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1.
Summary In the present study an attempt was made to demonstrate melatonin in the rat pineal gland by means of immunohistochemistry. The anti-body used was raised against 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptophan which is chemically similar to melatonin. Specific fluorescence was demonstrable only in pineals from rats killed during the night, when melatonin formation is high. It was restricted to parenchymal cells lying in a marginal zone of the organ. These results are discussed in relation to a subdivision of the pineal parenchyma into cortical and medullary areas.Supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (VO 135/4) within the Schwerpunktprogramm Neuroendokrinologie 相似文献
2.
Bernhard J. M. Diehl 《Cell and tissue research》1978,195(2):359-366
Summary Serial sections of 90 Sprague-Dawley rat brains with the pineal in situ were scanned to determine the occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions within the pineal gland and its surrounding leptomeningeal tissue. In 90 % of the cases examined concretions were found in varying number and appearance, predominantly lying in the dorsal region of the pineal gland and in the distal portion of the pineal stalk.Discussing the hypothesis advanced by Lukaszyk and Reiter (1975) that the origin of pineal concretions may be related to a neurosecretory process involving a pineal carrier protein, called neuroepiphysin, it is thought that, in view of the intra- and extra-pineal occurrence of concretions, processes other than secretion should be considered. Since in the pineal organ lymphatics are lacking it may well be that, due to a reduced drainage of tissue fluid, the coagulation of intercellular organic debris mingled with minerals increases with age.Supported by a grant (Vo 135/4) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the Schwerpunktprogramm Neuroendokrinologie 相似文献
3.
Occurrence and regional distribution of striated muscle fibers in the rat pineal gland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dr. Bernhard J. M. Diehl 《Cell and tissue research》1978,190(2):349-355
Summary In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.Supported by a grant (Vo 135/4) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the Schwerpunktprogramm Neuroendokrinologie 相似文献
4.
Summary To seek a morphological expression of circadian rhythm, we investigated cytologically pineal glands taken from rats every 2 to 4 h under a lighting regime of 12 h of illumination (6:00 to 18:00) and 12 h of darkness. The changes in the number of synaptic ribbons and ribbon fields was observed by electron microscopy. The number of these intracellular elements was greatest at 2:00 and the lowest at 14:00, the difference being statistically significant. There were no significant local differences in numbers with respect to the part of the pineal gland examined. The data are similar to those of Vollrath from the pineal gland of a guinea pig, and seem to confirm a circadian function in the pineal gland in mammals.Supported by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare 相似文献
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6.
Postnatal appearance of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material in the pineal gland of the rat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diane T. Piekut 《Cell and tissue research》1982,223(3):695-698
Summary Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material has been demonstrated in the pineal gland of the adult rat. The objective of the present study was to examine the ontogenetic development of this LHRH-like substance in the rat pineal with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. LHRH-like immunoreactive material was not observed in pineal glands of newborn rats. The amount of material increased progressively from the 6th–12th day of postnatal development. On day 12, the amount of LHRH-like immunoreactivity was consistent and comparable in all pineal glands of male and female animals examined.Supported by NIH Grant 1 R01 HD-12956 相似文献
7.
Summary The possible presence of a direct nervous projection from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus to the pineal gland of the rat was investigated by means of the anterograde neuron-tracing method using horseradish peroxidase. The tracer was injected unilaterally into the PVN and the animals were allowed to survive between 12 and 26 h.Numerous peroxidase-positive fibers were observed, ipsilateral to the injection site, in the stria medullaris thalami and could be followed into the medial habenular nucleus and the habenular commissure. From there, fibers penetrated into the deep pineal gland (lamina intercalaris), and further into the pineal stalk. These data support results of previous investigations describing retrograde labeling of the PVN following intrapineal injections of horseradish peroxidase and are in accordance with recent experiments demonstrating an influence of the PVN on electrical and biochemical activity of the pineal gland. 相似文献
8.
The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin. This secretion exhibits a circadian rhythm with a zenith during night and a nadir during day. We have performed proteome analysis of the superficial pineal gland in rats during daytime and nighttime. The proteins were extracted and subjected to 2-DE. Of 1747 protein spots revealed by electrophoresis, densitometric analysis showed the up-regulation of 25 proteins during nighttime and of 35 proteins during daytime. Thirty-seven of the proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The proteins up-regulated during the night are involved in the Krebs cycle, energy transduction, calcium binding, and intracellular transport. During the daytime, enzymes involved in glycolysis, electron transport, and also the Krebs cycle were up-regulated as well as proteins taking part in RNA binding and RNA processing. Our data show a prominent day-night variation of the protein levels in the rat pineal gland. Some proteins are up-regulated during the night concomitant with the melatonin secretion of the gland. Other proteins are up-regulated during the day indicating a pineal metabolism not related to the melatonin synthesis. 相似文献
9.
