子宫内膜癌的临床诊断、形成机理及临床治疗

子宫内膜癌是妇科生殖道肿瘤中最常见的癌症,每年每10万妇女中就有15～25位子宫内膜癌患者.子宫内膜癌(Endometrial cancer)是指源自子宫内膜的癌症,其病因是由于细胞的异常生长,并且具有了能够侵袭或扩散到身体其他部位的能力.子宫内膜癌最常发生在更年期之后,组织病理学上最常见的子宫内膜癌属于恶性子宫内膜上皮癌,其比例超过80％.约20％左右的子宫内膜癌与肥胖相关.子宫内膜癌一般通过子宫内膜刮除术,取得子宫内膜的活体组织进行诊断.目前的治疗以手术移除子宫为主,早期发现并接受治疗的子宫内膜癌预后较好.     

腹腔镜早期子宫内膜癌手术临床疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下早期子宫内膜癌分期手术与开腹手术的临床疗效的差异.方法:回顾性研究2008年1月～2012年10月在我院行子宫内膜癌分期手术的84例患者临床资料,手术病理分期为ⅠA～Ⅱ期.其中腹腔镜分期手术40例,开腹分期手术44例,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、并发症、术后住院时间.结果:腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组,两者相比具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);腹腔镜组术中出血量显著少于开腹组(P＜0.05);淋巴结清扫总数显著多于开腹组(P＜0.05);腹腔镜组在排气时间、尿管拔除时间、术后出院时间均显著早于开腹组(P＜0.05);两者并发症方面无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:腹腔镜分期手术较开腹手术更具微创价值,是治疗早期子宫内膜癌稳妥可行的选择.     

子宫内膜癌肿瘤标志物的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是妇科最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期诊断、早期治疗、规范随访是改善预后的重要手段。随着检测技术的发展和研究的深入,近年来出现了一些新的肿瘤标志物,在子宫内膜癌早期诊断及预后判断方面发挥重要的作用。本文主要归纳总结了子宫内膜癌肿瘤标志物的最新研究进展。     

不容小觑的子宫内膜癌

子宫内膜癌,又叫子宫体癌,是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤之一,目前在国内发病率仅次于子宫颈癌。但是,由于生活方式的转变,其发病率在不断升高,并且随着宫颈癌筛查及预防的普及,在发达国家子宫内膜癌的发病人数已     

不容小觑的子宫内膜癌

子宫内膜癌,又叫子宫体癌,是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤之一,目前在国内发病率仅次于子宫颈癌。但是,由于生活方式的转变,其发病率在不断升高,并且随着宫颈癌筛查及预防的普及,在发达国家子宫内膜癌的发病人数已经超过宫颈癌,成为女性生殖道最为常见的恶性肿瘤。     

绝经前子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗及前瞻性进展

对于未生育子宫内膜癌患者的保守治疗目前存在较多争议,首先药物剂量,给药方式,治疗时间等尚无明确标准,又因其复发率较高,患者完成分娩后是否需要切除子宫尚无定论。通过阅读大量文献及临床前瞻性研究,药物治疗主要以低剂量为主,治疗时间一般约9-12个月,治疗方面除传统单纯口服激素治疗外,近年来又逐步开展单独左炔诺孕酮宫内节育器治疗,宫内节育器与促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRHa)联合治疗,宫腔镜手术与激素联合治疗等。后续通过辅助生殖技术也使怀孕率逐年升高。研究表明,现阶段对于绝经前子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的治疗是非常有希望的,但仍需大量临床试验来逐步完善治疗策略。本文结合临床实践体会和文献报道,重点就其适应证选择、治疗前评估、治疗方案、疗效评价、病情监测、治疗后的生育问题等做一综述如下。     

长链非编码RNAs与妇科肿瘤

长链非编码RNAs(long non-codiong RNAs,lncRNAs)是具有原始或是剪切转录本功能的RNA,并不符合小分子RNAs和结构RNAs的已知定义。它们分别在宫颈癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、乳腺癌等妇科肿瘤中出现异常表达的现象,使其有希望成为未来妇科肿瘤的新型标志物和治疗靶点,但其作用机制有待于进一步探索。     

