Small scale vertical gradients of Arctic ice algal photophysiological properties

Photosynthetic parameters of phytoplankton and sea ice algae from landfast sea ice of the Chukchi Sea off Point Barrow, Alaska, were assessed in spring 2005 and winter through spring 2006 using Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry including estimates of maximum quantum efficiency (F _v/F _m), maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR_max), photosynthetic efficiency (α), and the photoadaptive index (E _k). The use of centrifuged brine samples allowed to document vertical gradients in ice algal acclimation with 5 cm vertical resolution for the first time. Bottom ice algae (0–5 cm from ice–water interface) expressed low F _v/F _m (0.331–0.426) and low α (0.098–0.130 (μmol photons m⁻²s⁻¹)⁻¹) in December. F _v/F _m and α increased in March and May (0.468–0.588 and 0.141–0.438 (μmol photons m⁻²s⁻¹)⁻¹, respectively) indicating increased photosynthetic activity. In addition, increases in rETR_max (3.3–16.4 a.u.) and E _k (20–88 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) from December to May illustrates a higher potential for primary productivity as communities become better acclimated to under-ice light conditions. In conclusion, photosynthetic performance by ice algae (as assessed by PAM fluorometry) was tightly linked to sea ice salinity, temperature, and inorganic nutrient concentrations (mainly nitrogen).     

Application of fast repetition rate fluorometry to phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters in freshwaters

Fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF) was successfully applied to various studies in modern oceanography. In this study, for the first time, the seasonality of phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters in a deep alpine lake was observed using FRRF in combination with the traditional ¹⁴C incubation technique. Special attention was given to the differences in photosynthetic behaviour during mixed and stratified conditions, characterised especially during summer by a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) dominated by the filamentous cyanobacterial species Planktothrix rubescens. Maximum light-utilisation efficiency (α*_14C) was in the range of 0.01–0.03 mgC (mg Chl-a)⁻¹ h⁻¹ (μmol phot. m⁻² s⁻¹)⁻¹, while maximum quantum yields for carbon fixation (Φ_C,max) varied from 0.01–0.07 molC (mol phot.)⁻¹. Higher values occurred during thermal stratification indicating acclimation of the phytoplankton assemblage. These findings were supported by FRRF-based estimates, although cyanobacterial blooms could not be characterised by FRRF-excitation due to methodological deficiencies. In general, however, instantaneous photosynthetic rates measured by FRRF-excitation correlate well at sub-saturating light-intensities with conventional ¹⁴C-uptake rates, although they operate on different time-scales.     

Physiological optimization underlies growth rate-independent chlorophyll-specific gross and net primary production

Characterization of physiological variability in phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiencies is one of the greatest challenges in assessing ocean net primary production (NPP) from remote sensing of surface chlorophyll (Chl). Nutrient limitation strongly influences phytoplankton intracellular pigmentation, but its impact on Chl-specific NPP (NPP ^*) is debated. We monitored six indices of photosynthetic activity in steady-state Dunaliella tertiolecta cultures over a range of nitrate-limited growth rates (μ), including photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (F _v/F _m), O₂-based gross and net production, 20 min and 24 h carbon assimilation, and carbon- and μ-based NPP. Across all growth rates, O₂-based Chl-specific gross primary production ( GPP_\textO2 ^* GPP_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}^{*} ), NPP ^*, and F _v/F _m were constant. GPP_\textO2 ^* GPP_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}^{*} was 3.3 times greater than NPP ^*. In stark contrast, Chl-specific short-term C fixation showed clear linear dependence on μ, reflecting differential allocation of photosynthate between short-lived C products and longer-term storage products. Indeed, ¹⁴C incorporation into carbohydrates was five times greater in cells growing at 1.2 day⁻¹ than 0.12 day⁻¹. These storage products are catabolized for ATP and reductant generation within the period of a cell cycle. The relationship between Chl-specific gross and net O₂ production, short-term ¹⁴C-uptake, NPP ^*, and growth rate reflects cellular-level regulation of fundamental metabolic pathways in response to nutrient limitation. We conclude that growth rate-dependent photosynthate metabolism bridges the gap between gross and net production and resolves a controversial question regarding nutrient limitation effects on primary production measures.     

