Chiasma frequency variation inCepaea hortensis (Müll.) and a comparison withC. nemoralis (L.)

Chiasma frequency variation has been studied in 12 populations ofCepaea hortensis and the results compared with those previously obtained forC. nemoralis from the same populations. Variation in chiasma frequency is effectively restricted to a single large bivalent. In both species there are significant differences between populations in chiasma frequency. Although mean population mean chiasma frequencies are similar inC. hortensis andC. nemoralis, C. hortensis is less variable thanC. nemoralis. This can be seen, to a greater or lesser extent, at several levels-(i) within cells, (ii) between cells, (iii) between snails, and (iv) between populations-and is most noticeable when interstitial chiasmata are considered separately from terminal chiasmata. Data from 6 populations suggest that chiasma frequency remains stable between successive years. It is suggested that, since sympatric populations were studied, the most likely explanation for differences in chiasma frequency statistics between the two species is thatC. hortensis andC. nemoralis are responding differently to similar selective pressures.     

Versuche zur Heterosiszüchtung bei Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.gongylodes L.)

Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung der Frühzeitigkeit der Sorte Prager weißer Treib durch Selektion war nicht möglich.Durch langjährige Selbstung konnten morphologisch einheitliche, z. T. inzuchtgeschädigte Stämme entwickelt werden.Durch Kreuzung dieser Stämme untereinander konnten Heterosiseffekte erzielt werden, die signifikant über der Leistung der Vergleichssorte lagen.Die Kreuzungen mit Sorten ergaben Heterosiseffekte, die die Leistungen der Stammeskreuzungen signifikant übertrafen.Eine Steigerung der Frühzeitigkeit unter Ausnutzung des Heterosiseffektes konnte nachgewiesen werden.Für die sorgfältige Betreuung und Auswertung der Versuche möchte ich an dieser Stelle der technischen Assistentin Frl. M. Nowak besonders danken.Mit 4 AbbildungenQuedlinburger Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung Nr. 51.     

An improved protocol for micropropagation of Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Müll.Arg.

Node and internode explants of Mallotus repandus were precultured on basal medium (BM: Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 3% sucrose and 0.55% Agargel) for 0–18 d before culture on shoot induction Medium (SIM: BM added with 4.44 μM of benzylaminopurine) for 4 wk. The cultures were subsequently transferred to BM for 4 wk for shoot elongation. Node explants precultured on BM for 14 d before incubation on SIM were at an optimum for shoot regeneration with the response rate of 95%, compared to a 21% response for the control without preculture. Internode explants precultured on BM for 16 d responded with an optimal shoot formation response rate of 69%, whereas the control response rate was 6%. The maximum shoot regeneration rates were 3.1 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.4 shoots/responding explant in node and internode explants, respectively. This study demonstrates for the first time that shoot organogenesis can be induced from internode explants of M. repandus. Furthermore, the results suggest that the explants need to acquire competence before shoot organogenesis. Rooting was obtained by incubation of regenerated shoots on half-strength MS with 10.74 μM of 1-naphthylacetic acid for a week before culture on half-strength MS for 4 wk. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to soil.     

Rhodobryum commersoni(Schwaegr.) Par. and R. aubertii (Schwaegr.) Thér. in South India.

Abstract

A new species Tristichella dimorpha is described and illustrated and a comparison made with the two other species in the genus, T. spiculifera and T. glabrescens, and with Clastobryella cuculligera to which it appears to be closely related, particularly in sporophytic characters.     

Zur Blütenmorphologie und Bestäubungsökologie vonVeratrum album subsp.lobelianum (Bernh.)Rchb.

Zusammenfassung BeiVeratrum album subsp.lobelianum (Bernh.)Rchb. wurden im Gebirge Krkonoe (Riesengebirge) Blütenbau, Blütedauer und Blühverlauf studiert; besondere Berücksichtigung fanden dabei Vorkommen von Zwitterblüten und eingeschlechtlichen Blüten, Bau des Nektariums, Art und Weise der Nektarsekretion, Funktionsdauer der Narbe und Absinken der Keimfähigkeit des Pollens während der Anthese.Die Blütedauer der Zwitterblüten läßt eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Höhe ü. d. M. erkennen.Die (im Gegensatz zuVeratrum nigrum L.) weniger ausgeprägte Dichogamie erlaubt nur, ein männliches und ein Zwitterstadium der Blüte zu unterscheiden.Künstliche Bestäubungsversuche zeigten, daßV. album subsp.lobelianum weitgehend selbstfertil ist.Als regelmäßige Blumenbesucher und hauptsächlichste Bestäuber vonV. album susp.lobelianum wurden im obgenannten Gebirge 15 Dipteren-Arten (der Besucherzahl nach vorherrschend Aasfliegen) festgestellt, die ausgiebig Nachbar- und Fremdbestäubung (Geitonogamie, Allogamie), weniger schon Selbstbestäubung (Autogamie) bewirken.Die experimentelle Analyse des Blumenbesuches dieser Fliegen-Arten im Freiland ergab, daß ihre Fernanlockung durch den spezifischen Duft erfolgt, wobei die optische Wirkung der Blüten (Farbe, Form, Glanz der Nektarschicht) entbehrlich erscheint. Veratrum album susp.lobelianum kann bis zu einem gewissen Grade als aasblumig und ihre Blüte als Täuschblume bezeichnet werden.     

