Rapid fluorometric test for the quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol in raw cereals

Fast test systems fulfilling legislative specifications are required to determine mycotoxin contamination in unprocessed cerealse.g. at grain elevators, import and export terminals, or the milling and brewing industry to prevent contamination of food and feed. We describe the first tests of a novel fluorescence-based test for deoxynivalenol (DON), which will be commercially available within the next few months. The analytical procedure of the new test takes less than 15 minutes for extraction, purification, derivatization and measurement. The system’s advantage is its speed and easy procedure providing quantitative DON determination. To ensure an international standard, the validation procedure for wheat, barley and maize will be performed following USDA/GIPSA requirements (03/2006) for DON tests. Presented at the 28^th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Bydgoszcz, Poland, May 29–31, 2006 Financial support: Christian Doppler Society and Government of Lower Austria     

南岭山地1968到2015年降雨的时空变化特征研究

南岭山地位于广东、广西、湖南、江西、福建五省的交界处, 是我国南方重要的生态屏障带。认识南岭地区降水的时空分布特征, 对于深入了解南岭山地生态屏障作用及气候变化条件下该区域的降水规律意义重大。利用1968—2015年中国南岭区域14个气象站的逐月降水资料, 主要采用Mann-Kendall统计检验法、聚类分析法、小波分析方法和Kriging插值法, 研究了南岭地区48年内降水的时空分布特征。结果表明: ①南岭区域的多年平均雨量分布在1203.19 mm到2019.56 mm之间, 总体上来看, 南岭地区降雨量主要集中在南部, 自南向北呈减少趋势, 降水量随着经度增加而增加, 随纬度增加而减少, 且随海拔的升高而减少。②通过对14个站点的48 a降雨情况进行聚类分析可将南岭全区域划分为5个子区域, 全区域以及5个子区域春季、秋季的降水量呈下降趋势, 夏季和冬季呈上升趋势, 汛期大多表现出下降趋势, 非汛期大多呈上升趋势, 但除了南岭最西部的子区域的汛期降雨量表现出显著的下降趋势以外, 其余区域的各时间段降雨量趋势变化均不显著。③全区域和5个子区域的年均降雨量在48 a内没有发生显著的突变, 人类活动以及气候变化对于南岭地区的降水尚未造成非常明显的影响。④南岭地区降雨序列存在多个不同时间尺度的周期, 仅有2 a和13 a通过了85%的红噪声检验, 13 a周期所对应的小波方差峰值较2 a的峰值更高, 因此可将13 a作为南岭地区降雨量变化的主周期。研究结果可为南岭地区的农业、林业、旅游业发展决策和生态屏障作用评价提供参考依据。     

关于利用伪变量对多点试验进行回归分析的改进

针对文［１］仅考虑了各点回归方程间常数项可能不同，而忽略了其它回归系数也可能不同的情况，本文对伪变量形式进行了修正，通过引入伪变量的相互作用项，使得到的回归模型更合理，可靠性更高．     

Considering of certain relevant information in the analysis of contingency tables. A three-step procedure

A heuristic three-step procedure for analysing multidimensional contingency tables is given to meet the requirements of a mixed analysis from both hypotheses-ruled and data-ruled type. The first-step provides the structure of relationships among the attributes by fitting an appropriate unsaturated log-linear model to the data of the given contingency table. Restriction to elementary hierarchical models allows to get them by combining pairs of conditional independence. The result of the first step may be regarded as a certain validisation of real model ideas. In the second step the significant pairs of conditional dependence are analysed in regard to the levels of the condition complex. Only such significant pairs are to be considered, in general, where the condition complex does not include the response variable. The third-step may test special subtests in that significant two-dimensional tables found in step two or may extend the general statements by partitioning, the corresponding test statistics in additive components. Application examples demonstrate the general line of action.     

正交试验优化精制酪氨酸的工艺条件

采用正交实验法 ,将所得实验数据进行统计分析 ,对结晶法精制酪氨酸的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明 :在酪氨酸粗品质量分数为 6 %的溶液中 ,脱色剂ζ(活性炭∶活性白土 ) =3∶1,氨水的浓度为 5 % ,反应终点pH值为 2 .0 ,中和反应恒温水浴的温度为 6 0℃的工艺条件下 ,粗品经一次脱色、结晶就能获得品质合格的产品     

Nonparametric comparison of two survival-time distributions in the presence of dependent censoring

When testing the null hypothesis that treatment arm-specific survival-time distributions are equal, the log-rank test is asymptotically valid when the distribution of time to censoring is conditionally independent of randomized treatment group given survival time. We introduce a test of the null hypothesis for use when the distribution of time to censoring depends on treatment group and survival time. This test does not make any assumptions regarding independence of censoring time and survival time. Asymptotic validity of this test only requires a consistent estimate of the conditional probability that the survival event is observed given both treatment group and that the survival event occurred before the time of analysis. However, by not making unverifiable assumptions about the data-generating mechanism, there exists a set of possible values of corresponding sample-mean estimates of these probabilities that are consistent with the observed data. Over this subset of the unit square, the proposed test can be calculated and a rejection region identified. A decision on the null that considers uncertainty because of censoring that may depend on treatment group and survival time can then be directly made. We also present a generalized log-rank test that enables us to provide conditions under which the ordinary log-rank test is asymptotically valid. This generalized test can also be used for testing the null hypothesis when the distribution of censoring depends on treatment group and survival time. However, use of this test requires semiparametric modeling assumptions. A simulation study and an example using a recent AIDS clinical trial are provided.     

