海北藏系绵羊种群结构及其出栏方案最优化的探讨

配置畜群结构是管理畜牧生产最重要的工作之一。目前我国普遍存在着畜群结构不合理的现象。藏羊是我国第二大绵羊品种,其生产管理落后,种群结构普遍不合理。为组织合理生产,本文用系统分析的方法对藏羊种群结构进行了研究。首先,根据实地调查研究,作者构成了一个矩阵模型,以描述藏羊种群的性别年龄结构状态: N_(t+1)=AN_t-BU_t 其中AN_t反映羊群的自然变动情况,U_t是人为控制量。 然后,以最大羊产品收获为目标,以牧草资源和种群平衡态为限制条件,本文构造了一个线性规划模型,用以计算最优藏羊种群结构及其出栏方案; 除了给出模型这个研究种群结构问题的方法之外,本文使用线性规划模型,利用作者在青海省门源县风闸口地区调查测定的数据,通过计算机,算出了该地最优藏羊种群结构及其出栏方案。在最大能量收获的目标下。最优结构应为,67.80％的繁殖母羊,28.36％的后备母羊,3.84％的种公羊和后备种公 羊。相应出栏方案是每年秋季出栏全部羯羊羔和老弱羊,并且出栏33.17％的成年母羊。在这种方案下,按现有羊只生产能力,出栏率可提高到52.79％,平均从每百公斤牧草中收获合11.72千千卡能量或3.65公斤活重的羊产品。     

高寒草甸冷季牧场牦牛和藏羊粪中植物种子密度和多样性

为明确高寒草甸冷季牧场牦牛粪和藏羊粪中种子含量,研究了天祝东祁连山高寒草甸冷季牧场不同放牧时期牦牛粪和藏羊粪中可萌发植物种子的密度数量和多样性。结果表明,高寒草甸冷季牧场的同一放牧时期,牦牛粪中种子的物种数高于藏羊粪;种子密度牦牛粪低于藏羊粪,放牧初期和末期差异不显著,放牧中期差异显著。放牧初期和末期牦牛粪中种子的Shannon指数显著高于藏羊粪,放牧中期差异不显著。牦牛粪中的种子物种数为:末期初期中期;藏羊粪为:初期末期中期。单位重量牦牛粪中的种子数量变化规律是:末期初期中期,藏羊粪为:中期末期初期。牦牛粪中所含莎草科的植物种子最多,而藏羊粪中则以杂类草为主。高寒草甸冷季牧场不同放牧时期草地状况的不同,使得草地贮草量和种子在草层内的分布不同,加之牦牛和藏羊各自采食习性、单口采食量的差异,以及牦牛和藏羊消化道对种子的消化率不同,最终导致牦牛和藏羊粪便中的种子密度、种类和多样性存在差异。     

海北藏系绵羊种群结构及其出栏方案分季最优化的探讨

本文是作者以前(1984)最优化模型探讨的续篇。考虑到季节性草畜矛盾是藏系绵羊生产的重要限制,为弥补以前模型之不足,本文对该模型进行了扩充,构造了种群季节动态模型,并在此基础上,以各季能量收益总和最大为目标,以种群年间平衡态和各季牧草限制为约束条件,构造了分季最优化的线性规划模型。种群季动态模型形式为: N_(t,s)+1=A_sN(t,s)-B_sU_(t,s) S=1,2 N_(t+1,1)=A_sN_(t,s)-B_sU_(t,s) S=3分季最优化的线性规划模型为: Max Z=(sum from s=1 to 3 sum from i=1 to 7 C_(is)U_i~s)+(sum from s=1 to 3 sum from i=1 to 7 d_(is) N_i~s s.t.sum from i=1 to 7 g_(is) N_i~s≤G_s A_3N_3-B_3N_3=N_1 A_1N_1-B_1N_1=N_2 A_2N_2-B_2N_2=N_3在构造模型同时,本文阐明了分季模型同以前年模型的异同及其数学和生物学的结构关系。除了构造模型之外,本文还使用来源与上篇相同的数据,计算了藏系绵羊最优种群结构、最优出栏方案及收益,并把计算结果同上篇的计算结果作了比较。从本文计算结果及其比较看,以百分比表示的最优存栏种群结构和最优出栏方案同上篇结果完全一致,但存栏和出栏的最优只数及收益上比上篇计算结果低20%左右。这个比值是由于季节牧草不平衡和藏系绵羊本身特征,使各季牧草不能按需均分,从而有余有缺而形成的。因此,在季节限制下,上篇模型预测的存栏结构和出栏方案仍为最优,然而其最优羊只数不能完全实现。     

