孵化水热环境对渔异色蛇孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响

渔异色蛇卵孵化时能从环境中吸收水分导致质量增加,卵质量的增加与初始卵质量和孵化基质湿度有关。较大幅度的孵化基质湿度变化对孵化期、孵化成功率、胚胎动用孵内物质和能量、孵出幼体的性比、大小和质量无显著影响。孵化期随温度升高而缩短,并显示极强的窝间差异。温度对孵出幼体的性别无影响,但显著影响孵化成功率、胚胎对卵内物质和能量的动用、幼体的大小和质量、躯干和剩余卵黄的质量。孵出幼体总长的两性差异不显著,但雌体体长大于雄体而尾长小于雄体。３２℃不适于孵化渔异色蛇卵,该温度下孵出的幼体躯干发育不良,剩余孵黄较多,尾部均呈畸形,孵化过程中能量转化率较低。２４℃和２６℃中孵出的幼体躯干发育良好,孵化过程中能量转化率较高,各项被测定的幼体特征指标均极相似。     

孵化温度对灰鼠蛇卵孵化期、孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响

用4个恒定温（24－32℃）孵化灰鼠蛇卵,检测温度对孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响。在24－32℃范围内,孵化温度显影响孵化期及孵出幼体的体长和剩余卵黄大小,但不影响孵化成功率和孵出幼体的性别,体重,躯干重和脂肪体重。24,26,30和32℃孵化期分别为99．0,72．2,54．7和48．7d。24℃和26℃孵出幼体的体筮大于30℃和32℃孵出幼体;24℃和32℃孵同幼体内的卵黄较多。不同温度下发育的胚胎对卵内物质和能量的利用一定的差异,但差异不显。雌性幼体的体长,尾长和总长均大于雄性幼体,这些两性差异与孵化温度无关。孵出幼体和新生卵内容的灰分含量无显差异,孵化前后卵壳灰分含量也无显差异,表明灰鼠蛇的卵黄可提供胚胎发育所需的所有无机物。     

水热环境对白条草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体表型特征的影响

用4×2(温度×湿度)八种水热环境孵化安徽滁州琅琊山白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)卵,观测孵化卵重量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量以及孵出幼体的特征。卵从孵化环境中吸水导致重量增加,卵重量的增加与入孵卵重量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。两种孵化基质湿度对孵化期、孵化成功率、孵出幼体性比和大小都无显著影响。孵化期随恒定孵化温度的升高而缩短,27℃、30℃和33℃孵化期分别为32.5、24.9和23.0d,波动温度孵化期为31.1d。33℃孵化成功率最低(42.8%)。温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体的性别无显著影响,但显著影响胚胎对卵内物质的动用、幼体的大小和重量。33℃不适宜孵化白条草蜥卵,该温度下孵出的幼体躯干小,剩余卵黄多,运动能力差。27℃和波动温度中孵出幼体躯干发育良好,各项被测定的特征指标极其相似。     

热环境对虎斑颈槽蛇卵孵化期、孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响

用恒温（２４、２７、３０和３３Ｃ）和波动温度（平均２６．１Ｃ,范围２０．１—３２．７Ｃ）孵化虎斑颈槽蛇（Ｒｈａｂｄｏｐｈｉｓ　ｔｉｇｒｉｎｕｓ　ｌａｔｅｒａｌｉｓ）卵,检测热环境对孵化期、孵化成功率和孵出幼体的影响。孵化热环境显著影响孵化期、孵化成功率和胚胎畸形率,对孵出幼体性别无显著影响。孵化期随孵化温度升高而缩短,２４、２７、３０和３３Ｃ的平均孵化期分别为４５．０、３２．７、２７．３和２６．０ｄ,波动温度的平均孵化期为３７．９ｄ。３３Ｃ孵化成功率最低（１６．７％）,胚胎畸形率最高（１００％）。孵出幼体总性比（雌性／雄性＝０．６）不显著偏离１：１。孵出幼体的尾长显示两性异形,雄性尾长大于雌性;其它被检幼体特征无显著的两性差异。２４、２７和３０Ｃ以及波动温度孵出幼体的所有被检指标均无显著差异。３３Ｃ孵出幼体的体重和个体大小小于其它热环境中孵出的幼体,并特征性地具有较小的躯干、较大的剩余卵黄。３３Ｃ中胚胎发育的能耗显著大于其它热环境中胚胎发育的能耗。３３（‘孵出幼体的灰分含量较低,但孵出卵卵壳较重。３３Ｃ孵出幼体不能运动;其它热环境中孵出的幼体在跑道上表现良好,这些幼体的不问断运动的最大距离、每分钟运动距离和每分钟停顿次数无显著的差异。结果表明,持续将虎斑颈槽蛇卵暴露在３３Ｃ条件下不利于该种胚胎发育并可能对胚胎具有致死性影响,波动温度孵卵有利于拓宽存活孵化温度范围。     

