气象因子对棉籽脂肪和蛋白质含量的影响

为确定影响棉籽脂肪和蛋白质含量的主要气象因子,量化主要影响因子的作用程度,研究于2005年在黄淮棉区(徐州、安阳)、长江下游棉区(淮阴、南京)多个生态点设置了不同品种的田间实验,供试品种为科棉1号和美棉33B.研究结果显示棉籽脂肪和蛋白质含量随生态点和开花期呈极显著变化.黄淮棉区棉籽脂肪含量、蛋白质含量最大值出现的棉铃开花期较长江下游棉区推迟.棉籽脂肪含量、蛋白质含量与气象因子的相关分析显示,二者与铃期气温日较差呈显著负相关关系,与铃期日均气温、平均日最高气温、平均日最低气温、平均地温显著正相关.通径分析和逐步回归分析显示,各气象因子中铃期平均日最低气温是最主要的影响因子.棉籽脂肪含量、蛋白质含量随铃期平均日最低气温的变化可用三次多项式拟合,决定系数均达到0.75以上.日最低气温22～23℃最适宜棉籽脂肪和蛋白质含量的形成,低于15℃时棉籽脂肪不能正常积累.     

棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累模拟模型

基于不同熟性棉花品种的异地分期播种试验,综合量化品种特性、主要气象条件（温度、太阳辐射）和栽培措施（施氮量）对棉花铃期与棉籽干物质积累的影响,基于生理发育时间,建立棉花铃期模拟模型,并基于棉籽生长的“库限制”假设,建立棉籽干物质积累模拟模型.通过量化棉铃对位叶氮浓度的变化,为模型构建氮素效应函数.利用不同生态点的品种、播期和施氮量田间试验资料对模型进行检验,结果表明：德夏棉1号、科棉1号和美棉33B的铃期预测值与实测值的根均方差（RMSE）分别为2.25 d、2.61 d和2.75 d,科棉1号和美棉33B的棉籽干物质模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为9.5 mg·seed^-1和8.2 mg·seed^-1.表明该模型预测精度较高.     

施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉铃生物量和氮素累积的影响

以辽棉19号和美棉33B为材料,研究了不同施氮量(0、240、480 kg ·hm-2)和不同种植密度(75000、97500、120000 plants·hm-2)对东北特早熟棉区棉花棉铃生物量和氮素累积特征的影响.结果表明： 棉花单铃、棉籽和纤维的生物量及其氮素累积随棉花生育进程的动态变化均符合“S”型曲线,种植密度和施氮量可以显著影响棉铃各部分生物量和氮素累积的动态特征,以及棉花产量与品质;在施氮量240 kg·hm-2和种植密度97500 plants·hm-2处理下,单铃、棉籽和纤维的生物量均达到最大,生物量和氮素累积的快速累积起始时间和终止时间较早但持续时间较短,生物量快速累积速率最大,生物量和氮素在铃壳中的分配系数最低,在棉籽和纤维中分配系数最高.     

棉花纤维品质与气象因子的定量分析

2002～2003年在南京、安阳、保定和石河子4地用"异地分期种植比较法"研究了气温及日照条件与棉花纤维品质的关系.结果表明,随纬度升高,由中熟棉区向北疆早熟棉区推移过程中,纤维加长,比强度下降,麦克隆值降低,可溶性糖含量增加.在建立棉花纤维比强度、麦克隆值和可溶性糖含量与温度和日照时数的生态模型的基础上,确定了棉铃发育期适宜温度范围或临界值.若以获得长度≥27 mm的优质纤维为先决条件,则分别以铃期日均温21.3～29.7℃、最低气温10.7～21.3℃、最大日温差不超过15.2℃为宜,日均温为25.4℃时,纤维最长;若以获得具有国际竞争优势的最低纤维长度(≥25 mm)为先决条件,则分别以铃期日均温不低于15.5℃、最低气温不低于10.7℃、最大日温差不超过17.9℃为宜.     