Photosynthetic efficiency as a function of thermal stratification and phytoplankton size structure in an oligotrophic alpine lake

Allometric relationships of phytoplankton communities were studied on the basis of a five-year data-set in a deep oligotrophic alpine lake in Austria. The seasonal phytoplankton succession in Mondsee is characterised by diatoms during winter mixing and a distinct metalimnetic population of Planktothrix rubescens during stratification in summer. The variation of phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency between seasons was assessed using in situ carbon-uptake rates (5 years data) and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF) (2 years data). The light-saturated, chlorophyll-specific rate of photosynthesis (P*_max), irradiance at the onset of saturation (E _k) and maximum light-utilisation efficiency (α*) were determined for winter mixing and summer stratification. Fluorescence-based parameters as the functional absorption cross section of Photosystem II (σ _PSII) and the photochemical quantum yield (F _v/F _m) were additionally analysed in 2003 and 2004 to study the underlying physiological mechanisms for the variability in photosynthetic performance. Beyond their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions like thermal stratification, phytoplankton populations differ in their photosynthetic behaviour according to their size structure. Therefore Photosynthesis vs. Irradiance (P/E)-relationships were analysed in detail within a 1-year period from size fractionated cell counts, chlorophyll-a and carbon-uptake.     

Temporal patterns of primary production in a large ultra-oligotrophic Antarctic freshwater lake

A large ultra-oligotrophic Antarctic freshwater lake, Crooked Lake, was investigated between January 1993 and November 1993. The water column supported a small phytoplankton community limited by temperature, nutrient availability and, seasonally, by low photosynthetically active radiation. Chlorophyll a concentrations were consistently low (<1 g l⁻¹) and showed no obvious seasonal patterns. Production rates were low, ranging from non-detectable to 0.56 g C l⁻¹ h⁻¹, with highest rates generally occurring towards the end of the austral winter and in spring. The pattern of carbon fixation indicated that the phytoplankton was adapted to low light levels. Chlorophyll a specific photosynthetic rates (assimilation numbers) ranged from non-detectable to 1.27 gC (g chlorophyll a)⁻¹ h⁻¹. Partitioning of photosynthetic products revealed carbon incorporation principally into storage products such as lipids at high light fluxes with increasing protein synthesis at depth. With little allochthonous input the data suggest that lake dynamics in this Antarctic system are driven by phytoplankton activity. Received: 21 February 1997 / Accepted: 18 May 1997     

Rapid light-response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence in microalgae: relationship to steady-state light curves and non-photochemical quenching in benthic diatom-dominated assemblages

Rapid light-response curves (RLC) of variable chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on estuarine benthic microalgae with the purpose of characterising its response to changes in ambient light, and of investigating the relationship to steady-state light-response curves (LC). The response of RLCs to changes in ambient light (E, defined as the irradiance level to which a sample is acclimated to prior to the start of the RLC) was characterised by constructing light-response curves for the RLC parameters α _RLC, the initial slope, ETR_m,RLC, the maximum relative electron transport rate, and E _k,RLC, the light-saturation parameter. Measurements were carried out on diatom-dominated suspensions of benthic microalgae and RLC and LC parameters were compared for a wide range of ambient light conditions, time of day, season and sample taxonomic composition. The photoresponse of RLC parameters was typically bi-phasic, consisting of an initial increase of all parameters under low ambient light (E < 21–181 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and of a phase during which α _RLC decreased significantly with E, and the increase of ETR_m,RLC and E _k,RLC was attenuated. The relationship between RLC and LC parameters was dependent on ambient irradiance, with significant correlations being found between α _RLC and α, and between ETR_m,RLC and ETR_m, for samples acclimated to low and to high ambient irradiances, respectively. The decline of α _RLC under high light (Δα _RLC) was strongly correlated (P < 0.001 in all cases) with the level of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) measured before each RLC. These results indicate the possibility of using RLCs to characterise the steady-state photoacclimation status of a sample, by estimating the LC parameter E _k, and to trace short-term changes in NPQ levels without dark incubation.     