放牧方式影响高寒草地矮生嵩草种子大小与数量的关系

种子大小和种子数量变异是植物适合度研究的核心问题, 探究不同大型草食动物对嵩草(Kobresia spp.)草地优势种种子大小与数量的影响, 有助于了解其繁殖策略和种群更新机制。该研究依托青藏高原高寒草地-家畜系统适应性管理技术平台, 对不放牧(对照)、牦牛单牧、藏羊单牧、牦牛藏羊1:2混牧、牦牛藏羊1:4混牧、牦牛藏羊1:6混牧6个放牧处理下矮生嵩草(K. humilis)的种子大小和数量特征, 种子大小和数量与生殖性状的关系, 种子大小和数量的权衡关系进行研究。结果显示: 1)放牧处理增加矮生嵩草种子大小15%以上, 增加种子数量30%以上; 除了牦牛藏羊1:2混牧处理, 其他放牧处理与对照相比种子大小变异系数降低15%以上, 种子数量变异系数降低25%以上。2) Pearson相关分析结果显示, 放牧处理下矮生嵩草种子数量、种子大小与生殖相关性状均呈正相关关系。3)放牧处理增加了矮生嵩草种子大小与数量的权衡, 单条生殖枝质量是影响种子大小与数量权衡的重要性状。研究表明, 即使是中度放牧, 家畜依旧是矮生嵩草资源获取的限制性因子; 长期的放牧改变了矮生嵩草性状间的潜在联系和权衡关系, 稳定了种子大小和种子数量特征, 并通过提高种子大小和种子数量的方式优化繁殖策略, 提高了子代的竞争力和适合度。     

高寒草甸生态系统牲畜种群结构和动态

本文用Leslie矩阵模型研究了高寒草甸生态系统牲畜种群结构及动态。模型考虑了更加精确的年龄组转移关系,出栏率是种群波动的主要因子。目前,牲畜种群结构不合理,种群数量不能保持平衡。     

高寒草地植物群落关键种对不同放牧家畜组合放牧的响应

如何通过合理的利用方式提高高寒草地管理水平,实现其可持续利用一直是草地生态学领域的研究热点。为明确不同放牧家畜组合下高寒草地植物群落关键种的演替规律及其驱动因素,基于中等放牧强度设置了不同放牧家畜组合放牧样地（牦牛单牧、藏羊单牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 4混牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 6混牧）以及围封样地,并在连续放牧处理7年后系统分析了不同放牧家畜组合下植物群落特征与土壤理化性质变化,以期确定最优放牧组合。结果表明：（1）不同放牧家畜组合均会显著降低高寒草地植物盖度,但对其物种丰富度与多样性指数的影响并不显著。（2）牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧下植物群落特征与禁牧处理下植物群落特征较为相似,且牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧下的植物群落稳定性最强、组织水平最高。（3）牦牛单牧与1 ： 2混牧下关键种为矮生嵩草;藏羊单牧下关键种为天山针茅;1 ： 4混牧下关键种为星毛委陵菜;1 ： 6混牧与围封下关键种为赖草。（4）围封能够显著降低土壤容重,藏羊单牧则会显著增加土壤容重与土壤速效氮、磷含量。（5）土壤速效氮、容重与含水量是驱动不同放牧家畜组合下植物群落关键种演替的重要理化因子。综上所述,中等放牧强度下,牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧是青藏高原高寒草地较为理想的利用方式。此外,相较于单纯增加草地物种丰富度或多样性,建立植物群落物种之间的有效关联是提高青藏高原高寒草地管理水平的另一关键途径。     