利用高光谱遥感预测小麦籽粒蛋白质产量

2003-2006年连续3年采用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验,于小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮素含量.根据特征光谱参数-叶片氮素营养-籽粒蛋白质产量这一技术路径,以叶片氮素营养为连接点将模型链接,建立基于开花期高光谱参数的小麦籽粒蛋白质产量预报模型.结果表明:开花期叶片氮含量、氮积累量以及花后叶片氮转运量均能够较好地反映成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量状况;对叶片氮含量和氮积累量的光谱反演,在不同品种、氮素水平和年度间可以使用统一的光谱参数,其中利用红边位置(REPle)和修正型ND705(mND705)可以较好表达叶片氮含量的动态变化,以红蓝边面积比(SDr/SDb)和742nm处一阶微分(FD742)为变量建立叶片氮积累量监测模型效果较好;经独立试验数据的检验表明,以参数REPle、SDr/SDb和FD742为变量建立成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量预报模型均给出理想的检验结果,模型测试精度R2分别为0.854、0.803和0.795,相对误差RE分别为16.4%、18.2%和14.9%;利用开花期关键特征光谱指数可以有效地评价小麦成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量状况.     

棉花蕾花铃生物量、氮累积特征及临界氮浓度稀释模型

在大田栽培条件下,于河南安阳（黄河流域黄淮棉区）和江苏南京（长江流域下游棉区）设置了棉花氮素水平试验,对不同氮素水平条件下棉花蕾花铃的生物量、氮素累积及氮浓度的动态变化进行分析,并依据Justes的临界氮浓度稀释模型确定方法,研究棉花蕾花铃临界氮浓度稀释模型。结果表明：棉花蕾花铃的生物量增长和氮吸收累积均受氮素水平的影响,其动态变化符合S型曲线,氮累积的快速起始时间较生物量早1～5d;氮浓度过高或过低均不利于产量形成,蕾花铃等器官存在氮奢侈消费现象;氮浓度随施氮量的增加而升高、随生育进程的推移而降低,其生物量累积量与氮浓度间符合幂函数关系,两试点蕾花铃氮稀释曲线模型形式相同,但模型参数a不同,不同生态区存在独立的临界氮稀释曲线模型。由于临界稀释模型具有明确的生物学意义,可以作为定量诊断蕾花铃氮营养动态变化的指标之一。     

施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量和氮素累积的影响

以辽棉19号和美棉33B为材料,于2008年在东北特早熟棉区设置不同的棉花种植密度(每公顷75000、97500、120000株)和施氮量(0、240、480 kg·hm^-2),研究了施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量、氮素累积特征和氮素累积利用率的影响.结果表明： 两个品种的棉花生物量和氮素累积量随棉花生育进程的动态变化均符合Logistic模型;种植密度和施氮量显著影响棉花氮素累积动态特征以及棉花产量和品质;氮素的快速累积起始日较生物量早13 d左右.在种植密度为每公顷97500株、240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理下,两个品种棉花的生物量和氮素动态累积模型的特征参数最为协调,皮棉产量最高,纤维品质最优,氮素利用效率最高.在东北特早熟棉区,较早的生物量和氮素快速累积及较高的累积速率有利于棉花较高产量的形成.     

氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应

试验在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地进行,以强筋小麦品种为试验材料,研究不同氮磷钾硫肥料处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在高产的条件下以120kg/hm2施氮的处理,产量、千粒重和容重最高,过度施氮使产量、千粒重和容重呈逐渐降低的趋势,子粒硬度随施氮量增加而提高.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间和稳定时间均有随施氮量增加而提高的趋势,增加施氮量显著增加了面包体积.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势.施磷和硫处理对产量和品质的影响不显著.     

施氮量和底施追施比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响

研究了高产栽培条件下,不同施氮量和底施追施比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响,同时计算了不同生育阶段土壤氮素的表观盈亏量.结果表明,与氮肥分期施用处理比较,氮肥全部用于拔节期追施处理降低了拔节期之前的土壤硝态氮含量,减少了拔节期之前土壤氮素的表观盈余量,降低了氮素向深层的淋洗;而挑旗期土壤硝态氮含量与氮肥分期施用处理无显著差异,但提高了土壤铵态氮含量;增加了成熟期0～60 cm土壤各土层土壤硝态氮含量和0～20 cm土壤铵态氮含量.氮肥全部用于拔节期追施的两处理间比较,在240 kg·hm^-2的基础上降低施氮量至168 kg·hm^-2,降低了挑旗期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,减少了挑旗期到成熟期土壤氮素的亏缺量,也使成熟期土壤硝态氮的含量降低.不同处理间籽粒产量和蛋白质产量无显著差异,施氮量为168 kg·hm^-2且全部用于拔节期追施的处理籽粒蛋白质含量最高.     