Summary The pineal gland of the rat receives a rich nervous supply originating from the superior cervical ganglia. These fibers contain serotonin in addition to their neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. Cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level have shown that both amines are present in the cores of the granular vesicles that are characteristic of these nerves. It is presently shown that the bilateral electrical stimulation of the preganglionic fibers innervating the ganglia markedly reduces the number of small sites reacting cytochemically for both noradrenaline and serotonin, these sites corresponding to the cores of small granular vesicles, while the larger reactive sites (cores of large vesicles) remain unaltered. The vesicles are retained in nerve terminals after stimulation, as observed in conventionally processed tissues, although with altered sizes and shapes. Apart from these cytochemical and structural changes, nerve stimulation also reduces the endogenous noradrenaline content of the pineal gland. Thus, both noradrenaline and serotonin are released from their storage sites in pineal sympathetic nerves after electrical stimulation in vivo. This suggests the possibility that several substances with presumed transmitter or modulatory functions might be simultaneously released by nerve impulses from a given nerve terminal. 相似文献
10.
Acute injection of d-amphetamine (10 mg/kg), administered to rats 60 minutes prior to sacrifice, induced a doubling of immunoreactive NPY (NPY-IR) in pineal gland. No changes, however, could be detected in levels of NPY-IR in grossly dissected or microdissected regions of rat brain, nor were changes evident in plasma level concentrations of NPY-IR following acute amphetamine pretreatment. When amphetamine was injected twice daily for six days and once more 60 minutes prior to sacrifice, levels of NPY-IR were decreased in caudate putamen and the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, while concentrations of NPY-IR were increased in medial preoptic nucleus, pineal gland, and plasma. These data indicate that levels of NPY-IR are susceptible to manipulation by amphetamine, where the extent and direction of change (increase or decrease) depends on both the frequency of drug administration and the nature of the sampled tissue. Based on the effects of amphetamine on central and peripheral norepinephrine and epinephrine disposition observed in other studies, the data also suggest that NPY-IR and catecholamine dispositions are not directly correlated and may be inversely related in some tissue. 相似文献
11.
M. Schachner S. -K. Huang P. Ziegelmüller B. Bizzini Dr. R. Taugner 《Cell and tissue research》1984,237(2):245-252
Summary Antigenic markers characteristic of astrocytes and their differentiative states (i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and M1 and C1 antigens) were investigated in the pineal gland of mouse and rat using double immunolabeling techniques. In both species the socalled interstitial cells as characterized by TEM were shown to be astrocytes, since they expressed vimentin, but neither fibronectin (a marker for fibroblasts and endothelial cells) nor the neuron-specific L1 antigen or tetanus toxin receptors. Subpopulations of vimentin-positive pineal astrocytes were also GFAP- and C1- antigen-positive. M1- antigenpositive cells were not detected.It is concluded that a considerable proportion of interstitial cells in the pineal gland of rat and mouse are immature astrocytes which, in contrast to other parts of the central nervous system, persist into adulthood.Supported in part by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Scha 185/9-4)S.-K. Huang was a recipient of a Humboldt Foundation fellowship. 相似文献
12.
S. -K. Huang R. Nobiling M. Schachner Pro. Dr. R. Taugner 《Cell and tissue research》1984,235(2):327-337
Summary A combined thin-section/freeze-fracture study was performed on the superficial pineal gland of the golden hamster, comparing the parenchymal and interstitial cells of this animal with those previously investigated in rats. In contrast to rats, no gap junctions and gap/tight junction combinations could be found between pineal parenchymal cells of the hamster. Furthermore, the interstitial cells of the hamster pineal gland were found to have large flat cytoplasmic processes, which abut over large areas equipped with tight junctions. In thin sections, profiles of interstitial cell processes were seen to surround groups of pinealocytes. Interstitial cells and their sheet-like, tight junction-sealed processes thus appear to delimit lobule-like compartments of the hamster pineal gland. Because the classification of the interstitial cells is uncertain, the expression of several markers characteristic of mature and immature astrocytes and astrocyte subpopulations has been investigated by indirect immunohistology. Many of the non-neuronal elements in the pineal gland are vimentin-positive glial cells, subpopulations of which express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) and C1 antigen. The astroglial character of these cells is supported by the lack of expression of markers for neuronal, meningeal and endothelial cells. M1 antigen-positive cells have not been detected.Supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Scha 185/9-2) 相似文献
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14.
The results presented in this study show that the rabbit pineal organ cultured in vitro retained its in vivo fine structure for at least eight days. However, the Golgi complex in the light pinealocytes stopped forming dense core vesicles while vesicle-crowned ribbons increased in number. After addition of norepinephrine to the culture medium, the Golgi complex once more began the production of dense core vesicles. Terminals of light pinealocytic processes then often contained Golgi dense core vesicles in close contact with the cell membrane, suggesting the release of the vesicular content into the intercellular and perivascular spaces. A close topographical relationship between Golgi dense core vesicles and vesicle-crowned ribbons was observed. 相似文献
15.
Summary Venom from the antPseudomyrmex triplarinus reduces the symptoms and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis. The cells that produce the venom were dissected from larval and
pupal ants and culture conditions studied. Cell dissociation, with minimal amount of damage, was done with 0.25% trypsin at
4°C with subsequent use of soybean trypsin inhibitor. A new medium was formulated and epidermal growth factor, fibroblast
growth factor, insulin, cAMP, cGMP, and isoproterenol were beneficial. The optimum osmotic pressure was a relatively high
500 mOsm. Conditioning the medium with an established insect cell line was essential for long-term cell survival. Under these culture
conditions the structural and metabolic integrity of the cells were maintained for up 12 mo. 相似文献
16.