Changes in Phytoplankton Biomass and Nutrient Quantities in Sea Ice as Responses to Light/Dark Manipulations during different Phases of the Baltic Winter 2003

The response of Baltic Sea ice communities to changing light climate was studied in three subsequent 3 week in situ experiments on the SW coast of Finland. The investigation covered three different winter periods, short day with low solar angles leading to limited light in the ice, late winter with deep snow cover and early spring with melting snow and increasing light availability. The experimental setup consisted of transparent (no snow) and completely darkened (heavy snow cover) plexiglass tubes in which the ice cores were incubated in situ from 1 to 2 weeks. Changes in the concentrations of inorganic nutrients (NO₃⁻-–N, PO₄³⁻-–P, SiO₄⁻-–Si) and chlorophyll-a concentration in the phytoplankton community composition were recorded as responses to different light manipulations. Changes in inner ice light intensity in untreated ice as well as the temperature both in air and ice were recorded over the entire study period. Increased irradiance in late winter/early spring and during meltdown affected the chlorophyll-a amount in the sea ice. During these periods the phytoplankton community in the top layers decreased possibly as a consequence of photo-acclimation. Closer to the bottom of the ice, however, the increased inner ice light intensity induced algal growth. Complete exclusion of light stopped the algal growth in the whole ice column. Darkening the ice cores also slowed down the ice melting opposite to accelerated melting caused by increased light. The significant differences found in nutrient concentrations between the light and dark treatments were mostly explicable by changes in algal biomass. No obvious changes were observed in the phytoplankton community composition due to light manipulation, diatoms and heterotrophic flagellates dominating throughout the study period.     

Phytoplankton and primary production in clear-vegetated,inorganic-turbid,and algal-turbid shallow lakes from the pampa plain (Argentina)

Shallow lakes often alternate between two possible states: one clear with submerged macrophytes, and another one turbid, dominated by phytoplankton. A third type of shallow lakes, the inorganic turbid, result from high contents of suspended inorganic material, and is characterized by low phytoplankton biomass and macrophytes absence. In our survey, the structure and photosynthetic properties (based on ¹⁴C method) of phytoplankton were related to environmental conditions in these three types of lakes in the Pampa Plain. The underwater light climate was characterized. Clear-vegetated lakes were more transparent (K _d 4.5–7.7 m⁻¹), had high DOC concentrations (>45 mg l⁻¹), low phytoplankton Chl a (1.6–2.7 μg l⁻¹) dominated by nanoflagellates. Phytoplankton productivity and photosynthetic efficiency (α ~ 0.03 mgC mgChla ⁻¹ h⁻¹ W⁻¹ m²) were relatively low. Inorganic-turbid lakes showed highest K _d values (59.8–61.4 m⁻¹), lowest phytoplankton densities (dominated by Bacillariophyta), and Chl a ranged from 14.6 to 18.3 μg l⁻¹. Phytoplankton-turbid lakes showed, in general, high K _d (4.9–58.5 m⁻¹) due to their high phytoplankton abundances. These lakes exhibited the highest Chl a values (14.2–125.7 μg l⁻¹), and the highest productivities and efficiencies (maximum 0.56 mgC mgChla ⁻¹ h⁻¹ W⁻¹ m²). Autotrophic picoplankton abundance, dominated by ficocianine-rich picocyanobacteria, differed among the shallow lakes independently of their type (0.086 × 10⁵–41.7 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹). This article provides a complete characterization of phytoplankton structure (all size fractions), and primary production of the three types of lakes from the Pampa Plain, one of the richest areas in shallow lakes from South America. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

Nitrogen and carbon fixation byAnabaena sp. isolated from a rice paddy and grown under P and light limitations