模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸阴山扁蓿豆有性繁殖特征的影响

在甘肃天祝高寒草甸进行了为期2年的野外试验,研究了模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏(藏羊轻度践踏、藏羊中度践踏、藏羊重度践踏、牦牛轻度践踏、牦牛中度践踏、牦牛重度践踏)及模拟降水量(少雨、平水和丰水)对阴山扁蓿豆有性繁殖特性的影响。结果表明:阴山扁蓿豆株高、荚果长、单位面积荚果数、每荚果种子数、种子千粒重和种子产量均随牦牛和藏羊践踏强度的增加、降水量的降低呈下降趋势;少雨条件下,重度践踏单位面积荚果数较未践踏降低70%以上;牦牛和藏羊践踏下的种子千粒重比未践踏减少13%以下;少雨条件下,藏羊轻度、中度和重度践踏下的阴山扁蓿豆种子产量分别比同强度牦牛践踏高60.1%、13.8%和56.7%;降水、践踏及两者的交互作用均极显著影响了植株自然高度;降水和践踏均极显著影响了阴山扁蓿豆荚果长、单位面积荚果数、每荚果种子数、种子千粒重,两者的交互作用则无显著影响。综上,同一放牧强度下,牦牛践踏对阴山扁蓿豆有性繁殖的不利影响大于藏羊践踏;少雨和家畜重度践踏均严重抑制了阴山扁蓿豆的有性繁殖。     

气候变化导致青藏高原马鹿种群适应性分布退缩：以类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区为例

近50年青藏高原的气候变化速率是全球平均值的2倍,对高原有蹄类的种群分布和多样性维持带来严重影响。本研究以西藏类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区的马鹿种群为例,通过2013年和2021年对马鹿和牦牛种群数量、分布的调查,并整合了物种分布模型和种群动态模型,评估了当前和未来气候变化及人类活动(放牧、道路、居民点等)对马鹿种群适应性分布的影响。研究表明,马鹿种群在2013—2021年由890头增加到1 400头,根据种群增长模型预计在2050年马鹿种群数量将达到1 735头,但其适宜栖息地在2050年代下降43.4%,2070年代下降5.1%,表明马鹿种群增长与适宜栖息地缩小之间的冲突将不利于马鹿种群的可持续发展。同时,当前马鹿与牦牛栖息地重合率为19%,2050年代为60%,2070年代为37%,且牦牛与马鹿存在食物竞争,这在一定程度上减少了马鹿原有的适宜栖息地。为保护马鹿,建议减少牦牛的饲养量1 000～1 500头。本研究将种群增长模型、种间竞争关系与物种分布模型整合,把气候变化对物种的影响延伸到种群层面,对其他物种的保护具有借鉴意义。     

甘南草原主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征

家畜放牧系统中草食动物食性及其生态位特征的认识对草地管理有重要的现实指导意义。本文采用粪便和胃内容物显微组织分析法,分析了甘南草原4种主要草食动物牦牛(Bos mutus)、藏羊(Ovis aries)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)和高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)秋季的食性及食物生态位重叠程度。结果表明,4种动物的食物资源谱存有较大差异,禾草科的发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)和莎草科的扁穗草(Brylkinia compressus)是藏羊和牦牛食物结构的主体,而喜马拉雅旱獭的食谱中绝大部分是鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)和克氏针茅(Stipa captillata),高原鼢鼠采食具有发达根茎的美丽风毛菊(Sausserua superba)、鹅绒委陵菜、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)及垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)。牦牛和藏羊的食物生态位宽度显著高于喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼢鼠。食物生态位重叠度以藏羊和牦牛最高,其次为喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼢鼠,重叠度最低的是藏羊和高原鼢鼠。甘南草原4种主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征的分析可为优化当地草地管理策略提供重要依据。     