高温对早籼稻花后剑叶氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探讨高温对不同类型早籼稻开花后剑叶中氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响,利用人工气候室在籽粒灌浆成熟期进行高温(日均温31.5 ℃)和适温(日均温23.5 ℃)处理,对2个早籼稻品种(湘早籼24和株两优611)灌浆成熟期籽粒中蛋白质含量及剑叶中GS和GOGAT活性的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:供试2个品种在高温...     

Elevated temperature and waterlogging decrease cottonseed quality by altering the accumulation and distribution of carbohydrates,oil and protein

Soil waterlogging and high‐temperature events have occurred simultaneously in recent years in the Yangtze River basin cotton belt region of China, negatively affecting the development and quality of cottonseed. This study investigated the effects of the combination of elevated temperature (ET) (34.1/29.0°C) and waterlogging (3 or 6 days) on the accumulation and distribution of oil, protein and carbohydrates in cottonseed during flowering and boll development. The results showed that ET resulted in greater decreases in cottonseed biomass under waterlogging than under control conditions. The combination of waterlogging and ET significantly limited the accumulation of carbohydrates and oil contents. However, ET promoted protein accumulation and compensated for the negative effects of 3‐day waterlogging on the final protein content. The combined ET and 6‐day waterlogging significantly decreased the final contents of oil and protein by limiting carbon flux and NADPH supply because of the decreased activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49). The PEPC activity was correlated more with protein content than oil content. In addition, simultaneous exposure to waterlogging and ET resulted in lower unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios and essential amino acid/non‐essential amino acid ratios than did exposure to the individual factors alone. These findings could provide the theoretical support for the prospective assessment of effects of high temperature and waterlogging stresses on cotton production under climate change, and they can help to develop effective techniques in cotton cultivation.     

Water Stress and Foliar Boron Application Altered Cell Wall Boron and Seed Nutrition in Near-Isogenic Cotton Lines Expressing Fuzzy and Fuzzless Seed Phenotypes

Our previous research, conducted under well-watered conditions without fertilizer application, showed that fuzziness cottonseed trait resulted in cottonseed nutrition differences between fuzzy (F) and fuzzless (N) cottonseed. Under water stress conditions, B mobility is further limited, inhibiting B movement within the plant, affecting seed nutrition (quality). Therefore, we hypothesized that both foliar B and water stress can affect B mobility, altering cottonseed protein, oil, and mineral nutrition. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effects of the fuzziness seed trait on boron (B) and seed nutrition under water stress and foliar B application using near-isogenic cotton lines (NILs) grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment. Plants were grown under-well watered conditions (The soil water potential was kept between -15 to -20 kPa, considered field capacity) and water stress conditions (soil water potential between -100 and -150 kPa, stressed conditions). Foliar B was applied at a rate of 1.8 kg B ha^-1 as H₃BO₃. Under well-watered conditions without B the concentrations of seed oil in N lines were higher than in F lines, and seed K and N levels were lower in N lines than in F lines. Concentrations of K, N, and B in leaves were higher in N lines than in F lines, opposing the trend in seeds. Water-stress resulted in higher seed protein concentrations, and the contribution of cell wall (structural) B to the total B exceeded 90%, supporting the structural role of B in plants. Foliar B application under well-watered conditions resulted in higher seed protein, oil, C, N, and B in only some lines. This research showed that cottonseed nutrition differences can occur due to seed fuzziness trait, and water stress and foliar B application can alter cottonseed nutrition.     