Zur Anatomie des Holzes vonMicrocycas calocoma (Miq.) A. DC. unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Faserelemente

Zusammenfassung Microcycas calocoma läßt sich vonCycas circinalis undC. revoluta holzanatomisch gut abgrenzen. Die anatomischen Eigenschaften des Holzes vonMicrocycas können in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden: (1) in Merkmale, die in allen Stammteilen etwa gleich sind, (2) in Merkmale, die in den verschiedenen Stammteilen unterschiedlich ausgebildet sein können, jedoch keine Beziehungen zur Lage im Stamm zeigen und (3) in Merkmale, die sich in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Lage im Stamm gesetzmßig verändern. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sich die Fasertracheiden vonMicrocycas calocoma durch lokales Spitzenwachstum nachträglich verlängern. Die Fasertracheiden kennzeichnen durch ihre mittlere Länge, durch die Größe der relativen nachträglichen Längenzunahme und durch den Quotienten aus absoluter und relativer Längenzunahme die primitive Holzstruktur dieser Pflanze.

---

Summary The wood ofMicrocycas calocoma can be distinguished very well from that ofCycas circinalis andC. revoluta. The anatomical characteristics ofMicrocycas wood may be divided into three groups: (i) features being more or less equal in all parts of the stem; (ii) features wich may be developed in variable manner but without any definite relation to the position into the stem tissue; (iii) features which show a regular variation in relation to the position of tissue within the stem. Additional fibre elongation by local tip growth could be proved for fibre tracheids ofMicrocycas. By average length, relative amount of additional elongation and the quotient from absolute and relative elongation the fibre tracheids ofMicrocycas characterize the primitive wood structure of this plant.

     

木莲Manglietia fordiana (Hemsl.) Oliv.

属于木兰科,木莲属,常绿乔木,高达20米。叶厚革质,长椭圆状披针形,长5—17厘米,宽1.5—6.5厘米,全缘,上面绿色,下面苍绿色或有白粉,叶柄长约     

Olpidiopsis antithamnionis n. sp. (Oomycetes,Olpidiopsidaceae), a parasite of Antithamnion floccosum (O. F. Müll.) Kleen from Newfoundland

Summary Olpidiopsis antithamnionis n. sp. (Oomycetes, Olpidiopsidaceae) parasitic on Antithamnion floccosum (O. F. Müll.) Kleen (Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae) is described from three sites in Newfoundland, Canada, and from culture.Axial cells of the main and determinate branches of the host are the primary sites of fungal attack, although tetrasporangia and rhizoidal cells are also susceptible. Successful re-infection of A. floccosum was achieved in the laboratory although A. boreale and the trailliella-phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera, both occurring with A. floccosum in the field, were immune. Regeneration of the host cells was observed, a phenomenon not previously reported in the fungal parasitism of other filamentous benthic marine algae.Studies in Biology from Memorial University of Newfoundland No. 256.     

Bioefficacy of Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. and Hygrophila schulii (Buch.-Ham.) (Syn. H. auriculata) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides to control the pests causes negative effects on non-target organisms. Some of the chemicals under B and C categories are carcinogenic to humans. The present study was aimed to assess the antifeedant, larvicidal and pupicidal activities of Hygrophila schulii (syn. H. auriculata) and Blumea mollis against Helicoverpa armigera. Maximum antifeedant activity of 70.01% was observed in ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii at 5.0% concentration with LC₅₀ value of 2.0%. B. mollis ethyl acetate extract at 5.0% concentration showed antifeedant activity of 35.40% with LC₅₀ value of 8.38%. The data for antifeedant activity showed homogeneity of variances in Levene Statistics and normality in Shapiro–Wilk test. Ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii at 5.0% concentration showed 68.66% larvicidal activity with LC₅₀ value of 2.97%. It also showed 73.33% pupicidal activity and was statistically significant from other treatments. No pupicidal activity was observed in ethyl acetate extract of B. mollis. All concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii showed promising biological activities which differed statistically from other treatments. Ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii could be used to develop new botanical formulations to manage agricultural pests.     