四川阿坝藏族自治州牧场裸头科绦虫及其自然传播媒介地螨的调查研究

我国草原牧区裸头科绦虫没有系统的研究报告,阿坝藏族自治州位于四川西北高原,是四川省的重要牧区。主要牲畜为牦牛、绵羊和马等,又是该省重要的军马基地。由于牲畜普遍流行绦虫病,使畜牧业生产受到严重损害。草原研究所(1979)报告,莫氏绦虫     

Livestock grazing ingestion suppressed the dominant species population (Stipa aliena) germination: a laboratory experiment

Grazing has an important effect on population dynamics in grassland vegetation. This paper aims at providing information on the impact of livestock ingestion on seed germination in a Tibetan meadow. We conducted a laboratory germination experiment in which Stipa aliena seeds were treated by yak and Tibetan sheep rumen fluids and yak dung extract with undiluted, 1‐fold and 10‐fold diluted solutions. The results showed that seed germinability was restrained in all these treatments. In the control treatment, 66.2% of the seeds germinated, while there was almost no S. aliena germination in the undiluted and 1‐fold diluted solutions of both yak and Tibetan sheep rumen fluids. Yak dung extract had relatively less effect on seed germination. Additionally, the primary effect of rumen fluid seems to be that it kills part of the seeds rather than delaying germination. Seed death may be due to the acidity of the fluid or/and due to the effect of microorganisms in the fluid. The negative effects of livestock digestive juices on S. aliena germination may constitute a mechanism explaining the population dynamics in alpine meadows of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.     

藏羚羊骨骼肌肌红蛋白含量及乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶活力的研究

目的:探讨藏羚羊骨骼肌对低氧环境的适应机制。方法:以生活在同海拔高度(4 300 m)的藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊(1 800 m)为对照,用分光光度法测定三种动物骨骼肌中肌红蛋白(Mb)含量、乳酸(LA)含量,酶活力法测定三种动物骨骼肌中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活力。结果:藏羚羊骨骼肌中Mb含量明显高于藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊(P<0.05),而藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊间无明显差异。LA含量和LDH活力明显低于藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊(P<0.05),而MDH活力及MDH/LDH比值显著高于藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊(P<0.05),藏绵羊和低海拔绵羊间无明显差异。结论:藏羚羊可能通过增加骨骼肌中Mb的含量,提高其在低氧环境获取氧的能力,且藏羚羊骨骼肌组织中有氧代谢比例高,这可能与肌肉中Mb含量较高有关,推测藏羚羊较高的Mb含量可能是其适应高原缺氧条件的分子基础之一。     

Characterization of enterococci populations in livestock manure using BIOLOG

The BIOLOG system was used to generate knowledge of enterococci populations found in fresh and dry manure of livestock (cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus), and sheep (Ovis aires)). Six-hundred and forty Enterococcus isolates from the host sources were observed as a combined fresh manure unit and a combined dry manure unit, E. casseliflavus and E. mundtii were predominant in fresh manure (36% and 35%, respectively) as well as in dry manure (51% and 28%, respectively). The other species were found at a frequency of less than 10%. A chi-square test of the two most predominant Enterococcus sp. indicated that there were some significant differences among the frequency of E. casseliflavus and E. mundtii in cattle and sheep, but not horse. Despite these differences, these two species were overwhelmingly predominant among all three livestock sources.     