妇科针对性护理对保守治疗、开腹手术治疗、腹腔镜微创手术治疗宫外孕患者机体恢复的影响

目的:目前宫外孕的发病率日趋增多,发病年龄也趋向年轻化,为减轻患者痛苦,促进其早日康复,本文旨在回顾性分析妇科护理工作在三种方式治疗宫外孕治疗中的作用.方法:选取2010年10月至2011年9月间,于我院妇科进行宫外孕手术的患者172例,针对172例患者所采取的保守治疗、开腹手术治疗、腹腔镜微创手术三种不同治疗方法,根据不同情况,实施多种妇科针对性护理措施,并对结果进行回顾性分析和总结.结果:172例宫外孕患者经腹腔镜微创手术治疗治愈126例,经过针对性妇科护理,平均住院6.56天;开腹手术治愈26例,经过针对性妇科护理,平均住院9.85天;保守治疗20例,保守治疗失败转为手术治疗3例,平均住院17.87天.经过对所有患者采取有效的针对性精心护理,护理效果较为满意,预后情况良好.结论:腹腔镜微创手术治疗因其创伤小、恢复快,且兼具明确诊断和治疗的作用,是目前临床治疗宫外孕的主要方法;对选择不同治疗方式的患者采取有效的针对性护理,可以提高护理质量和治疗效果,减轻患者痛苦、减少并发症的发生,确保患者早日康复出院.     

妇科腹腔镜手术的护理现状

正腹腔镜手术是借助摄像系统、光源及器械进行操作的手术方式,是外科手术的革命。随着腹腔镜设备、器械不断更新,腹腔镜手术范围逐渐扩大,临床技术水平不断提高,近年来腹腔镜手术已逐步成为成熟的妇科微创手术方法,是未来妇科手术方法发展的趋势[1]。国际妇产联盟(FIGO)提出,在21世纪应有60%以上妇科手术在内镜下完成[2]。其与传统开腹手术相比,有明显的特点和优势,如切口小、创伤小、     

妇科腹腔镜手术的麻醉进展

随着腔镜手术器械的更新、手术和麻醉技术的不断改善,使许多过去开放性的手术现已被腔内手术取而代之[1],妇科腹腔镜手术正是如此。施亚萍等[2]认为,与传统开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快和腹部美观等优点,腹腔镜手术也因此成为越来越多女性患者首选的手术方式。目前,腹腔镜技术在妇科疾病的应用上不断拓宽且日趋成熟[3]。本文就妇科腹腔镜手术及其麻醉对患者围术     

腔镜下Soave根治术与开腹改良Soave术治疗长段型先天性巨结肠患儿的疗效比较及对应激反应和控便功能的影响

摘要 目的：比较腔镜下Soave根治术与开腹改良Soave术治疗长段型先天性巨结肠（HD）患儿的疗效,观察两种术式对应激反应和控便功能的影响。方法：选取我院2017年4月～2020年9月期间收治的长段型HD患儿88例,根据手术方式的不同分为开腹组和微创组,例数分别为43例和45例。对比两组围术期指标、应激反应指标、控便功能和并发症发生情况。结果：微创组的术中失血量少于开腹组,手术时间、胃肠功能恢复时间、禁食时间、住院时间短于开腹组（P<0.05）,两组肠管切除长度组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。两组患儿术后1 d心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）较术前升高,血氧饱和度（SpO₂）较术前下降,但微创组HR、MAP低于开腹组,SpO₂高于开腹组（P<0.05）。两组患儿术后1年大便性状、排便次数、污粪、需要治疗（灌肠、药物、尿布）评分及Heikkinen总分均较术前升高,且微创组高于开腹组（P<0.05）。微创组的近期并发症总发生率和远期并发症总发生率均低于开腹组（P<0.05）。结论：与开腹改良Soave术相比,采用腔镜下Soave根治术治疗长段型HD患儿可缩短手术时间、禁食时间、住院时间、胃肠功能恢复时间,减少手术创伤,减轻机体应激反应,改善患儿控便功能,同时还可降低并发症发生率,效果较好。     

