生理指标和血液大部分生理生化指标差异不显著(P0.05),个别指标如血液生理指标GRAN、HGB、RDW、PLT、PCT,血液生化指标ALKP、CHOL、TBIL、BUN在品种间、不同年龄以及不同性别之间差异显著(P0.05),但其偏离正常值范围较小。结论 SPF大白猪、长白猪在生殖生理和血液生理生化等方面基本稳定,与其他实验用小型猪相比差异不大,本研究为其标准化饲养、动物模型的构建以及封闭群猪群遗传质量的评价提供了重要的基础数据。     

亚热带气候环境下西藏小型猪部分血液生理生化指标的比较

目的比较研究西藏小型猪在亚热带气候环境下的部分血液生理生化指标。方法常规方法测定原代和F1代西藏小型猪血液的9项生理和9项生化指标,比较两代之间以及雌、雄之间的不同,并与其他实验动物及人类的同类指标进行对比分析。结果在生化指标中,原代雌雄之间AST差异显著;F1代雌雄之间TG、ALB有差异,BUN、CHOL有显著性差异。在生理指标中,原代雌、雄间无差异,F1代雌雄间MONO有显著性差异。结论西藏小型猪已经基本适应亚热带地区的环境。与其他实验动物相比西藏小型猪许多生理生化指标更接近人类,非常适合替代犬、猴用于生物医学研究。     

中华蟾蜍血液生理生化指标的测定

本文对中华蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）血液生理和生化指标进行了测定,并对其测定结果进行了t检验。结果显示,中华蟾蜍血液生理生化指标中白蛋白（ALB）、总蛋白（TP）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（CHO）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、葡萄糖（Glu）、血清钙（Ca）、血清氯（Cl）、血清磷（P）、血清镁（Mg）、尿素（Urea）、血清钠（Na）雌雄问均差异不显著（P〉0．05）;碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血清钾（K）两项指标雌雄之间差异显著（P〈0．05）;肌酐（Cre）在雌雄之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,从测定结果可看出中华蟾蜍雌雄间血液生理生化值差异不大。     

褐马鸡生理常数及某些血液生化指标的研究

为了全面地了解褐马鸡的生理特点,本研究对褐马鸡的主要生理常数及血液生化指标的正常值进行了分析测定。结果表明:血沉值和血清磷、血糖、电泳白蛋白及α-球蛋白的含量在性别间存在显著地差异(P<0.05—0.01),其它各项指标性别间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

大(鵟)和长耳鸮的部分血液生理生化指标及血细胞的显微结构观察

为了解大(鵟)(Buteo hemilasius)、长耳鸮(Asio otus)的血象、血液生理生化参数正常值及血细胞的形态特征,为其健康检测和保护提供参考资料,采用纽巴氏法、沙利氏比色法、离心法、瑞士染色等方法检测了大鵟和长耳鸮的血象,利用全自动血液生物化学分析仪测定了两种鸟的19项血液生化指标,利用生物显微技术对其血细胞进行观察.结果表明:大鵟的红细胞数量、红细胞压积、红细胞分布宽度、血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、嗜酸性粒细胞数量、淋巴细胞数量、白细胞数量及凝血细胞数量均高于长耳鹗,而其他指标均低于长耳鸮;其中,红细胞平均体积在两种鸟类间存在极显著性差异(P＜0.01),其他均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).在生理生化检测中,大(鵟)的谷草转氨酶、总蛋白含量、白蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和葡萄糖含量均高于长耳鸮,且大(鵟)的无机离子中的钠和氯离子浓度也高于长耳鸮,而其他指标均低于长耳鸮,其中谷丙转氨酶和肌酐具有极显著性差异(P＜0.01),尿酸和葡萄糖具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),其他指标均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).大(鵟)和长耳鸮的血细胞形态相似.种属不同及生活习性的差异可能是导致这两种鸟类血液生理常值差别及显微结构差异的主要原因,而采样时的机体状况、营养状况及测试操作方法也有一定的影响.     

尖吻蝮血液11项生化指标的测定

对尖吻蝮Agkistrodon acutus血液11项牛化指标进行了测定,并对其测定结果进行了t检验.结果显示,尖吻蝮血液生化指标中葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)、血清钠(Na)、血清氯(C;)、m清钙(Ca)、血清磷(P)、血清镁(Mg)的生化指标在雌雄之间差异不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白(IP)为雌、雄之间差异显著(P<0.05);总胆固醇(CHO)、白蛋白(ALB)、血清钾(K)在雌、雄之间差异极显著(P<0.01).从测定结果可看出尖吻蝮雌雄间血液生化值筹异不大.     

