铁死亡在缺血性脑卒中的作用

缺血性脑卒中(ischemic cerebral strock,ICS)是一种由脑部血流不足引起的疾病，可以直接导致神经损伤，目前仍没有十分有效的神经保护剂。铁死亡是一种主要依赖于铁的脂质过氧化物驱动、受多种细胞代谢途径进行调控的细胞程序性死亡方式。铁死亡在ICS的病理生理发展中也发挥重要作用，能诱发和加重脑缺血后的损伤并贯穿着整个病理过程。ICS损伤的铁死亡机制涉及铁超载、氧化还原失调和脂质过氧化等。参与ICS的铁死亡调控的主要信号通路，包括SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4、AMPK/PGC-1α及COX-2/PGE2等。本文以铁死亡的作用机制为切入点，通过综述铁死亡与ICS之间的关系，以期为ICS的临床研究和治疗，以及寻找新的治疗靶点提供思路。     

铁死亡在常见慢性呼吸系统疾病中的研究进展

长期以来慢性呼吸系统疾病(chronic respiratory diseases)直接威胁着人类的生命健康,因此,探寻慢性呼吸系统疾病的发病机制及其治疗方法成为一个重要的研究课题。铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种铁依赖性的新型细胞程序性死亡方式。研究发现铁死亡参与多种慢性呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展,这提示铁死亡可能是常见慢性呼吸系统疾病的治疗靶点。现就铁死亡的细胞内铁代谢(iron metabolism)生物学过程、调控机制及其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺纤维化和肺癌等常见慢性呼吸系统疾病中的作用作一概述。     

铁死亡与肾脏疾病相关性的研究进展

铁死亡（ferroptosis）是2012年新发现的一种非凋亡的细胞死亡形式,其实质是依赖铁离子的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和脂质氢过氧化物蓄积导致的线粒体形态改变和细胞膜磷脂过氧化损伤。铁死亡与许多肾脏疾病的病理生理进程密切相关。然而铁死亡参与肾脏疾病损伤的分子生物学机制尚缺乏系统和深入的认识。针对铁死亡的调控机制、研究进展及其在肾脏相关疾病中的作用作一综述,以期为肾脏疾病的治疗提供新思路、新靶点。     

细胞程序性死亡在卵泡闭锁中的作用及机制

卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡和自噬在动物卵巢卵泡闭锁过程中发挥重要的调控作用。新近研究表明,铁死亡和焦亡也参与卵巢卵泡闭锁过程。铁死亡是一种铁依赖性脂质过氧化和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)积累引起的细胞死亡形式。研究证实,自噬和凋亡介导的卵泡闭锁过程中也有典型的铁死亡特征。细胞焦亡是依赖于Gasdermin蛋白的促炎性细胞死亡,可通过调节卵泡颗粒细胞调控卵巢繁殖性能。本文综述了几种细胞程序性死亡独立或相互作用参与调控卵泡闭锁的作用及机制,以期扩展卵泡闭锁机制的理论研究,为细胞程序性细胞死亡诱导卵泡闭锁的作用机制提供理论参考。     

病原真菌中潜在的铁死亡通路：功能与研究展望

铁死亡是一种铁离子参与、使细胞内脂质过氧化物积累到致死水平的新型程序性细胞死亡形式。目前,铁死亡的作用与机制在动物细胞已广泛、深入研究,而真菌铁死亡研究才刚刚起步。本综述旨在探讨铁离子稳态调控因子、膜脂抗氧化系统及脂质过氧化酶促系统这3种已知的铁死亡调控途径,列举它们在真菌中的同源蛋白的生物学功能。我们推测,病原真菌细胞铁死亡也许广泛参与其生长发育和致病性方面的调控,铁死亡调控通路有可能成为真菌病害防控的新的潜在靶标。     

铁死亡在急性胰腺炎中的研究进展

铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的新型细胞程序性死亡方式,已被证明与急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)的发生发展密切相关。通过调控铁离子代谢、活性氧堆积、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4以及核转录因子2/血红素氧合酶1与晚期糖基化终产物特异性受体/核转录因子-κB通路的表达,可抑制铁死亡发生,从而预防改善AP。AP是一种常见的消化系统急性病症,10%~20%可发展为重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP),SAP常合并其他器官(肠黏膜、肝、肺、肾等)损伤。目前,AP尚无明确的发病机制,缺乏有效的治疗方案。本文归纳出铁死亡在AP中的作用机制,及其对SAP引发相关器官(肝、肺、肾、肠黏膜)损伤的影响,以期为疾病的发生机制和预防治疗提供新见解。     