Anabaena sp., isolated from a rice paddy, was investigated for its nitrogen fixation as measured by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) in P-limited continuous and light-limited semi-continuous cultures. Growth rate (μ) under P limitation was a function of cell P content (q _p). Both the photosynthetic capacity (P_max) and photosynthetic efficiency (α) increased with μ when expressed per cell, but not per unit chla. The ARA of steady-state cells under P limitation increased with μ and was linearly related to C-fixation rate. This was apparently a consequence of the control of C-fixation by P limitation. In light-limited cells, steady state ARA, both at the culture light intensity and in the dark, increased asymptotically with μ, but the activity in the dark was only about 51% of that in the light. When the light level of steady-state cells grown at a high in intensity was switched to a low level, ARA decreased exponentially with time. Dark ARA activity also showed a similar decline, but at much lower levels. Thus, ARA depended not only on light history, but also immediate photosynthesis. Steady-state ARA at the ambient intensity or in the dark showed a strong correlation with¹⁴C-fixation rate. ARA of light-limited cells showed the same light-saturation characteristics as their¹⁴C-fixation, with the same initial saturation intensity,I _k. The ratios of P_max to the maximum ARA (ARA_max), and α to the slope of ARA (α_ara) were identical. A comparison of gross to net photosynthesis and N₂ fixation suggested that there was little leakage or excretion of fixed C or N.     

Phytoplankton productivity and its response to higher light levels in the Canada Basin

Phytoplankton productivity in the Canada Basin was measured in the late summer season, from mid-September to mid-October 2009, using a ¹³C–¹⁵N dual tracer technique. To understand potential production changes associated with sea ice melting in the Arctic Ocean, we examined the effects of light enhancement and nitrate enrichment on the carbon productivity of phytoplankton from the chlorophyll a maximum layer. The daily carbon productivity in the Canada Basin in 2009 was very low, with a mean of 4.1 mg C m⁻² (SD = 3.6 mg C m⁻²), compared with those reported in previous studies in the region. Among several explanations, the most plausible reason for the large difference in carbon productivity between this and the previous studies was strong seasonal variation in biomass and photosynthetic rate of the phytoplankton in the study region. Based on our results from light enhancement and nitrate enrichment experiments, we found that carbon productivity of phytoplankton in the chlorophyll a maximum layer could be stimulated by increased light condition rather than nitrate addition. Thus, potentially increasing light availability from current and ongoing decreases in the sea ice cover could increase the carbon production of the phytoplankton in the chlorophyll a maximum layer and produce a well-developed maximum layer at a deeper depth in the Canada Basin.     

Biogeochemical conditions and ice algal photosynthetic parameters in Weddell Sea ice during early spring

Physical, biogeochemical and photosynthetic parameters were measured in sea ice brine and ice core bottom samples in the north-western Weddell Sea during early spring 2006. Sea ice brines collected from sackholes were characterised by cold temperatures (range −7.4 to −3.8°C), high salinities (range 61.4–118.0), and partly elevated dissolved oxygen concentrations (range 159–413 μmol kg⁻¹) when compared to surface seawater. Nitrate (range 0.5–76.3 μmol kg⁻¹), dissolved inorganic phosphate (range 0.2–7.0 μmol kg⁻¹) and silicic acid (range 74–285 μmol kg⁻¹) concentrations in sea ice brines were depleted when compared to surface seawater. In contrast, NH₄ ⁺ (range 0.3–23.0 μmol kg⁻¹) and dissolved organic carbon (range 140–707 μmol kg⁻¹) were enriched in the sea ice brines. Ice core bottom samples exhibited moderate temperatures and brine salinities, but high algal biomass (4.9–435.5 μg Chl a l⁻¹ brine) and silicic acid depletion. Pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry was used for the determination of the photosynthetic parameters F _v/F _m, α, rETR_max and E _k. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, F _v/F _m, ranged from 0.101 to 0.500 (average 0.284 ± 0.132) and 0.235 to 0.595 (average 0.368 ± 0.127) in the sea ice internal and bottom communities, respectively. The fluorometric measurements indicated medium ice algal photosynthetic activity both in the internal and bottom communities of the sea ice. An observed lack of correlation between biogeochemical and photosynthetic parameters was most likely due to temporally and spatially decoupled physical and biological processes in the sea ice brine channel system, and was also influenced by the temporal and spatial resolution of applied sampling techniques.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of dipterocarp seedlings in three tropical rain forest light environments: a basis for niche partitioning?