Integration of Environmental Indicators for the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region

The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) Project began in 1994 as a partnership between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Region III Office and the Office of Research and Development. This multiyear initiative was envisioned to: (1) improve the quality of environmental science and promote the use of sound science in environmental decision-making; (2) characterize the condition of ecological resources; and (3) report on the progress toward environmental goals through a series of State-of-the-Region reports. These reports are produced using a coordinated, integrated approach that is carried out at four levels of increasing sophistication and complexity. Results indicate that the condition of individual ecological resources can be determined with existing indicators. The results from MAIA are being communicated in a manner that is understood by environmental managers as evidenced by their use in environmental management decision-making. The application of ecological indicators needs to be coupled with an appropriate sampling design to ensure that the measurements made in the environment can be used to address the relevant questions. Multiresource indicators, those that synthesize information on individual ecological resources, are of high priority for research     

生物多样性监测指标体系构建研究进展

生物多样性监测是为确定与预期标准相一致或相背离的程度,而对生物多样性进行定期或不定期的监视,目前已成为生物多样性研究和保护的热点问题。生物多样性监测指标则是一些简化的生物或环境特征参数,说明生物多样性现状和变化趋势,以及人类活动压力对生物多样性的影响,以促进科学界、政府和公众间的沟通,提高生物多样性管理水平。近10年来,国际组织、政府机构和各国学者对生物多样性指标体系的构建进行了大量的探索工作,取得了很多进展,其中有些指标已经应用于实际监测项目。本文综述了生物多样性监测指标筛选的一般标准和指标体系构建的主要理论,梳理目前已提出或应用的主要生物多样性监测指标,以期为我国构建国家或区域尺度生物多样性监测指标体系提供参考。在此基础上分析提出：生物多样性概念的泛化、指标含义模糊以及知识和数据的缺乏是构建生物多样性监测指标的主要困难。我国未来的生物多样性监测指标体系构建需要关注以下两个方面：（1）紧密联系实际,构建适应性的监测指标体系,加强对典型生态系统区域的监测;（2）发展经济社会发展方面的指标,分析生物多样性变化的驱动力,为生物多样性保护和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。     

The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators

Although the uses and merits of terrestrial insects as indicators have been extensively discussed, there is a lack of clear definition, goal directedness and hypothesis testing in studies in the field. In an attempt to redress some of these issues and outline an approach for further studies, three categories of terrestrial insect indicators, corresponding to differences in their application, are proposed, i.e. environmental, ecological and biodiversity indicators. The procedures in terrestrial insect bioindicator studies should start with a clear definition of the study objectives and proposed use of the bioindicator, as well as with a consideration of the scale at which the study is to be carried out. Bioindication studies are conducted at a variety of spatial and temporal scales within the context of earth-system processes, but the objectives of the study will largely determine the scale at which it would be optimally conducted. There is a tendency for studies to be conducted below their space-time scaling functions, giving them apparent predictability. The selection of potential indicator taxa or groups is then based on a priori suitability criteria, the identification of predictive relationships between the indicator and environmental variables and, most importantly, the development and testing of hypotheses according to the correlative patterns found. Finally, recommendations for the use of the indicator in monitoring should be made. Although advocating rigorous, long-term protocols to identify indicators may presently be questionable in the face of the urgency with which conservation decisions have to be made, this approach is critical if bioindicators are to be used with any measurable degree of confidence.     

OECD pressure–state–response indicators for managing biodiversity: a realistic perspective for a French biosphere reserve

Sustainability is said to be the science of integration, be it integration of scale, discipline or of stakeholders’ interests. One way to integrate such diverse elements is to develop sustainable development indicators. Numerous national and international organizations have attempted to develop such indicators, among which interaction indicators are of critical importance because they enable us to link up human activities, ecological dynamics, and social goals. Among the various ways to develop such indicators, the most common ones are the pressure–state–response (PSR) indicators, as well as others coming from this framework. With realistic methodology one shall observe how PSR indicators might appear as an operational tool to face rapid social and ecological changes within a French biosphere reserve in Brittany. Results suggest that such a framework is insufficient to describe, understand and manage social and ecological interactions.