Survey of microfungi on Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. from Münsterland, Germany

During our investigation on microfungi in Antoniusheim, Fleissenbach und Merfelderbruch near Dülmen in Münsterland in the years 2005 and 2006 we were able to collect and identify 25 microfungi on Alnus glutinosa (L.) GAERTN. Among them are some which are very rare in Germany linke Phragmoporthe conformis (Berkley & Broome) Petrak, Cryptosporiopsis alnea (Rostr.) Petr., Prosthecium auctum (Berk. & Broome) Petr., Taphrina alni-incanae (Kun.) Magn. [= T. Amentorum (Sadeback) Rostrup], Cryptodiaporthe oxystoma (Rehm.) Z. Urb., Cladosporium alnicola Bub. & Vleug. [= C. Herbarum (Pers.)], Erysiphe penicillata (Wallr.) Link, Melampsoridium betulinum Kleb., Bacterodesmium longisporum M.B. Ellis, Marssonina alni Karak. Asteroma alneum (Pers.: Fr.) Sutton . All collected species can be found in the text.     

Ephemerella readeri Müll. Hal. (Physcomitrella readeri (Müll. Hal.) I.G. Stone & G.A.M. Scott,Funariidae, Bryophyta): a genus and species new to Europe

Abstract

A morphological and molecular analysis of a Physcomitrella, collected from a reservoir margin in the north of England, revealed this to be P. readeri, a species new to Europe. The present study clarifies previous confusion over the taxonomy of P. readeri showing it to be clearly distinct in both sporophytic and gametophytic characters from P. patens and uniform across its world range from England to USA, Japan and Australasia. While phylograms of the ITS1 region from both the Physcomitrella species, Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp., Enthosthodon attenuatus (Dicks.) Bryhn and Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., place the first two in separate clades, in ITS2 phylograms they occur as sister taxa. This, together with previous genealogical studies on the speciation history of the Physcomitrella–Physcomitrium species complex, and morphology, suggests that generic rank is appropriate for P. readeri. We therefore reinstate the original name Ephemerella readeri Müll. Hal. Recent records at several reservoirs in England indicate that E. readeri may be native to UK, though remarkable congruence in ITS1 with Australian plants also suggests recent arrival as an alternative possibility.     

Die postembryonalentwicklung sekretorischer kopfdrüsen von Formica pratensis Retz. und Apis mellifica L. (Ins., Hym.)

The postembryonic development of pro-pharyngeal glands, maxillary glands, mandibular glands, post-pharyngeal glands, and labial glands of the Formicine ant Formica pratensis and of (hypo)pharyngeal glands, mandibular glands, and labial (post-cerebral and thoracic) glands of the honey bee, Apis mellifica is described. A revision of the nomenclature of Formicide exocrine cephalic glands is proposed.

---

Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen Aggl Zellagglomeration - AKex extrazelluläres Ausführkanälchen - AKin intrazelluläres Ausführkanälchen - Anl Anlage - AZ Apikalzellen (PAG-Vorderzellen) - Bb Bulbus - BiZ Bildungszelle - BZ Basalzelle(n) - Cer Cerebralganglion, Gehirn - Cr Cribellum - CSp Cuticularspange - dDrS dorsaler Drüsenschlauch - DrMg Drüsenmündung - DrS Drüsenschlauch, -schläuche - DZ Drüsenzelle(n) - E Epidermis - EZ Epithelzelle(n) - HKDr Hinterkopfdrüse - HR hintere Region - HZ Hinterzellen - HZo hintere Zone - IBT Infrabuccaltasche - IR Imaginalring - IZ Imaginalzelle(n) - KAu Komplexauge - Kgr großer Kern - Kkl kleiner Kern - KZ Kanalzelle(n) - LbDr Labialdrüse - M Muskel, Muskulatur - MD Mitteldarm - Md Mandibel - MdDr Mandibeldrüse - MH Mundhöhle - MHD Mundhöohlendach - Mit Mitose(n) - MxDr Maxillendrüse - MZ Mittelzellen - MZo mittlere Zone - Oc Ocellus - Ös Ösophagus - PAA paariger Abschnitt des Ausführsystems - PAG paariger Ausführgang - Ph Pharynx - Phc Phagocyte - Pts Plasmastrang - PoPhDr Postpharynxdrüse - PrPhDr Propharynxdrüse - PSr abgeplattetes Sammelrohr - Pyk degenerierende Zellen, pyknotische Kerne - Res Reservoir - RLF relative Luftfeuchtigkeit - RZ Reservoirzelle(n) - Sac Sacculus - SK Sammelkanal - Skz Sekretzellen - Stz Stammzelle - SZ Schaltzelle(n) - Tb Tubus - Tr Trachee(n) - Tro Trophocyte, Fettzelle - UAG unpaarer Ausführgang - vDrS ventraler Drüsenschlauch - Vk Vakuole(n) - VR vordere Region - VZ Vorderzellen - VZo vordere Zone - Z Zelle     