In three tropical rain forest light environments in Sabah, Malaysia, we compared photosynthesis in seedlings of ten climax tree species with putatively differing shade tolerances. The objectives of the study were (a) to characterise the range of photosynthetic responses in ten species of the Dipterocarpaceae and (b) to elucidate those photosynthetic characteristics that might provide a basis for niche partitioning. Seedlings were acclimated (c. 7 months) in three light environments; understorey, partial shade and a gap (140 m²). The light environments represented a gradation in median diurnal (0630–1830 hours) photon flux density (PFD) ranging from understorey (4.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), through partial shade (21.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) to gap (113.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Integrated diurnal PFD were in the sequence gap > partial shade > understorey (15.2, 4.7, 1.3 mol m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively). In gap-acclimated plants, species differed in the photosynthetic light-response variables apparent quantum yield, dark respiration rate, light compensation point, net saturated leaf assimilation rate (A _sat), and in stomatal conductance (g _s sat) when assimilation rate (A) was saturated. A light-demanding pioneer species (Macaranga hypoleuca) and a shade-demanding understorey species (Begonia sp.) had, respectively, higher and lower A _sat and g _s sat than the dipterocarp species. In high-light conditions A _sat and g _s sat were strongly positively correlated in dipterocarp species. Differing photosynthetic characteristics of gap-acclimated plants suggest that, in these dipterocarp species, different rates of carbon fixation may be an important factor contributing towards niche partitioning. Mean integrated diurnal A (A _diurnal) in the gap, partial shade and understory were, respectively, 122.9, 52.7, 20.5 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹. Differences occurred in A _diurnal of dipterocarp species between light environments. When Macaranga was included, differences in A _diurnal were evident in the gap and partial shade, and in both cases were attributed to the pioneer. For the variable A _diurnal, there was of a shift in the rank position of Macaranga among light environments, but a shift did not occur among the dipterocarp species. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that rates of carbon fixation per unit leaf area may contribute towards niche differentiation between the climax and single pioneer species, but not within the group of climax species. Other physiological and/or carbon allocation factors may be involved in any niche partitioning; dipterocarp species often have inherently different growth rates and susceptibility to herbivory. As an alternative to niche partitioning, dipterocarp species may co-exist in natural light environments as a result of habitat disequilibrium or purely stochastic processes. Received: 2 April 1997 / Accepted: 13 July 1997     

Phytoplankton and sea ice algal biomass and physiology during the transition between winter and spring (McMurdo Sound, Antarctica)

The phytoplankton and sea ice algal communities at the end of winter in McMurdo Sound were dominated by Fragilariopsis sublineata, with Thalassiosira antarctica, Melosira adele, Pinnularia quadreata, Entomoneis kjellmannii and heterotrophic dinoflagellates also present. Sea ice algal biomass at the end of winter was very low, only 0.050 ± 0.019 mg chla m⁻² in 2007 and 0.234 ± 0.036 mg chla m⁻² in 2008, but this increased to 0.377 ± 0.078 mg chla m⁻² by early October in 2007 and to 1.07 ± 0.192 by late September in 2008. Under ice phytoplankton biomass remained consistently below 0.1 μg chla l⁻¹ throughout the measuring period in both years. The photosynthetic parameters Fv/Fm, rETRmax and α document microalgal communities that are mostly healthy and well adapted to their low light under ice environment. Our results also suggest that species such as Fragilariopsis sublineata are well adapted to deal with low winter light levels but are unlikely to survive an increase in irradiance, whereas other taxa, such as Thalassiosira antarctica, will do better in a higher light environment.     

Phytoplankton biomass,P-I relationships and primary production in the Weddell Sea,Antarctica, during the austral autumn

An investigation into the changing phytoplankton biomass and total water column production during autumn sea ice formation in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica showed reduced biomass concentrations and extremely low daily primary production. Mean chlorophyll-a concentration for the entire study period was extremely low, 0.15±0.01 mg.m⁻³ with a maximum of 0.35 mg.m⁻³ found along the first transect to the east of the grid. Areas of low biomass were identified as those either associated with heavy grazing or with deep mixing and corresponding low light levels. In most cases phytoplankton in the <20-μm size classes dominated. Integrated biomass to 100 m ranged from 7.1 to 28.0 mg.m⁻² and correlated positively with surface chlorophyll-a concentrations. Mean P^Bmax (photosynthetic capacity) and α^B (initial slope of the photosynthesis-irradiance curve) were 1.25±0.19 mgC. mgChla ⁻¹.h⁻¹ and 0.042±0.009 mgC.mgChla ⁻¹.h⁻¹.(μmol.m⁻².s⁻¹)⁻¹ respectively. The mean index of photoadaptation,I _k, was 32.2±4.0 μmol.m⁻².s⁻¹ and photoinhibition was found in all cases. Primary production was integrated to the critical depth (Z _cr) at each production station and ranged from 15.6 to 41.5 mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹. It appears that, other than grazing intensity, the relationship between the critical depth and the mixing depth (Z _mix) is an important factor as, ultimately, light availability due both to the late season and growing sea ice cover severely limits production during the austral autumn.     

PHOTOACCLIMATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IRRADIANCE RESPONSE CURVES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN MICROALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA1

The photosynthesis‐irradiance response (PE) curve, in which mass‐specific photosynthetic rates are plotted versus irradiance, is commonly used to characterize photoacclimation. The interpretation of PE curves depends critically on the currency in which mass is expressed. Normalizing the light‐limited rate to chl a yields the chl a‐specific initial slope (α^chl). This is proportional to the light absorption coefficient (a^chl), the proportionality factor being the photon efficiency of photosynthesis (φ_m). Thus, α^chl is the product of a^chl and φ_m. In microalgae α^chl typically shows little (<20%) phenotypic variability because declines of φ_m under conditions of high‐light stress are accompanied by increases of a^chl. The variation of α^chl among species is dominated by changes in a^chl due to differences in pigment complement and pigment packaging. In contrast to the microalgae, α^chl declines as irradiance increases in the cyanobacteria where phycobiliproteins dominate light absorption because of plasticity in the phycobiliprotein:chl a ratio. By definition, light‐saturated photosynthesis (P_m) is limited by a factor other than the rate of light absorption. Normalizing P_m to organic carbon concentration to obtain P_m^C allows a direct comparison with growth rates. Within species, P_m^C is independent of growth irradiance. Among species, P_m^C covaries with the resource‐saturated growth rate. The chl a:C ratio is a key physiological variable because the appropriate currencies for normalizing light‐limited and light‐saturated photosynthetic rates are, respectively, chl a and carbon. Typically, chl a:C is reduced to about 40% of its maximum value at an irradiance that supports 50% of the species‐specific maximum growth rate and light‐harvesting accessory pigments show similar or greater declines. In the steady state, this down‐regulation of pigment content prevents microalgae and cyanobacteria from maximizing photosynthetic rates throughout the light‐limited region for growth. The reason for down‐regulation of light harvesting, and therefore loss of potential photosynthetic gain at moderately limiting irradiances, is unknown. However, it is clear that maximizing the rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation is not the only criterion governing photoacclimation.     

Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships and carbon metabolism of different ice algal assemblages collected from Weddell Sea pack ice during austral spring (EPOS 1)

Summary Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships and the carbon metabolism of different ice algal assemblages collected from Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated during the EPOS 1 cruise. Infiltration- and interstitial assemblages exhibited the photosynthetic characteristics of high-light adapted ice algae with a mean assimilation number of 1.81±0.93 mg C (mg Chl a)^–1 h^–1. A higher light harvesting efficiency under light limited conditions (alpha^B-value), as well as a lower light intensity for light saturation (I_K-value) was determined for the interstitial assemblage. An increase in light intensity from 3.5 to 106 mol m^–2s^–1 resulted in increased synthesis of polymeric carbohydrates (presumably reserve material) in a band assemblage. However, the absolute incorporation of radiolabel into lipid- and amino acid fractions remained essentially constant over this range of photon flux densities. Light-saturated rates of photosynthesis of three infiltration assemblages under hypersaline conditions (approx. 50 and 110%) decreased by 13–55% (controls: approx. 32–34%). The adverse effect of salinity treatment was much less pronounced under hyposaline conditions (approx. 20), where maximal photosynthetic rates were only slightly decreased (-9%) or even stimulated (14–22%). These observations suggest that sea ice microalgae in the ice edge region of the Weddell Sea during spring, being in a metabolically active stage, may have the potential to initiate or contribute to phytoplankton blooms upon release into the water column.Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation     