In situ alkaline transesterification of cottonseed oil for production of biodiesel and nontoxic cottonseed meal

The production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by direct in situ alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in cottonseeds was examined. The experimental results showed that the amount of cottonseed oil dissolved in methanol was approximately 99% of the total oil and the conversion of this oil could achieve 98% under the following conditions: less than 2% moisture content in cottonseed flours, 0.3-0.335mm particle size, 0.1mol/L NaOH concentration in methanol, 135:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 40 degrees C reaction temperature and 3h reaction time. Further, the effects of co-solvent petroleum ether and methanol recycling on the cottonseed oil extraction and conversion were also investigated. The use of alkaline methanol as extraction and reaction solvent, which would be useful for extraction oil and gossypol, would reduce the gossypol content in the cottonseed meal. The free and total gossypol contents in the cottonseed meal obtained from in situ alkaline transesterification were far below the FAO standard. And the nontoxic cottonseed meal could be used as animal protein feed resources.     

Chemical Composition of Defatted Cottonseed and Soy Meal Products

Chemical composition is critical information for product quality and exploration of new use. Hence defatted cottonseed meals from both glanded (with gossypol) and glandless (without gossypol) cotton seeds were separated into water soluble and insoluble fractions, or water soluble, alkali soluble as well as total protein isolates. The contents of gossypol, total protein and amino acids, fiber and carbohydrates, and selected macro and trace elements in these products were determined and compared with each other and with those of soy meal products. Data reported in this work improved our understanding on the chemical composition of different cottonseed meal products that is helpful for more economical utilization of these products. These data would also provide a basic reference for product standards and quality control when the production of the cottonseed meal products comes to pilot and industrial scales.     

河岸带土壤重金属元素的污染及危害评价

测定了金水河流域河岸带土壤部分重金属的全量和土壤水溶液的离子含量,运用污染指数和生态风险评价法对流域内土壤重金属进行评价.不同土地利用类型中,漫滩V、Cr含量最高(130.89、363.29 mg·kg-1),草地Ni、Pb、Ti、Mn、Zn、Cu含量最高(32.52、24.61、4378.09、1289.62、91.44、29.71 mg·kg-1).这主要是因为草地、漫滩能够有效吸附和沉积重金属,同时人类活动明显增加重金属生态危害.金水河流域河岸带土壤Cr、Pb、Zn均超过土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995).与此同时,河漫滩白浆化棕壤和钙质粗骨土碳酸钙含量高,对Pb、Zn有较强的吸附和固定作用,能够有效吸附和沉积重金属;河漫滩人类干扰较重,造成其重金属含量较高.评价结果表明,流域河岸带内重金属环境污染达到中、重度污染,生态危害等级为轻微到中等级别.提高土壤腐殖质含量是减轻污染危害及增强土壤自净能力的重要措施.     

Exogenously applied glycinebetaine enhances seed and seed oil quality of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit conditions

A field trial was carried out to appraise up to what extent exogenous application of a potential osmoprotectant, glycinebetaine (GB), could ameliorate the inhibitory effects of shortage of water on maize seed and seed oil composition and oil antioxidant potential. Two maize cultivars, Agaiti-2002 (drought tolerant) and EV-1098 (drought sensitive), were exposed to drought treatments at the vegetative growth stage. Both the maize cultivars used in the present study are being widely cultivated in Pakistan and have been an important source of developing different maize hybrids. Two levels of glycinebetaine (0 or 30 mM) were foliar-applied at the vegetative stage. Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein, moisture contents and most of the seed micro- and macro-nutrients analyzed of both maize cultivars, but it increased the contents of seed fiber and ash contents. Among different seed oil un-saturated fatty acids, water stress increased the oil oleic acid contents with a decrease in linoleic acid contents, which resulted in increased oil oleic/linoleic ratio of both maize cultivars. However, no variation was observed in oil stearic and palmitic acid contents due to water stress. A considerable increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids was observed in both maize cultivars. However, oil phenolic content and 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity decreased. Foliar-applied GB significantly increased the contents of seed sugar, oil, protein, moisture, fiber, ash, GB contents and micro- and macro-nutrients of both maize cultivars under well irrigated and water deficit conditions. Furthermore, exogenous application of GB increased the oil oleic and linoleinic acid contents. All different lipophilic compounds estimated in the seed oil increased due to foliar applied GB. Furthermore, GB also increased seed oil antioxidant activity appraised in terms of oil DPPH free radical scavenging activity. By summarizing the results, it seemed that exogenously applied GB remained in intact form until later stages of growth and counteracted the inhibitory effects of water deficit on seed and seed oil composition similarly of both maize cultivars.     