Artritis séptica por Scedosporium apiospermum de lenta instauración tras infiltración periarticular

BackgroundFungal arthritis is usually of haematogenous origin, and mainly affects patients with impaired cellular immunity or users of intravenous drugs. The infection in immunocompetent patients is generally caused by direct inoculation of the microorganism through an invasive device. The experience of azole therapy in these patients is limited.Case reportWe report a case of arthritis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum characterized by its slow onset, lack of response to posaconazole and caspofungin, and its successful resolution after surgical debridement and treatment with voriconazole.ConclusionsTreatment with voriconazole and surgical debridement is an effective therapy for arthritis due to S. apiospermum.     

颅内原发性胚胎性癌的临床特征及预后影响因素分析

目的:探讨颅内原发性胚胎性癌的临床特征及预后影响因素,为该病的临床诊治提供参考依据。方法:回顾性分析我院经病理证实的6例颅内原发性胚胎性癌患者的临床资料,随访并比较患者的预后情况。结果:本组病例5例男性和1例女性,平均年龄9.8岁;5例病变位于松果体区,1例位于鞍区;5例头痛起病,1例表现为多尿;术前血液学检查提示:4例患者甲胎蛋白明显升高,1例患者β亚单位绒毛膜促性腺激素明显升高;3例患者手术全切,平均生存期32.0月,3例患者手术次全切,平均生存期21.0月;4例患者术后接受规范放化疗,平均生存期32.0月,1例仅行化疗,生存期22.0月,1例术后未行放化疗,生存期9.0月。结论:颅内原发性胚胎性癌是一种罕见的颅内肿瘤,多见于年轻男性,病变多位于松果体区;术前血液学检查有助于诊断;患者预后差,手术切除程度是一重要预后影响因素,术后放化疗或可延长患者的生存期。     

输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况及其影响因素分析

目的:总结输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况,并分析其影响因素。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年1月于我院行输卵管妊娠手术的86例患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析所有患者的临床及随访资料,记录并总结所有患者年龄、孕次、产次、月经史、不孕史、血人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)水平、妊娠部位、手术情况、避孕方式以及疾病史等和术后重复性异位妊娠发生情况,并比较不同特征患者术后重复性异位妊娠的发生率,分析影响输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况的影响因素。结果:至随访结束,86例输卵管妊娠手术患者术后出现重复性异位妊娠者22例,发生率为25.58%;年龄越大、孕、产次越多、HCG水平越高、存在不孕史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、盆腔感染史以及开腹手术、双侧输卵管粘连及闭锁和长期放置宫内节育器进行避孕的患者其输卵管妊娠术后重复性异位妊娠发生率均明显较高(P0.05);经多因素Logistic回归模型分析可得存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术是输卵管妊娠手术患者术后重复性异位妊娠发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠不可忽视,而对于存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术的输卵管妊娠手术患者则应及时治疗不孕症,尽可能选择腹腔镜手术来降低患者术后重复性异位妊娠,以此提高患者术后生育能力。     

Current status of proteomics of esophageal carcinoma

Introduction: Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Identifying suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis as well as predicting lymph node metastasis, prognosis and the therapeutic response of EC is essential for the effective and efficient management for EC. There is an urgent need to develop effective, novel approaches for patients who do not respond to conventional treatment.

Areas covered: EC is characterized by the presence of two main histological types such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which differ in their response to treatments and prognosis. Thus, this review describes the latest research into biomarkers and novel treatment targets generated by cancer proteomics for the two main histological types. Finally, the main difficulties facing the translation of biomarkers and novel treatment targets into the clinical settings are discussed.