铁死亡与心血管疾病

铁死亡是一种新型细胞死亡方式。铁死亡主要是由于机体内的铁超载,导致循环中游离铁的含量过高;过多的游离铁沉积于机体组织器官细胞内,通过生成羟基自由基加速细胞膜脂质过氧化、促进细胞线粒体破坏等方式对机体组织器官造成损伤,从而引起一系列躯体疾病。研究表明,铁死亡参与了心血管疾病的发生发展过程,如冠心病、心肌梗死缺血再灌注损伤以及心力衰竭等。本文阐述了铁死亡概念、生化特征、调控机制,以及铁死亡对心血管疾病发病过程的影响,旨在介绍铁死亡这一新形式的细胞死亡方式,并为心血管疾病的诊断治疗提供新的思路。     

铁死亡在缺氧相关脑损伤中的研究进展

脑部缺氧经常带来不可逆的中枢神经系统损伤，严重危害着人类健康，对缺氧相关脑损伤机制的深入探索具有重要意义。铁死亡作为一种程序性细胞死亡，主要表现为铁依赖性脂质过氧化物过量积累导致的细胞死亡，与谷胱甘肽代谢、脂质过氧化和铁代谢异常相关，参与多种疾病的发生和发展。研究发现铁死亡在缺氧相关脑损伤中发挥重要作用。本文总结了铁死亡的发生机制，并阐述了其在脑缺血再灌注损伤、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停所致脑损伤及高原低氧脑损伤中的研究进展。     

铁死亡的表观遗传调控机制

铁死亡是一种新型的细胞程序性死亡方式,参与多种疾病的发生发展。对铁死亡调控机制的深入研究会帮助我们从新的角度去认识疾病的发生机制和探究潜在的药物干预靶点。因此,本文对铁死亡的表观遗传调控机制的最新研究进展进行了综述。研究发现,组蛋白的修饰如组蛋白甲基化、乙酰化和单泛素化等,能够通过激活或抑制铁死亡相关的溶质载体家族7成员11(recombinant solute carrier family 7 Member 11,SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)等基因的转录进而调控铁死亡的发生。此外,DNA/RNA甲基化也影响着铁死亡的发生,如GPX4上游DNA甲基化的增加会导致脂质活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的积累从而促进细胞发生铁死亡。本文综述了近些年参与铁死亡调控的包括小分子RNA(microRNA)、长非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)在内的非编码RNA的研究,发现非编码RNA也可以通过靶向调控谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)合成、脂质ROS和GPX4活性等,在多种疾病尤其是肿瘤疾病的铁死亡过程中起举足轻重的作用。     

少突胶质前体细胞治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病,其发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,并且治疗较为困难。研究发现脊髓损伤后少突胶质细胞大量死亡,引发脱髓鞘病变,这可能是其难以治疗的原因之一。少突胶质前体细胞(OPCs)为少突胶质细胞的祖细胞,后者是中枢神经系统的成髓鞘细胞。OPCs来源于胚胎发育早期神经管腹侧神经上皮细胞,随着神经管的发育,OPCs逐渐增殖、迁移并分化为成熟OL,参与中枢神经系统轴突髓鞘的形成。随着对OPCs的不断深入研究,发现OPCs移植对SCI有较好的疗效,这可能为SCI患者开辟一条新的治疗途径。本文就OPCs治疗SCI的动物实验研究结果做一综述。     

Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy

Spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to functional deterioration due to a series of processes including cell death. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) is considered to be a critical process after SCI, and various forms of PCD were discovered in recent years, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis. Unlike necrosis, PCD is known as an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events, and it is crucial for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells, as well as a defence mechanism. Therefore, it would be meaningful to characterize the roles of PCD to not only enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes, but also improve functional recovery after SCI. This review will summarize and explore the most recent advances on how apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis are involved in SCI. This review can help us to understand the various functions of PCD in the pathological processes of SCI, and contribute to our novel understanding of SCI of unknown aetiology in the near future.     