滇西并流河谷区土壤酶活性化学计量学特征与环境因子的关系

横断山河谷区具有极高的景观异质性,气候与植被类型多样化程度较高。为探讨土壤C、N、P、S四种生物元素在滇西怒江、澜沧江、金沙江及元江并流河谷区的区域循环特征,在各河谷的森林、草地、农田中分别取浅层(0～10 cm)土样,测定了土壤中C、N、P、S的循环酶,即β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、硫酸脂酶(SU)活性,分析了土壤酶活性及其化学计量学特征与环境因素之间的关系。结果表明: 不同流域和不同土地类型下AP、NAG活性均有显著差异;4种酶活性之间均呈显著正相关,BG、NAG、SU活性由东南向西北随采样点的海拔升高而逐渐升高;在各流域土壤中,酶活性的生态化学计量比均为AP∶SU > BG∶SU > NAG∶SU > BG∶NAG > BG∶AP > NAG∶AP;与各流域内的林地和草地相比,农田土壤BG∶NAG较高,而NAG∶AP较低(元江流域除外);农田土壤中AP∶SU、BG∶SU、NAG∶SU在元江流域小于草地和林地,在澜沧江流域和金沙江流域则大于林地而小于草地。土壤酶活性及其化学计量学特征受到土壤理化性质、气候及区位的综合影响,其中土壤理化性质的影响最大。农业活动对C∶N∶P相关酶化学计量学特征具有显著影响,降低了土壤中N分解酶与其他酶活性的计量比,表现为增加了BG∶NAG,降低了NAG∶AP,农业活动对其他酶化学计量学特征的影响较小。     

施用氮肥对油用牡丹叶片氮素吸收积累与籽粒品质的影响

利用田间栽培试验,研究0 (对照)、18、24和30 g N·m^-2 4个氮肥用量对油用牡丹“凤丹”叶片氮素吸收转运以及籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 施用氮肥处理牡丹株高、冠幅、花径和花干质量与对照相比均显著增加,其中,24和30 g·m^-2氮肥处理株高比对照分别增加14.7%和15.2%.施用氮肥提高了牡丹籽粒的相关指标,24和30 g·m^-2氮肥处理籽粒产量达到最大,分别比对照增加15.2%和15.4%.施用氮肥明显增加了叶片氮素积累量、叶片氮素转移量和籽粒氮素积累量.其中,24 g·m^-2氮肥处理叶片氮素对籽粒贡献率最大.与对照相比,施用氮肥明显提高了籽粒蛋白氮、总氨基酸,以及部分饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量.在本试验条件下,施氮量为24 g N·m^-2时,叶片积累氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率和贡献率均达到较高水平,籽粒产量较高,并且蛋白氮、氨基酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量也相对较高.     

Cottonseed Oil in Diets for Broilers in the Pre-Starter and Starter Phases

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude cottonseed oil in isoenergetic diets, with or without supplementation of ferrous sulfate, on performance variables, relative weight of organs, and blood parameters of broilers, and on the economic viability of diets in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 600 male birds of the Ross line were distributed in a completely randomized design in a (4×2) factorial arrangement with eight treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% cottonseed oil with and without ferrous sulfate), and five replicates. The following variables were studied: feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, weight of organs, blood parameters, and yield of carcass and cuts at 21 days. No effects of the levels of cottonseed oil were found on the performance of animals aged 1 to 7 days, or on the relative weights of the organs. In this same period, the weight gain, and the relative weights of heart, liver, and intestine of the animals that received ferrous sulfate were decreased, and feed conversion was worsened. In the period from 1 to 21 days, weight gain increased linearly with the increase in the levels of cottonseed oil. Blood parameters were not influenced by the diets. Crude cottonseed oil can be utilized in diets for broilers in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age at up to 6% of inclusion, and supplementation with ferrous sulfate is unnecessary if the differences in metabolization of the cottonseed oil are considered, with and without, it during the diet formulation process.