Modeling growth and photosynthetic response in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira platensis</Emphasis> as function of light intensity and glucose concentration using factorial design

Combined effect of light intensity and glucose concentration on Arthrospira platensis growth and photosynthetic response was evaluated using a 3² factorial design. This design was carried out with light levels of 50, 100, and 150 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ and glucose concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 g L⁻¹. Results from the response surface methodology were that the highest level of light intensity and glucose concentration improved biomass (1.33 g L⁻¹), maximum specific growth rate (0.49 day⁻¹), and net photosynthetic rate (139.89 μmol O₂ mg Chl⁻¹ h⁻¹). Furthermore, the interaction of both factors showed that at low light, glucose had a low effect on maximum biomass and maximal net photosynthetic rate. However, at the highest light levels, the effect of glucose was more sensitive and the increase of glucose concentration increased the levels of all responses. The rates of the instantaneous relative growth, net photosynthesis, and dark respiration of growth cultures showed two different phases in mixotrophic condition. The first was distinguished by the preponderance of the photoautotrophic mode; the second was based mainly on photoheterotrophy.     

Preliminary investigation of Okhotsk Sea ice algae; taxonomic composition and photosynthetic activity

Okhotsk Sea pack ice from Shiretoko in northern Hokkaido, sampled in March 2007, contained microalgal communities dominated by the centric diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioeldi and T. punctigera. Domination by this genus is very unusual in sea ice. Communities from nearby fast ice at Saroma-ko lagoon were dominated by Detonula conferavea and Odontella aurita. Average microalgal biomass of the Okhotsk Sea pack ice (surface and bottom) was 1.59 ± 1.09 μg chla l⁻¹ and for fast ice (bottom only) at nearby Saroma-ko lagoon, 16.5 ± 3.2 μg l⁻¹ (=31.1 ± 5.0 mg chla m⁻²). Maximum quantum yield of the Shiretoko pack ice algal communities was 0.618 ± 0.056 with species-specific data ranging between 0.211 and 0.653. These community values are amongst the highest recorded for sea ice algae. Rapid light curves (RLC) on individual cells indicated maximum relative electron transfer rates (relETR) between 20.8 and 60.6, photosynthetic efficiency values (α) between 0.31 and 0.93 and onset of saturation values (E _k) between 33 and 91 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. These data imply that the pack ice algal community at Shiretoko was healthy and actively photosynthesising. Maximum quantum yield of the Saroma-ko fast ice community was 0.401 ± 0.086, with values for different species between 0.361 and 0.560. RLC data from individual Saroma-ko fast ice algal cells indicated relETR between 55.3 and 60.6, α values between 0.609 and 0.816 and E _k values between 74 and 91 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ which are consistent with measurements in previous years.     

Phytoplankton dynamics in the stratified water column of Lake Bonney,Antarctica

Phytoplankton populations in perennially ice-covered Lake Bonney, Antarctica grow in a unique non-turbulent environment. The absence of turbulence generated by winds or major streams, combined with strong vertical gradients in temperature and nutrients, create vertically stratified environmental conditions that support three discrete phytoplankton populations in the east lobe of this lake. Phytoplankton biomass and photosynthesis were measured in the east lobe of Lake Bonney during the winter-spring transicion (September) to mid-summer (January). During this period, irradiance beneath the ice increased from 0.03 to 1.9 mol quanta m⁻² d⁻¹. Chlorophylla concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 3.8 μl⁻¹ within the trophogenic zone (just beneath the permanent ice cover to 20 m) and photosynthesis ranged from below detection to 3.2 μg Cl⁻¹ d⁻¹. Our results indicate: (1) phytoplankton photosynthesis began in late winter (before 9 September, our earliest sampling date); (2) maxima for phytoplankton biomass and production developed sequentially in time from the top to the bottom of the trophogenic zone, following the seasoral increase in irradiance; and (3) the highest photosynthetic efficiencies occurred in early spring, then decreased over the remainder of the phytoplankton growth season. The spring decrease in photosynthetic rates for shallower phytoplankton appeared to be related to nutrient availability, while photosynthesis in the deeper populations was solely lightdependent.