p53- and Bax-Mediated Apoptosis in Injured Rat Spinal Cord

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a series of endogenous biochemical changes that lead to secondary degeneration, including apoptosis. p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis is likely to be an important mechanism of cell death in spinal cord injury. However, the signaling cascades that are activated before DNA fragmentation have not yet been determined. DNA damage-induced, p53-activated neuronal cell death has already been identified in several neurodegenerative diseases. To determine DNA damage-induced, p53-mediated apoptosis in spinal cord injury, we performed RT-PCR microarray and analyzed 84 DNA damaging and apoptotic genes. Genes involved in DNA damage and apoptosis were upregulated whereas anti-apoptotic genes were downregulated in injured spinal cords. Western blot analysis showed the upregulation of DNA damage-inducing protein such as ATM, cell cycle checkpoint kinases, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), BRCA2 and H2AX in injured spinal cord tissues. Detection of phospho-H2AX in the nucleus and release of 8-OHdG in cytosol were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of p53 was observed in the neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Upregulation of phospho-p53, Bax and downregulation of Bcl2 were detected after spinal cord injury. Sub-cellular distribution of Bax and cytochrome c indicated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis taking place after spinal cord injury. In addition, we carried out immunohistochemical analysis to confirm Bax translocation into the mitochondria and activated p53 at Ser³⁹². Expression of APAF1, caspase 9 and caspase 3 activities confirmed the intrinsic apoptotic pathway after SCI. Activated p53 and Bax mitochondrial translocation were detected in injured spinal neurons. Taken together, the in vitro data strengthened the in vivo observations of DNA damage-induced p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in the injured spinal cord.     

Anti-CD11d antibody treatment reduces free radical formation and cell death in the injured spinal cord of rats

Treatment with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the CD11d subunit of the leukocyte integrin CD11d/CD18 after spinal cord injury (SCI) decreases intraspinal inflammation and oxidative damage, improving neurological function in rats. In this study we tested whether the anti-CD11d mAb treatment reduces intraspinal free radical formation and cell death after SCI. Using clip-compression SCI in rats, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in injured spinal cord were detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate and hydroethidine as fluorescent probes. ROS in the injured cord increased significantly after SCI; anti-CD11d mAb treatment significantly reduced this ROS formation. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were employed to assess the effects of anti-CD11d mAb treatment on spinal cord expression of gp91Phox (a subunit of NADPH oxidase producing superoxide) on formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE, indicating lipid peroxidation) and on expression of caspase-3. We also assessed effects on cell death, determined by cell morphology. The expression of gp91Phox, formation of HNE, and cell death increased after SCI. Anti-CD11d mAb treatment clearly attenuated these responses. In conclusion, anti-CD11d mAb treatment significantly reduces intraspinal free radical formation caused by infiltrating leukocytes after SCI, thereby reducing secondary cell death. These effects likely underlie tissue preservation and improved neurological function that result from the mAb treatment.     

Topiramate treatment is neuroprotective and reduces oligodendrocyte loss after cervical spinal cord injury

Excess glutamate release and associated neurotoxicity contributes to cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). Indeed, delayed administration of glutamate receptor antagonists after SCI in rodents improves tissue sparing and functional recovery. Despite their therapeutic potential, most glutamate receptor antagonists have detrimental side effects and have largely failed clinical trials. Topiramate is an AMPA-specific, glutamate receptor antagonists that is FDA-approved to treat CNS disorders. In the current study we tested whether topiramate treatment is neuroprotective after cervical contusion injury in rats. We report that topiramate, delivered 15-minutes after SCI, increases tissue sparing and preserves oligodendrocytes and neurons when compared to vehicle treatment. In addition, topiramate is more effective than the AMPA-receptor antagonist, NBQX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting a neuroprotective effect of topiramate treatment after spinal cord injury.     

Effects of Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Transplantation on DNA Damage in the Brain and Spinal Cord Following Spinal Cord Injury

Embryonic neural stem cell (ENSC) transplantation is used experimentally for the improvement of spinal cord repair following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the effects of such intervention on oxidative stress and cell death remain unknown. We used in vivo Comet assay in the acute and chronic SCI groups compared with the SCI+ENSC transplantation groups of experimental rats in order to evaluate DNA damage in the spinal cord. Chronic SCI resulted in the generation of oxidative DNA damage in the spinal cord brain and kidneys, as indicated by high Comet assay parameters, including the percentage of DNA in the tail (T%, or TD), tail moment (TM), and tail length (TL). The DNA damage levels significantly decreased after ENSC transplantation in the spinal cords of acute and chronic SCI groups within the lesion site and rostrally and caudally to the injury, and in the brains and kidneys of the chronic SCI group. Thus, ENSC transplantation is found to be an effective tool for limitation of DNA damage following spinal cord injury.     

