干旱胁迫对蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪不同器官黄酮类成分积累的影响

以一年生蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究连续干旱胁迫12 d及恢复浇水对2种黄芪生理状态及其根、茎、叶中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷和毛蕊异黄酮2种黄酮类成分含量的影响。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫明显抑制了2种黄芪地上部生长,对其根系生长则无明显影响;土壤相对含水量在连续干旱处理4 d后就下降,但2种黄芪的叶片相对含水量只有在中度干旱胁迫(连续干旱8～12 d)下才下降,且膜荚黄芪的下降幅度大于蒙古黄芪。(2)干旱胁迫下,蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪根和叶中的SOD和POD活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且蒙古黄芪根和叶中的SOD和POD活性均低于膜荚黄芪。(3)干旱胁迫下,膜荚黄芪不同器官中的毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量表现为叶茎根,而蒙古黄芪根、茎和叶之间毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量差异不明显;膜荚黄芪中的毛蕊异黄酮含量表现为叶大于茎,在蒙古黄芪中则表现为茎大于叶;而且2种黄芪的黄酮类成分在同一器官中的积累也有一定的差异性。研究认为,蒙古黄芪的抗旱性高于膜荚黄芪,适度的干旱胁迫能够促进黄芪器官中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷和毛蕊异黄酮的积累。     

干旱胁迫对黄芪植株生长中黄酮类成分积累的影响

以3年生蒙古黄芪植株为材料,采用盆栽法模拟干旱处理,研究水分胁迫对黄芪生理状态以及其根、茎、叶中毛蕊异黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花素和芒柄花苷4种黄酮类化合物含量的影响。结果显示:(1)毛蕊异黄酮和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷在黄芪根、茎、叶均有分布,不同器官的毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量表现为根叶茎,而毛蕊异黄酮含量则是叶茎根。(2)干旱胁迫下,黄芪根中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷和芒柄花苷在胁迫第8~12天有一定的积累;叶中的毛蕊异黄酮则在干旱第4~8天有明显的积累,而毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷则没有明显变化。研究发现,4种黄酮类化合物在黄芪各器官中分布和含量不尽相同,同一器官中不同黄酮类化合物对干旱胁迫的响应规律也存在差异;适度的干旱胁迫能够促进黄芪毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的积累,但过度干旱胁迫则不利于其积累。     

肥料类型对盐碱地蒙古黄芪生长与光合特征及药材产量和品质的影响

以一年生蒙古黄芪种苗为材料,在盐碱地探究二年生蒙古黄芪根系产量和药效成分对不同肥料(海藻酸水溶肥、腐殖酸水溶肥、微生物菌剂生物肥、复合肥和有机肥)的响应以及其光合生理机制,为盐碱地蒙古黄芪的推广种植提供参考。结果显示:在盐碱地,微生物菌剂生物肥的施用对蒙古黄芪的抗逆性、光合作用效率、生长特性、根系产量及质量均无显著性影响;复合肥的施用显著促进了蒙古黄芪地上部分的生长,但对根系产量无显著影响,反而显著降低了其抗逆性、光合作用效率和药效成分;海藻酸水溶肥、腐殖酸水溶肥和有机肥的施用均显著提高了蒙古黄芪抗逆性、光合作用效率、地下部分的生长及产量、质量;施用有机肥的蒙古黄芪药材产量最高(7 046.2 kg·hm~(-2)),并与施用除腐殖酸水溶肥以外的其余处理差异显著,施用腐殖酸水溶肥和有机肥的蒙古黄芪药效成分含量最高并与其余施肥处理差异显著,它们的黄芪甲苷含量均达到0.13%以上,毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量均达到0.06%以上。研究表明,在盐碱地蒙古黄芪栽培过程中,施用有机肥在保证蒙古黄芪药效成分较高的同时,还具有最高的药材产量,可认为是最佳肥料。     

喷施硅对蒙古黄芪抗氧化酶活性以及产量和品质的影响北大核心CSCD

以蒙古黄芪为试验材料,设置大田随机区组试验,研究苗期、开花期和根茎伸长期叶面喷施不同浓度硅(500、1000、2000和4000 mg/L)对蒙古黄芪生长发育、抗氧化酶活性、药材产量和品质的影响,并检测施硅对黄芪白粉病、根腐病的防治效果,以揭示硅对增强黄芪抗病性、提升品质和产量的影响机理,为生产中蒙古黄芪的高效栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在不同生育时期,喷施不同浓度硅能增加蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、株幅和叶绿素含量,促进蒙古黄芪生长,并以2000 mg/L硅处理效果较佳。(2)不同生育时期喷施硅能提高蒙古黄芪叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX等抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,以开花期、根茎伸长期2000 mg/L硅处理较佳。(3)施硅能有效降低蒙古黄芪白粉病、根腐病的病情指数,当施硅浓度为2000 mg/L时防效均达到最高,并分别达到47.05%和39.08%。(4)施硅处理能有效提高蒙古黄芪单株干、鲜生物量、产量以及可溶性浸出物和黄芪甲苷含量等品质指标,并在2000 mg/L硅浓度处理下均达到最佳水平,此时可溶性浸出物和黄芪甲苷含量分别比对照显著提高了16.48%和31.96%。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度硅可显著增强蒙古黄芪对白粉病、根腐病的抗性,促进植株生长,进而显著提高药材产量,改善药材品质,并以硅浓度为2000 mg/L时效果最佳。     