Expert commentary: EC proteomics have provided useful results and, after their validation, novel clinical tools should be developed to improve the clinical outcomes for EC patients.     

Withholding the artificial administration of fluids and food from elderly patients with dementia: ethnographic study

ObjectiveTo clarify the practice of withholding the artificial administration of fluids and food from elderly patients with dementia in nursing homes.DesignQualitative, ethnographic study in two phases.Setting10 wards in two nursing homes in the Netherlands.Participants35 patients with dementia, eight doctors, 43 nurses, and 32 families.ResultsThe clinical course of dementia was considered normal and was rarely reason to begin the artificial administration of fluids and food in advanced disease. Fluids and food seemed to be given mainly when there was an acute illness or a condition that needed medical treatment and which required hydration to be effective. The medical condition of the patient, the wishes of the family, and the interpretations of the patients'' quality of life by their care providers were considered more important than living wills and policy agreements.ConclusionsDoctors'' decisions about withholding the artificial administration of fluids and food from elderly patients with dementia are influenced more by the clinical course of the illness, the presumed quality of life of the patient, and the patient''s medical condition than they are by advanced planning of care. In an attempt to understand the wishes of the patient doctors try to create the broadest possible basis for the decision making process and its outcome, mainly by involving the family.

What is already known on this topic

Debate has focused on whether it is beneficial to withhold the artificial administration of fluids and food from patients with advanced dementia

What this study adds

The course of dementia, the patient''s quality of life, and the patient''s current medical condition influence doctors'' decision making more than advanced planning of careDoctors try to create the broadest possible basis for the decision making process and its outcome, mainly by involving the family     

NLRC5 potentiates anti-tumor CD8+ T cells responses by activating interferon-β in endometrial cancer

ObjectivesNLR family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) could promote major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-dependent CD8⁺ T cell-mediated anticancer immunity. In this study, the immunosurveillance role and underlying mechanisms of NLRC5 in endometrial cancer (EC) were characterized.MethodsCD8⁺ T cells were separated from healthy women's peripheral blood by using magnetic beads. The effect of NLRC5 and interferon-β (IFN-β) on immunosurveillance of EC were examined through a mouse tumor model and a CD8⁺ T cell-EC cell coculture system after NLRC5 overexpression and IFN-β overexpression or depletion. The effect of NLRC5 on IFN-β expression was examined with gain- and loss-of-function experiments.ResultsNLRC5 overexpression in the EC cell and CD8⁺ T cell coculture system inhibited EC cell proliferation and migration and promoted EC cell apoptosis and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation. In vivo, NLRC5 overexpression increased the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells and inhibited EC progression. Furthermore, IFN-β overexpression in the EC cell and CD8⁺ T cell coculture system activated CD8⁺ T cell proliferation; however, genetic depletion of IFN-β exerted the opposite effects. In addition, NLRC5 could negatively regulate IFN-β expression in EC cells. Mechanistically, NLRC5 potentiated the antitumor responses of CD8⁺ T cells to EC by activating IFN-β.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings demonstrated that NLRC5 potentiates anti-tumor CD8⁺ T cells responses by activating interferon-β in EC, suggesting that genetically escalated NLRC5 and IFN-β may act as potential candidates for the clinical translation of adjuvant immunotherapies to patients with EC.     

腹腔镜下改良Soave术对先天性巨结肠患儿肛门功能、肠道菌群及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨腹腔镜下改良Soave术对先天性巨结肠患儿肛门功能、肠道菌群及生活质量的影响。方法：选取2019年5月~2022年3月期间本院接收的先天性巨结肠患儿68例,根据手术方案的不同将患儿分为常规组（常规经腹腔镜辅助下Soave术,32例）和改良组（腹腔镜下改良Soave术,36例）,比较两组临床指标、肛门功能、肠道菌群、生活质量的变化及并发症发生情况。结果：与常规组比较,改良组手术时间、术后肠蠕动时间、住院时间较短,术中出血量较少（P<0.05）。改良组的优良率高于常规组（P<0.05）。改良组术后3个月健康生活量表简表（SF-36）各维度评分高于常规组（P<0.05）。改良组术后3个月双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、粪肠球菌高于常规组（P<0.05）,大肠杆菌低于常规组（P<0.05）。改良组的中期并发症发生率、短期并发症发生率低于常规组（P<0.05）。结论：与常规经腹腔镜辅助下Soave术相比,先天性巨结肠患儿采用腹腔镜下改良Soave术治疗,在改善肛门功能、肠道菌群、生活质量、临床指标、降低并发症发生率等方面效果显著,临床应用价值较高。     