青海不同种群牦牛的血清蛋白电泳分析

本文首次报道了用双向电泳技术对青海果洛、天峻、海晏3个地区牦牛种群的血清蛋白的比较研究结果。各群体血清蛋白双向电泳图谱格局相似, 共有一百多个多肽斑点。果洛群体与天峻群体的电泳图谱更相近, 两者与海晏群体的电泳图谱在4个多肽斑点上差异很大。由电泳结果结合解剖学、生态学的研究成果讨论了造成高原型牦牛与环湖型牦牛差异的可能原因以及两者的分类学地位。为进一步探讨牦牛的分类和演化提供了生化资料。     

Yaks and sheep trigger different changes in the grasshopper assemblages of the Qilian Mountains via differentially altering plant assemblages

1. The Qilian Mountains represent one of the key livestock‐raising grasslands in China. The two main herbivore species raised in this area – yaks and sheep – are of critical economical value. Grasshoppers compete with these animals for available nutrients, creating multifaceted relationships between livestock, grasshoppers and plants. A clear understanding of such relationships is lacking and is urgently needed to guide conservation efforts. 2. This study aims to document the effects of yak and sheep grazing on grasshopper assemblages and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of such effects. 3. It is shown here that yaks and sheep impact grasshopper assemblages differently. Grasshopper assemblages exhibited lower density, biodiversity, richness, and evenness of distribution in yak‐grazed pastures than in grazing‐free grasslands. Sheep‐grazed pastures exhibited a dramatically divergent picture, with elevated density, biodiversity and richness, and a slightly decreased evenness of distribution. Grasshoppers were generally larger in grazed pastures than in grazing‐free grasslands, especially in yak‐grazed plots. 4. The present study suggests that differences between yak and sheep pastures in plant assemblage structure and plant traits are probably the underlying forces driving the differences in grasshopper assemblage structure and grasshopper traits, respectively. 5. The study shows that the grasshopper habitat indicator species differ between yak and sheep pastures, raising the possibility that such indicators can be used to monitor grassland usage and degradation in the Qilian Mountains. 6. These results provide novel insights into the dynamic interactions of common domesticated herbivore species, grasshoppers and plants in Qilian Mountains, which augment current knowledge and may ultimately lead to better conservation practices.     

四个牦牛品种MC1R基因部分序列的多态性研究

为探索4个牦牛品种MC1R基因多态性的相关信息,选取甘南牦牛、天祝白牦牛、青海高原牦牛、大通牦牛4个品种共408头个体为研究对象,采用PCR-SSCP方法分析牦牛MC1R基因部分序列的基因多态性。结果表明,与GenBank中牛MCIR基因序列(登录号:AF445641.1)比对发现,该扩增片段在3 891 bp处发生C→G的突变,在3 912 bp处发生T→C的突变,共发现CC、DD、EE、CD、CE和DE 6种基因型。4个牦牛品种中CD、CE和DE 3种基因型在青海高原牦牛和大通牦牛中占主要优势,这3种基因型频率总和在青海高原牦牛和大通牦牛群体中分别是0.778和0.781。DD和CD两基因型是甘南牦牛群里中的优势基因型,其基因型频率分别是0.351和0.328。天祝白牦牛中优势基因型是DD,其基因型频率是0.500。D等位基因是4个地方品种牦牛中的优势等位基因。4个地方品种在该基因座上都处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05)。青海高原牦牛和大通牦牛两个群体处于高度多态(PIC>0.5),甘南牦牛和天祝白牦牛处于中度多态(0.25相似文献   

A chromosome‐scale reference genome and genome‐wide genetic variations elucidate adaptation in yak

Yak is an important livestock animal for the people indigenous to the harsh, oxygen‐limited Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and Hindu Kush ranges of the Himalayas. The yak genome was sequenced in 2012, but its assembly was fragmented because of the inherent limitations of the Illumina sequencing technology used to analyse it. An accurate and complete reference genome is essential for the study of genetic variations in this species. Long‐read sequences are more complete than their short‐read counterparts and have been successfully applied towards high‐quality genome assembly for various species. In this study, we present a high‐quality chromosome‐scale yak genome assembly (BosGru_PB_v1.0) constructed with long‐read sequencing and chromatin interaction technologies. Compared to an existing yak genome assembly (BosGru_v2.0), BosGru_PB_v1.0 shows substantially improved chromosome sequence continuity, reduced repetitive structure ambiguity, and gene model completeness. To characterize genetic variation in yak, we generated de novo genome assemblies based on Illumina short reads for seven recognized domestic yak breeds in Tibet and Sichuan and one wild yak from Hoh Xil. We compared these eight assemblies to the BosGru_PB_v1.0 genome, obtained a comprehensive map of yak genetic diversity at the whole‐genome level, and identified several protein‐coding genes absent from the BosGru_PB_v1.0 assembly. Despite the genetic bottleneck experienced by wild yak, their diversity was nonetheless higher than that of domestic yak. Here, we identified breed‐specific sequences and genes by whole‐genome alignment, which may facilitate yak breed identification.     

Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks

Background  

The domestication of plants and animals was extremely important anthropologically. Previous studies have revealed a general tendency for populations of livestock species to include deeply divergent maternal lineages, indicating that they were domesticated in multiple, independent events from genetically discrete wild populations. However, in water buffalo, there are suggestions that a similar deep maternal bifurcation may have originated from a single population. These hypotheses have rarely been rigorously tested because of a lack of sufficient wild samples. To investigate the origin of the domestic yak (Poephagus grunnies), we analyzed 637 bp of maternal inherited mtDNA from 13 wild yaks (including eight wild yaks from a small population in west Qinghai) and 250 domesticated yaks from major herding regions.     

No silver bullet? Snow leopard prey selection in Mt. Kangchenjunga,Nepal

In this study, we investigated the impact of domestic and wild prey availability on snow leopard prey preference in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area of eastern Nepal—a region where small domestic livestock are absent and small wild ungulate prey are present. We took a comprehensive approach that combined fecal genetic sampling, macro‐ and microscopic analyses of snow leopard diets, and direct observation of blue sheep and livestock in the KCA. Out of the collected 88 putative snow leopard scat samples from 140 transects (290 km) in 27 (4 × 4 km²) sampling grid cells, 73 (83%) were confirmed to be from snow leopard. The genetic analysis accounted for 19 individual snow leopards (10 males and 9 females), with a mean population size estimate of 24 (95% CI: 19–29) and an average density of 3.9 snow leopards/100 km² within 609 km². The total available prey biomass of blue sheep and yak was estimated at 355,236 kg (505 kg yak/km² and 78 kg blue sheep/km²). From the available prey biomass, we estimated snow leopards consumed 7% annually, which comprised wild prey (49%), domestic livestock (45%), and 6% unidentified items. The estimated 47,736 kg blue sheep biomass gives a snow leopard‐to‐blue sheep ratio of 1:59 on a weight basis. The high preference of snow leopard to domestic livestock appears to be influenced by a much smaller available biomass of wild prey than in other regions of Nepal (e.g., 78 kg/km² in the KCA compared with a range of 200–300 kg/km² in other regions of Nepal). Along with livestock insurance scheme improvement, there needs to be a focus on improved livestock guarding, predator‐proof corrals as well as engaging and educating local people to be citizen scientists on the importance of snow leopard conservation, involving them in long‐term monitoring programs and promotion of ecotourism.     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bos grunniens</Emphasis>) κ-casein cDNA from lactating mammary gland

κ-Casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. It plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. We have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic DNA. Here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cDNA harboring the full-length open reading frame (ORF) from lactating mammary gland. Total RNA was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cDNA were synthesized by RT-PCR technique, then cloned and sequenced. The obtained cDNA of 660-bp contained an ORF sufficient to encode the entire amino acid sequence of κ-casein precursor protein consisting of 190 amino acids with a signal peptide of 21 amino acids. Yak κ-casein has a predicted molecular mass of 19,006.588 Da with a calculated isoelectric point of 7.245. Compared with the corresponding sequences in GenBank of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, Arabian camel, horse, and rabbit, yak κ-casein sequence had identity of 64.76–98.78% in cDNA, and identity of 44.79–98.42% and similarity of 53.65–98.42% in deduced amino acids, revealing a high homology with the other livestock species. Based on κ-casein cDNA sequences, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that yak κ-casein had a close relationship with that of cattle. This work might be useful in the genetic engineering researches for yak κ-casein.