不同孵化湿度下的乌龟卵孵化成功率及新生幼体特征

A total of 51 Chinese three-keeled pond turtle Chinemys reevesii eggs were incubated on wet and dry substrates (water potentials of - 12 kPa and - 300 kPa, respectively) at 30℃ to assess the influence of the hydric environments on egg survival and hatchling traits. Eggs incubated in the dry condition lost weight, whereas those incubated in the wet condition did not. The hydric environments did not affect incubation lengths (60.3 vs 60.7 days) as well as hatching successes (69.2% vs 88.0% ). Except for wet body mass and carapace width, which were larger for hatchlings from the -12 kPa treatment than from the -300 kPa treatment, the hydric environments did not affect most hatchling traits. These unaffected traits included dry body mass, carapace length, tail length, limb length, hatehling components (carcass, residual yolk and fat bodies), swimming performance and critical thermal minimum. In conclusion, within the water potential of -12 to -300 kPa, hydric environments have little effect on embryonic development and hatchling traits in Chinese three-keeled pond turtles [Acta Zoologica Sinica 50 (1) : 133 - 136, 2004].     

水热环境对中国石龙子孵化卵、孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响

用 8种水热条件孵化中国石龙子 (Eumeceschinensis)卵 ,观测孵化卵质量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量及孵出幼体特征。孵化卵因净吸水增重 ,卵增重与入孵卵质量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。孵出幼体湿重的处理间差异主要是因为幼体水分含量不同。温度显著影响孵化期、孵化卵吸水量、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量几乎所有被检的幼体特征 ;温度甚至影响胚胎动用卵壳无机物。然而 ,在 2 4～ 32℃范围内 ,温度对卵孵化成功率无显著的影响。 32℃孵出幼体比较低于此温度的孵出幼体发育差 ,表现为躯干小、未利用的卵黄多。此外 ,32℃孵出幼体的运动表现比低温孵出幼体差 ,表现为特定体长 (snout ventlength ,SVL)的疾跑速小于低温孵出幼体 ,表明高温孵化卵对孵出幼体的运动能力有不利的影响。潮湿基质中孵出幼体的体长和尾长大于干燥基质中孵出的幼体 ,并特征性地具有较小的剩余卵黄。 2 4℃胚胎发育能耗较大 ,胚胎从卵壳动用的无机物较少。温度影响孵出幼体的体形和头部大小 ,30℃孵出幼体的尾长最大 ,32℃孵出幼体的头部最小。基质湿度对孵出幼体的体形和头部大小无显著的影响。温度对孵出幼体特征的影响与湿度的影响无关。孵化水热环境诱导的幼体大小、质量和形态差异可能对幼体的生存和适应性具有重要的影响。 2     

多疣壁虎的雌性繁殖及孵化温度对孵化期和孵化幼体特征的影响

多疣壁虎 (Ｇｅｋｋｏｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ)是华东地区蜥蜴区系的重要成分 ,向西分布至四川东部 ,向北分布至甘肃和陕西南部 ,国外见于朝鲜南部和日本部分岛屿[7,3 2 ] 。有关该种的生态学研究已涉及 ,①雌雄两性异形和繁殖习性[4 ,16,2 4 ] ;②卵孵化和温度决定性别[3 ,17,2 6,2 7] ;③贮能部位及各部位的年变化和相对重要性评估[1,16] ;④温度对摄食量和食物同化的影响[2 ] ;⑤胚胎和成体的代谢率[6,13 ,3 0 ,3 1] 。浙江杭州产多疣壁虎年产 1～ 3窝卵 ,窝卵数通常恒定为 2枚 ,大个体产多窝卵 ,第 1窝卵和第 2窝卵的卵重无显著差异[4 ] 。…     