Clinical relevance of oncogenic driver mutations identified in endometrial carcinoma

PurposeEndometrial carcinoma (EC) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by a number of different histological subtypes, and its heterogeneity may be involved in the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. The aim of this work was to investigate the comprehensive mutational profile of EC tumors, and examine the associations between somatic mutations and clinicopathological features or survival in EC patients.MethodsA total of 100 surgical tumors were obtained from EC patients who had previously undergone surgery. Genomic DNA samples extracted from fresh-frozen tissues were analyzed using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 Kit, covering 50 tumor-related genes.ResultsValidated mutations were detected in 91 of the 100 tumors (91%) and identified in eight of the most frequently mutated genes, namely PTEN (57%), PIK3CA (51%), TP53 (30%), KRAS (23%), CTNNB1 (21%), FBFR2 (13%), FBXW7(10%) and RB1 (9%). PTEN mutations were found to associated with young age (< 60), early-stage, endometrioid histology, non-recurrence and better overall survival (OS). CTNNB1 mutations were associated with young age, endometrioid histology and better OS. On the other hands, TP53 mutations were associated with late-stage, non-endometrioid histology, high-grade, recurrence and worse OS. FBWX7 mutations were associated with late-stage, vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. FGFR2 mutations correlated with deep (≥ 1/2) myometrial invasion.ConclusionOur comprehensive mutational profile will be useful for understanding and evaluating the molecular characteristics of EC tumors, and may lead to the establishment of novel treatment strategies that improve the survival of patients with EC in the future.     

Puffing Topography and Nicotine Intake of Electronic Cigarette Users

BackgroundPrior electronic cigarette (EC) topography data are based on two video analyses with limited parameters. Alternate methods for measuring topography are needed to understand EC use and nicotine intake.ObjectivesThis study evaluated EC topography with a CReSS Pocket device and quantified nicotine intake.MethodsValidation tests on pressure drop, flow rate, and volume confirmed reliable performance of the CReSS Pocket device. Twenty participants used Blu Cigs and V2 Cigs for 10 minute intervals with a 10–15 minute break between brands. Brand order was reversed and repeated within 7 days Data were analyzed to determine puff duration, puff count, volume, flow rate, peak flow, and inter-puff interval. Nicotine intake was estimated from cartomizer fluid consumption and topography data.ResultsNine patterns of EC use were identified. The average puff count and inter-puff interval were 32 puffs and 17.9 seconds. All participants, except one, took more than 20 puffs/10 minutes. The averages for puff duration (2.65 seconds/puff), volume/puff (51ml/puff), total puff volume (1,579 ml), EC fluid consumption (79.6 mg), flow rate (20 ml/s), and peak flow rate (27 ml/s) were determined for 10-minute sessions. All parameters except total puff count were significantly different for Blu versus V2 EC. Total volume for Blu versus V2 was four-times higher than for conventional cigarettes. Average nicotine intake for Blu and V2 across both sessions was 1.2 ± 0.5 mg and 1.4 ± 0.7 mg, respectively, which is similar to conventional smokers.ConclusionsEC puffing topography was variable among participants in the study, but often similar within an individual between brands or days. Puff duration, inter-puff interval, and puff volume varied from conventional cigarette standards. Data on total puff volume and nicotine intake are consistent with compensatory usage of EC. These data can contribute to the development of a standard protocol for laboratory testing of EC products.