Rotifers as indicators of lake types in Estonia

Data on the pelagic rotifer fauna in 10 Estonian lakes accumulated for 20 years, as well as published data are analysed. It is possible to distinguish three main indicator groups among rotifers: (1) for oligo- and mesotrophic lakes (Ploesoma hudsoni, Keratella serrulata, Synchaeta grandis, Asplanchna herricki, Ascomorpha ovalis, Gastropus stylifer, Conochilus hippocrepsis); (2) for meso-and eutrophic lakes (Trichocerca capucina, Filinia longiseta, F. limnetica, Keratella quadrata, K. cochlearis tecta, K.c. hispida, Polyarthra euryptera, Keratella hiemalis, Trichocerca porcellus, T. pusilla); (3) for eutrophic lakes (Brachionus spp., Anuraeopsis fissa, Pompholyx sulcata, P. complanata, Trichocerca cylindrica, Hexarthra mira).     

Development and application of an integrated sustainability index for small-holder dairy farms in Rajasthan,India

In agrarian economy of developing nations like India, smallholder dairy production is an important enterprise and its sustainability is vital for ensuring livelihood and nutritional security to the masses. Studies on methodological aspects of farm sustainability at micro-level are limited, either confined to a particular dimension of sustainability or based on complex data requirement which is not feasible to obtain in the context of smallholder dairy farms. This study has developed a multi-attribute farm level sustainability assessment method encompassing economic, social and ecological dimensions of sustainability and has applied it to assess the sustainability of dairy farming in north-western part of India. Based on data from 120 dairy farms located in rural area of Jaipur district from the state of Rajasthan, the study computed the composite Sustainable Dairy Farming Index (SDFI). The overall substantiality status of the smallholder dairy farms in the study area was not encouraging, implying that it may not be viable for future generation to take up the enterprise. Among the three dimensions of sustainability, the average scores of ecological dimension were highest followed by the economic and social sustainability scores. Some of the core attributes like feed productivity, management of animal genetic potential and gender equality are particularly weak aspects of the dairy production system in India. The direct relationship of economic sustainability with herd size suggests for farmers with very small herds (one to two) animals, increasing the number of dairy animals to about five to six, would be a good strategy to economize on input costs and generate more marketed surplus of milk.     

Water quality dynamics in the Boro-Thamalakane-Boteti river system,northern Botswana

The quality of water in aquatic systems is subject to temporal and spatial variations due to varying effects of natural and anthropogenic factors. This study assessed the dynamics of water quality in the Boro-Thamalakane-Boteti river system along an upstream–downstream gradient above and below Maun during February, May, September and December 2012. Temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci were monitored in the settlements of Boro, Maun, Xobe, Samedupi, Chanoga and Motopi along the river system. Comparisons of water quality among settlements using ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference test highlighted a significant decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, indicated by increases in microbial numbers and turbidity. The quality of water improved as the water level rose during the peak flooding season in September and declined thereafter. This study highlights the possible influence of human settlements and associated developments on waterbodies, and lends strong support to management efforts to maintain river water quality to ensure the suitability of the water for various ecosystem uses.     

Occurrence of Salmonella spp and Cryptosporidium spp in a French coastal watershed: relationship with fecal indicators

Cryptosporidium and Salmonella are pathogenic microorganisms that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans. Because these organisms are potentially transmitted through natural waters, this study was carried out to estimate the concentrations of both pathogens in a French coastal watershed and to determine the relationships with fecal indicators. Water samples from nine wastewater treatment plants and eight rivers were analyzed. Although both pathogens and indicators are released from sewage effluents, no clear correlation was found between the two enteric pathogens nor between a given pathogen and fecal indicators. These results suggest that fecal indicators do not adequately indicate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Salmonella in natural waters and that pathogens and indicators may have different behaviors in the aquatic environment.     

Vegetation indicators of salinity in northern Queensland

Abstract The possibility that plants could serve as indicators of underlying soil salinity in northern Queensland, Australia, was investigated using 2197 site observations recorded during a land resources inventory of the Dalrymple Shire. The area surveyed intersects three biogeographical regions: the desert uplands, the Einasleigh uplands and the northern brigalow belt. The three dominant plant species in the lower, middle, and upper vegetation strata were recorded, along with laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity down each soil profile. Correspondence analysis, generalized additive models and clustering were used to investigate the relationship between plant occurrence, climatic and edaphic factors. The results of these statistical analyses strongly suggest a relationship between salinity and brigalow plant communities. A generalized additive model to predict soil salinity from environmental variables including vegetation data is presented.