孵化温湿度对北草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响

北草晰孵化孵化基质吸收水分导致质量增加。２４℃湿度对孵化卵的终末质量无显著影响;２６℃和２８℃时,高湿度孵化的卵终末质量较大。孵化卵终末重与初始重呈正相关,终末卵重的差异部分地由初始卵重决定。     

孵化温度对火赤链游蛇幼体特征的影响兼评剩余卵黄的功能

研究３ 个温度中孵出火赤链游蛇（ Ｄｉｎｏｄｏｎ ｒｕｆｏｚｏｎａｔｕｍ） 幼体的特征并评估剩余卵黄的功能。孵化温度显著影响孵化期和孵出幼体的体长和尾长。与其他类似研究结果不同的是, 低温（２４℃） 孵出的幼体体长和尾长小于较高温度（２８ ℃和３０ ℃） 孵出的幼体。在２４ ～３０℃温度范围内, 孵化温度对孵化成功率、胚胎对卵内物质和能量的利用、幼体的性比和畸形率、孵出幼体总干重及躯干长、剩余卵黄和脂肪体干重无显著影响。孵出的雄性幼体数量显著多于雌性幼体。剩余卵黄的主要功能是用于孵出幼体的早期维持和躯干的生长。新生卵内容物中８１－４ ％ 的干物质、７０－０％ 的脂肪和７９－４ ％ 的能量在孵化过程中被转移到幼体。     

Incubation temperature fluctuation does not affect incubation length and hatchling phenotype in the Chinese skink Plestiodon chinensis

Studies examining the effects of incubation temperature fluctuation on the phenotype of hatchling reptiles have shown species variation. To examine whether incubation temperature fluctuation has a key role in influencing the phenotype of hatchling Chinese skinks (Plestiodon chinensis), we incubated eggs produced by 20 females under five thermal regimes (treatments). Eggs in three treatments were incubated in three incubators, one set constant at 27 °C and two ramp-programmed at 27±3 °C and 27±5 °C on a cycle of 12 h (+) and 12 h (−). The remaining eggs were incubated in two chambers: one inside a room where temperatures varied from 23.0 to 31.1 °C, with a mean of 27.0 °C; the other outside the room where temperatures varied from 20.2 to 35.3 °C, with a mean of 26.1 °C. We found that: (1) for eggs at a given embryonic stage at ovipositon, the mean rather than the variance of incubation temperatures determined the length of incubation; (2) most (egg mass, embryonic stage at oviposition, incubation length and all examined hatchling traits except tail length and locomotor performance) of the examined variables were affected by clutch; and (3) body mass was the only hatchling trait that differed among the five treatments, but the differences were tiny. These findings suggest that incubation temperature fluctuation has no direct role in influencing incubation length and hatchling phenotype in P. chinensis.     

Water exchange of flexible-shelled eggs and its effect on hatchling traits in the Chinese skink,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Eumeces chinensis</Emphasis>

Flexible-shelled eggs of the Chinese skink (Eumeces chinensis) were used to determine the routes of water exchange with the environment and the effects of water exchange on hatchling traits. Eggs were incubated under three different hydric conditions at 28 °C. One group (ground eggs) was half-buried in incubation substrate. The second group (upper eggs) rested on the ground eggs but did not contact the substrate directly, and the third group was placed on a plastic platform above the substrate. Ground and upper eggs increased in mass and hatched successfully, while all eggs resting on the plastic platform lost mass and died within a week. Hence, E. chinensis eggs cannot sustain water balance through exchange of water vapor in air alone, but can absorb water from the substrate and other eggs and develop well. Water gained by upper eggs was only 20% of that absorbed by ground eggs, but hatchlings from the two treatments did not differ in morphology or locomotor performance. Therefore, the degree of water exchange of E. chinesis eggs has little effect on embryonic development and hatchling traits. The insensitivity of the eggs to variations in water exchange may be an adaptation against extreme hydric conditions in a species that deposits its eggs close to the soil surface.Communicated by I.D. Hume     