田间条件下不同诱导棉花挥发性物质的鉴定

采用人工机械损伤(处理A)、棉铃虫为害(处理B)、棉铃虫为害+棉铃虫体(处理C)和水杨酸诱导(处理D)4种处理方式,对田间现蕾期棉花植株挥发性化合物进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明：有30多种棉株挥发性化合物被定性检出,对其中10种主要挥发性物质进行定量分析,田间棉株挥发的绿叶气味化合物有3-己酮、2-己酮和3-己醇等;单萜类化合物有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、3,7-二甲基,1,3,6-辛三烯等;脂肪族化合物有丙酸丁酯、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯和3-甲基丁酸乙酯;芳香族化合物有苯乙酮、苯甲醛等.处理C和处理B的棉花挥发信息化合物种类和释放量均明显多于对照,这两个处理检测到3,7-二甲基,1,3,6-辛三烯;而处理A和处理D未检测到该化合物.与对照相比,处理A挥发物在种类和含量上差异不显著.在田间,处理B、处理C和处理D均能诱导促进棉株挥发物的释放.     

零配比正交试验设计与结果分析

发现了正交配比试验的一种特殊情况-零配比正交试验,极差与平方和特征分析表明:常规正交(配比)试验极差与方差分析法均不能直接用于零配比正交试验结果分析．推导了3因素、3水平、无互作零配比正交试验极差估计与平方和分解校正方法,可有效提高试验结果分析的可靠性．     

On ROC analysis with nonbinary reference standard

Statistical methods for the evaluation of the accuracy of diagnostic tests usually assume a binary true disease status. However, this assumption may not be realistic in practical settings in which “disease” is defined by dichotomizing continuous or ordinal categorical measures using a pre‐specified threshold value. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of studies in which both the diagnostic test and the reference standard are reported as continuous measures. We propose a semiparametric model for estimating the sensitivity, specificity, and the ROC curve as functions of reference standard thresholds. Under suitable order restrictions on the mean of the test result variable, fitting is done via two alternative approaches: isotonic regression and monotone smoothing splines. The model provides the basis to assess the effect of varying reference standard threshold on the performance of a diagnostic test. An example to evaluate the ability of the maximal SUV‐lean (standardized uptake value normalized to lean body mass) in predicting axillary node involvement in women diagnosed with breast cancer is presented.     

Sensitivity analysis for trend tests: application to the risk of radiation exposure

Trend tests are used to assess the relationship between multiple level treatment X and binary response R. In observational studies, however, there may be a confounder U that is associated with treatment X and causally related to response R. When the data for the confounder U are not observed, an approach for assessing the sensitivity of test results to U is provided. Its use is illustrated by examining data from a study of mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident.     

采用数据挖掘技术对湖北省人类狂犬病开展生物信息学研究

狂犬病作为一种急性人畜共患疾病,其致死率接近100％.而湖北省作为我国中部狂犬病高发地之一,开展该省狂犬病的流行病学调查不仅有助于了解我国当前面临的狂犬病疫情风险,还能为当地及全国狂犬病防控工作提供有效的参考意见.首先运用描述性分析发现湖北省狂犬病发病人数随时间呈下降趋势,而狂犬病暴露人数则呈上升趋势,且近年来中西部地...     

肉桂优树子代测定初报

对福建省华安金山林场25年生肉桂人工林的70株初选优树的半同胞子代进行遗传测定,方差分析结果表明,家系间在树高、地径上差异显著,参试的优树子代平均树高、地径分别超过对照家系78.6%、91.5%。通过聚类分析,初步分出5个类群,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类中11个家系属早期速生类型,有待于进一步重点观测。     

A New Testing Approach for Comparing the Overall Homogeneity of Survival Curves

The assessment of overall homogeneity of time‐to‐event curves is a key element in survival analysis. The currently commonly used methods, e.g., log‐rank and Wilcoxon tests, may have a significant loss of statistical testing power under certain circumstances. In this paper a new statistical testing approach is developed to compare the overall homogeneity of survival curves. The proposed new method has greater power than the commonly used tests to detect overall differences between crossing survival curves. The small‐sample performance of the new test is investigated under a variety of situations by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed testing approach is illustrated by a real data example from a kidney dialysis trial. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Change in Criteria for USP Dissolution Performance Verification Tests

The US Pharmacopeial Convention has been evaluating its performance verification tests (PVT) for several years. These tests help ensure the integrity of the US Pharmacopeia performance test when a dissolution procedure, as described in General Chapter Dissolution <711>, is relied upon to test a nonsolution orally administered dosage form. One result of the evaluation is a change in the PVT criterion from one based on individual tablet results to one based on the mean and variability of a set of tablets. This paper describes the new PVT and its criterion and how its acceptance limits are derived from results of a collaborative study, explains a two-stage option for the test, and presents operating characteristics.     

An Adaptive Location‐Scale Test

Increasing locations are often accompanied by an increase in variability. In this case apparent heteroscedasticity can indicate that there are treatment effects and it is appropriate to consider an alternative involving differences in location as well as in scale. As a location‐scale test the sum of a location and a scale test statistic can be used. However, the power can be raised through weighting the sum. In order to select values for this weighting an adaptive design with an interim analysis is proposed: The data of the first stage are used to calculate the weights and with the second stage's data a weighted location‐scale test is carried out. The p‐values of the two stages are combined through Fisher's combination test. With a Lepage‐type location‐scale test it is illustrated that the resultant adaptive test can be more powerful than the ‘optimum’ test with no interim analysis. The principle to calculate weights, which cannot be reasonably chosen a priori, with the data of the first stage may be useful for other tests which utilize weighted statistics, too. Furthermore, the proposed test is illustrated with an example from experimental ecology.