Oncostatin M Reduces Lesion Size and Promotes Functional Recovery and Neurite Outgrowth After Spinal Cord Injury

The family of interleukin (IL)-6 like cytokines plays an important role in the neuroinflammatory response to injury by regulating both neural as well as immune responses. Here, we show that expression of the IL-6 family member oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor is upregulated after spinal cord injury (SCI). To reveal the relevance of increased OSM signaling in the pathophysiology of SCI, OSM was applied locally after spinal cord hemisection in mice. OSM treatment significantly improved locomotor recovery after mild and severe SCI. Improved recovery in OSM-treated mice was associated with a reduced lesion size. OSM significantly diminished astrogliosis and immune cell infiltration. Thus, OSM limits secondary damage after CNS trauma. In vitro viability assays demonstrated that OSM protects primary neurons in culture from cell death, suggesting that the underlying mechanism involves direct neuroprotective effects of OSM. Furthermore, OSM dose-dependently promoted neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons, indicating that the cytokine plays an additional role in CNS repair. Indeed, our in vivo experiments demonstrate that OSM treatment increases plasticity of serotonergic fibers after SCI. Together, our data show that OSM is produced at the lesion site, where it protects the CNS from further damage and promotes recovery.     

硫化氢与脊髓损伤治疗

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种由于脊髓外部损伤或内部病变引起的暂时性或永久性的功能损伤,其症状包括肌肉功能损伤、自主运动功能减退或丧失等。目前,流行病学调查发现,我国SCI患病率较高,具有较高的社会和医疗负担。因此,合理引导SCI病人进行治疗和康复尤为重要。硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H2S）是一种重要的神经信号分子,近年来H2S对SCI康复的作用机制逐渐成为研究热点,例如一些国内外研究团队对SCI后缺血-再灌注损伤（ischemia reperfusion injury,I/R injury）、降低SCI后氧化应激及抗炎作用等机制,以及SCI康复临床治疗研究均取得了一定的成果。本文通过H2S对SCI康复的机制研究和临床治疗发展进行综述,旨在为后续研究及临床应用提供参考。     

硫化氢与脊髓损伤治疗

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种由于脊髓外部损伤或内部病变引起的暂时性或永久性的功能损伤,其症状包括肌肉功能损伤、自主运动功能减退或丧失等。目前,流行病学调查发现,我国SCI患病率较高,具有较高的社会和医疗负担。因此,合理引导SCI病人进行治疗和康复尤为重要。硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H2S）是一种重要的神经信号分子,近年来H2S对SCI康复的作用机制逐渐成为研究热点,例如一些国内外研究团队对SCI后缺血-再灌注损伤（ischemia reperfusion injury,I/R injury）、降低SCI后氧化应激及抗炎作用等机制,以及SCI康复临床治疗研究均取得了一定的成果。本文通过H2S对SCI康复的机制研究和临床治疗发展进行综述,旨在为后续研究及临床应用提供参考。     

KU0063794, a Dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 Inhibitor,Reduces Neural Tissue Damage and Locomotor Impairment After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism for the degradation of cytoplasmic constituents in the autophagosomal–lysosomal pathway. This mechanism plays an important role in homeostasis and it is defective in certain diseases. Preceding studies have revealed that autophagy is developing as an important moderator of pathological responses associated to spinal cord injury (SCI) and plays a crucial role in secondary injury initiating a progressive degeneration of the spinal cord. Thus, based on this evidence in this study, we used two different selective inhibitors of mTOR activity to explore the functional role of autophagy in an in vivo model of SCI as well as to determine whether the autophagic process is involved in spinal cord tissue damage. We treated animals with a novel synthetic inhibitor temsirolimus and with a dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor KU0063794 matched all with the well-known inhibitor of mTOR the rapamycin. Our results demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors could regulate the neuroinflammation associated to SCI and the results that we obtained evidently demonstrated that rapamycin and temsirolimus significantly diminished the expression of iNOS, COX2, GFAP, and re-established nNOS levels, but the administration of KU0063794 is able to blunt the neuroinflammation better than rapamycin and temsirolimus. In addition, neuronal loss and cell mortality in the spinal cord after injury were considerably reduced in the KU0063794-treated mice. Accordingly, taken together our results denote that the administration of KU0063794 produced a neuroprotective function at the lesion site following SCI, representing a novel therapeutic approach after SCI.