蒙古黄芪不同生育期黄酮类成分积累及其根际微生物多样性研究

该研究比较了内蒙古赤峰市翁牛特旗、锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗、包头市固阳县、山西省大同市浑源县和甘肃省定西市陇西县5个不同种源的蒙古黄芪不同生育期生长情况及黄酮类成分含量积累,并采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析不同生育期根际土壤微生物多样性。结果显示:(1)随着生育期推进,固阳、浑源和赤峰种源的黄芪生长较快,根干重在9月份达到峰值,其他生物量指标种源间差异不大。(2)陇西和浑源种源的黄芪根中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量较高,并在9月份达到峰值,而其他成分(芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素)呈波动变化。(3)蒙古黄芪不同生育期内根际土壤微生物群落差异较大,其中根际细菌变化最为明显,9月份多样性更高,而真菌群落差异相对较小,不同种源间根际微生物群落组成相似。研究表明,蒙古黄芪毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量随生育期显著上升,故最佳采收期不宜过早,而微生物群落结构的差异可能是蒙古黄芪获得生长优势和有效成分积累的重要因素之一。     

沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

研究了等氮量条件下沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量及土壤酶(脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的推进,不同施肥处理小麦根际土壤微生物数量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈先降后升的变化趋势,而蛋白酶活性则呈"S"形曲线变化.沼液与化肥合理配施能显著增加根际土壤微生物数量,提高土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,以基施50%沼液氮基础上追施50%化学氮处理和基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理较好,传统尿素处理和单一沼液处理效果均较差.土壤过氧化氢酶活性以基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理及单施沼液处理在所有测定时期均表现最高,其他处理在各生育时期间差异很大.沼液与尿素配合施用可以提高小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性.     

黄芪化学成分与生态因子的相关性

以主成分分析(PCA)和相关性分析(CA)法研究黄芪中主要有效成分与生态因子的相关性,探究影响黄芪主要成分积累的生态因子.结果表明: 山西产地黄芪中的黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花苷、山奈酚和黄芪多糖的含量显著高于内蒙古和甘肃两地.影响黄芪化学成分含量的气候因子主要为年均相对湿度、年日照时数及7月均温.影响黄芪化学成分含量的土壤元素主要为钙,且钙在一定范围内与毛蕊异黄酮苷、山柰酚、芒柄花苷、槲皮素、黄芪多糖的含量呈负相关.     

4个蒙古黄芪品种光合特性及其产量质量比较研究

目的：筛选出4个蒙古黄芪品种中的最优品种。方法：采用单因子随机区组设计的方法,研究不同蒙古黄芪品种光合特性、抗氧化酶活性和产量质量的差异,为黄芪优质品种推广提供支撑。结果：叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、产量、黄芪多糖及浸出物含量排序为陇芪3号>陇芪1号>陇芪2号>陇芪4号;净光合速率、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量排序为陇芪3号>陇芪1号>陇芪4号>陇芪2号;气孔导度、黄芪甲苷含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性排序为陇芪3号>陇芪2号>陇芪1号>陇芪4号;蒸腾速率大小排序为陇芪2号>陇芪3号>陇芪1号>陇芪4号;胞间CO₂浓度大小排序为陇芪3号>陇芪4号>陇芪1号>陇芪2号;叶绿素a含量排序为陇芪1号>陇芪3号>陇芪2号>陇芪4号;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性大小排序为陇芪1号>陇芪2号>陇芪3号>陇芪4号。结论：在本试验条件下,陇芪3号质量最佳,其产量及有效物质含量均最高,为适宜渭源县栽培的陇芪品种,适合推广种植以增加当地药...     

健脾益肺膏主要活性成分的分离鉴定及其含量测定

健脾益肺膏是基于中医"五脏相关学说",结合几十年治疗各种慢性肺病的临床经验总结制作而成的中药制剂。其主要功效药材为黄芪,其他的药材为辅药,起到增强黄芪药效的作用。本文使用各种柱色谱将该药配方中主要成分进行了系统的分离,确定了主要成分的结构。从中分离得到5个主要化合物,通过NMR数据比对,确定了其结构分别为为黄芪甲苷(化合物1)、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷(化合物2)、β-谷甾醇(化合物3)、果糖(化合物4)和葡萄糖(化合物5);首次测定了其中黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的含量,分别为0. 014%和0. 008 3%。为后续健脾益肺膏的配方改进及剂型优化提供参考依据。     

宁夏地产黄芪药材MIR定量分析模型构建及产区相关性研究

研究宁夏地产黄芪药材快速质量评价方法。本实验采用HPLC法测定宁夏地产黄芪药材中黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量,同时采集黄芪药材的MIR光谱,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立宁夏地产黄芪中黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的MIR定量分析模型,并进行验证;对宁夏地产黄芪药材红外光谱、二阶导数谱进行分析评价,并对其红外光谱分别进行聚类分析和主成分分析。黄芪甲苷中红外光谱经二阶导数处理后模型最优,模型参数:R~2为99.72,SEE为0.003 7,SEP为0.004 2;毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷中红外光谱经二阶导数处理后模型最优,模型参数:R~2为99.33,SEE为0.000 6,SEP为0.000 7。不同产区黄芪药材相似系数均在0.90以上;二阶导数谱中不同产区黄芪药材酯类、纤维素类和淀粉类成分存在差异;聚类分析和主成分分析发现同心产区和其他产区药材有明显区分。所建的MIR模型有一定的可靠性和预测能力,可用于宁夏地产黄芪药材中黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量的定量分析,红外光谱技术可快速评价宁夏产区黄芪药材质量。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

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