Summary Electron microscopy was employed in a study of the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). It was determined that the gerbil pineal gland contains pinealocytes and glial cells with the pinealocytes being the predominant cell type. The pinealocytes contain numerous organelles traditionally considered as being either synthetic or secretory in function such as an extensive Golgi region, smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles and microtubules. Other cytoplasmic components are also present in the pinealocytes (synaptic ribbons, subsurface cisternae) for which no function has been assigned. Dense-cored vesicles are rare. Vacuolated pinealocytes are present and appear to be intimately associated with the formation of the pineal concertions. Evidence presented supports the proposal that the concretions form within the vacuoles. Once the concretions reach an enlarged state, the vacuolated pinealocytes break down and the concretions are thus extruded into the extracellular space where they apparently continue to increase in size. The morphology of the glial cells was interpreted as indicative of a high synthetic activity. The glial cells contain predominantly the rough variety of endoplasmic reticulum and form an expansion around the wide perivascular area.Supported by NSF grant PCM 77-05734 相似文献
17.
Summary In the present study the central innervation of the guinea-pig pineal gland was investigated. The habenulae and the pineal stalk contain myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres with few dense-cored and electron-lucent vesicles. Some myelinated fibres leave the main nerve fibre bundles, lose their myelin-sheaths and terminate in the pineal gland. Although direct proof is lacking, the non-myelinated fibres appear to end near the site where the bulk of the myelinated fibres are located. Here a neuropil area exists where synapses between non-myelinated fibre elements are abundant. Neurosecretory fibres were also seen. The results support the concept of functional interrelationships between hypothalamus, epithalamus and the pineal gland. 相似文献
18.
Dr. B. Vivien-Roels P. Pévet M. P. Dubois J. Arendt G. M. Brown 《Cell and tissue research》1981,217(1):105-115
Summary The presence of melatonin is demonstrated in the pineal gland, the retina and the Harderian gland in some mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, using a specific fluorescence labelled antibody technique. Four different potent antibodies against melatonin have been used and compared. In the pineal gland of hamsters, mice, rats and snakes, specific fluorescence, mostly restricted to the cytoplasm of the cells, is detected in pinealocytes. Fluorescence is also detected in the pineal organ of fishes, tortoises and lizards, but it has not been possible, from cryostat sections of fresh tissue, to assert which kind of cell is reacting (photoreceptor cells or interstitial ependymal cells). In the retina, fluorescence is almost exclusively restricted to the outer nuclear layer. In the Harderian gland of mammals and reptiles, fluorescence is localized in the secretory cells of the alveoli and mostly restricted to the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of melatonin synthesis at extrapineal sites independent of pineal production.Parts of this work have been presented in the Xth Conference of Comparative Endocrinologists, Sorrento, May 20–25, 1979 (Vivien-Roels and Dubois 1980) and the VIth International Congress of Endocrinology, Melbourne, February 10–16, 1980 (Vivien-Roels et al. 1980)The author wishes to thank Professor Lutz Vollrath who has accepted her in his laboratory for a short period, Doctor George M. Bubenik for his suggestions and critical remarks, Dr. L.J. Grota for producing the melatonin diazobenzoic acid-BSA and Dr. Castro for preparing one of the melatonin derivates 相似文献
19.
Summary In the mammalian pineal gland, serotonin (5-HT) is located both in the pinealocytes and in the noradrenergic nerve terminals. Pineal 5-HT can be metabolized by three different routes, one of these being its deamination, catalized by monoamine oxidase (MAO). MAO is known to exist as two isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B. Using two different cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level, we have localized the presence of MAO in the pineal gland of the rat. The use of selective inhibitors of A-type (clorgyline) and B-type (deprenyl) has shown that MAO-A is localized in the noradrenergic nerve terminals, while pinealocytes contain MAO-B. Taking into account that 5-HT is only deaminated by MAO-A, the specific association of each MAO isozyme with a defined cell type implicates that two cellular compartments are needed in the pineal gland for the biosynthesis of 5-methoxytryptophol and 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, while for the synthesis of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine just one cellular compartment, the pinealocyte, is appropriate. 相似文献
20.
松果体昼夜节律生物钟分子机制的研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在各种非哺乳类脊椎动物中 ,松果体起着中枢昼夜节律振荡器的作用。近来 ,在鸟类松果体中相继发现了几种钟基因 ,如Per、Cry、Clock和Bmal等 ,其表达的时间变化规律与哺乳类视交叉上核 (SCN)的非常相似。钟的振荡由其自身调控反馈环路的转录和翻译组成 ,鸟类松果体和哺乳类SCN似乎具有共同的钟振荡基本分子构架 ;若干钟基因产物作为正向或负向调节子影响钟的振荡 ;昼夜性的控时机制同时也需要翻译后事件的参与。这些过程对钟振荡器的稳定性和 /或钟导引的光输入通路有着重要的调控作用 相似文献