火赤链游蛇卵孵化的进一步研究兼评孵化水环境的影响

用 2× 2四种温、湿度孵化火赤链游蛇 (Dinodonrufozonatum)卵 ,重点评估湿度及其与温度的相互作用对孵化成功率、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量及孵出幼体特征的影响。卵在孵化过程中净吸水导致重量增加 ,孵化温、湿度及其相互作用显著影响孵化卵的重量变化并导致卵内水环境的相应变化。同一湿度下 ,低温孵化卵的终末重量大于高温孵化卵 ;同一温度下 ,高湿度孵化卵的终末重量大于低湿度孵化卵。温度显著影响孵化期 ,湿度及其与温度的相互作用对孵化期无显著的影响。孵化温、湿度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体性别无显著的影响。2 4℃和 30℃中均有畸形幼体孵出 ,但畸形率与孵化温、湿度无关。孵化基质湿度显著影响孵出幼体的大小(snout ventlength ,SVL)、湿重和躯干干重 ,潮湿基质中孵出幼体的SVL和体重较大且躯干发育较好。孵化温度显著影响幼体剩余卵黄的干重和灰分含量以及幼体的能量和总灰分含量 ,30℃孵出幼体的剩余卵黄较大、总灰分含量和剩余卵黄灰分含量较高 ,但能量较低。在所有被检测的幼体特征中 ,孵化温、湿度相互作用仅影响剩余卵黄干重。各条件下孵出幼体的最大持续运动距离与其SVL无显著的相关性 ,孵化温、湿度及其相互作用对孵出幼体最大持续运动距离无显著的影响。孵化水环境虽然影响部分幼体特     

草蜥属两种蜥蜴卵和幼体特征的比较研究

比较研究了南草蜥和北草蜥实验条件下的卵及幼体特征。南草蜥产卵雌体的体长、最大窝卵数、平均卵重小于北草蜥 ,相对窝卵重与北草蜥相似。两种蜥蜴均通过增加卵长径和卵短径来增加卵重 ,但卵外形明显不同 ,南草蜥的卵较长。两种蜥蜴卵孵化过程中均吸水增重。相同孵化温度 ( 2 6℃ )条件下 ,南草蜥的孵化期明显比北草蜥长。南草蜥幼体的体重、体长、头长和头宽的实测值小于北草蜥 ,尾长实测值与北草蜥无显著差异。南草蜥幼体的体重、头长和头宽的矫正平均值小于北草蜥 ,尾长矫正平均值大于北草蜥 ,体长矫正平均值与北草蜥无显著差异。     

Do temperature fluctuations during incubation always play an important role in shaping the phenotype of hatchling reptiles?

Fluctuating temperatures (FTs) influence hatchling phenotypes differently from constant temperatures (CTs) in some reptiles, but not in others. This inconsistency raises a question of whether thermal fluctuations during incubation always play an important role in shaping the phenotype of hatchlings. To answer this question, we incubated eggs of Naja atra under one CT (28 °C, CT), two temperature-shift [cold first (CF) and hot first (HF) in which eggs were first incubated at 24 or 32 °C and then at the other, each for 20 days, and finally at 28 °C until hatching], and one FT thermal regimes. Female hatchlings were larger in snout–vent length but smaller in tail length, head size than male hatchlings from the same-sized egg; female hatchlings had more ventral scales than did male hatchlings. The FT and HF treatments resulted in shorter incubation lengths. Tail length was greatest in the CT treatment and smallest in the FT treatment, with the CF and HF treatments in between; head width was greater in the CT treatment than in the other three treatments. Other examined hatchling traits did not differ among treatments. The observed morphological modifications cannot be attributed to the effect of thermal fluctuations but to the effect of temperatures close to the upper and lower viable limits for the species. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that hatchling phenotype is not altered by thermal fluctuation in species with no phenotypic response to incubation temperature within some thresholds.     

浙江舟山五种卵生游蛇科动物个体大小、窝卵数和卵大小之间的关系

阐明五种游蛇科动物雌体大小、窝卵数和卵大小之间的关系和雌性繁殖特征的种间差异。５种蛇均产单窝卵,产卵高峰期为６月下旬至７月,窝卵数与雌体大小（ＳＶＬ）呈显著的正相关,相对窝卵重与雌体ＳＶＬ无关,卵理与窝卵数无关。灰鼠蛇卵重与雌体ＳＶＬ呈正相关,赤链蛇、王锦蛇、黑眉锦蛇和乌梢蛇的卵重与雌体ＳＶＬ无关,黑眉锦蛇卵长径与窝卵娄呈负相关,其余４种蛇卵长径与窝卵数无关。５种蛇卵长径与短径无关。黑眉锦蛇卵短径