Hochrückigkeit bei der regenbogenforelle (Salmo Irideus W. Gibb.) bedingt durch wirbelsäulenverkürzung und gruppenweise wirbelverschmelzung

Zusammenfassung In einem Stausee wurden neben normalen Regenbogenforellen auffallend hochrückige Tiere mit starker Verkürzung des Körpers und Buckelbildung beobachtet.Eine solche hochrückige Regenbogenforelle wird hier im Vergleich mit einem normalen Tier genauer untersucht.Bei der buckligen Forelle war die Zahl der Wirbel um 10% vermindert und die Wirbelsäule war um 40 % verkverkürzt.57% der Wirbel waren in mehr oder weniger großen Gruppen miteinander verschmolzen.Die Erscheinungen werden anhand von Röntgenaufnahmen, schematischen Zeichnungen und Photographien einzelner Abschnitte der normalen und verkürzten Wirbelsäule erläutert.     

Differential carbohydrate metabolism conducts morphogenesis in embryogenic callus of Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.)

Somatic embryogenesis in Hevea is stimulated when the embryogenesis induction medium contains maltose, rather than glucose, fructose, or sucrose, in equimolarity (Blanc et al., 1999). Kinetic analyses were carried out on various physiological and biochemical indicators over the 8 weeks that the induction phase then expression of somatic embryogenesis can take. Embryogenesis induction in the presence of glucose, fructose or sucrose revealed strong callus growth in the first 3-4 weeks, associated with a high intra- and extracellular hexose content, a high starch content and a substantial decline in protein synthesis. In the presence of maltose, callus growth was slow and only half that seen with sucrose. This morphogenetic behaviour is associated with a drop in endogenous hexose and starch contents, and an increase in protein synthesis in the first three weeks of culture. The induction of embryogenesis in the presence of maltose was uniform and twice as fast as with sucrose supply. At the end of culture, peroxidase activity, antioxidant and membrane protein contents increased in these calluses; these characteristics may be associated with somatic embryo organization and with the maintenance of effective membrane integrity within a nutrient environment that has become limiting. These new results tally with data in the literature on the roles of sugars, and provide some precise information with regard to the 'carbohydrate deficit' hypothesis usually put forward to explain maltose action. An analysis of these results led to the hypothesis that regulation of endogenous hexose contents at a low level, through slow maltose hydrolysis, was a key element of the biochemical signal leading this callus towards somatic embryogenesis.     

关于国际遗传学联合会(I.G.F.)介绍

据国际遗传学联合会章程介绍,I.G.F.的宗旨是:促进全世界遗传学家之间的了解、合作和友谊;筹划和资助国际和地区性遗传学会议以及专题讨论会;与其它有关的国际组织保持联系并促进遗传学研究领域内的国际合作;互通情报;组织著名遗传家的访问等,借以促进遗传学的发展。     

Biomass and primary production of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. in the Neva Estuary

The dynamics of the biomass, primary production, and P/B ratio of floating and attached forms of green filamentous alga Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. was studied for the shallow water littoral area of the Neva Estuary in 2003–2006. The biomass of the floating algae constituted up to 70% of the total biomass, and the primary production reached up to 90% of the total for the depths of 0–1 m from the middle of July to the end of August.     

Seasonal studies on alginate and its composition II: Turbinaria conoides (J.Ag.) Kütz. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)

The alginates extracted from ‘leaf’, ‘stem’ and entire thallus of Turbinaria conoides (J.Ag.) Kütz. were investigated for their viscosity and biochemical constituents namely, β-D-mannuronic acid (M-block}), α-L-guluronic acid (G-Block) and alternating sequences of β–D-mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid (MG-block). Substantial seasonal variation was recorded with high yield of alginate during premonsoon. The yield of alginate was maximum in ‘leaf’ region. In contrast to this, viscosity and G-block were maximum in the ‘stem’ region. A significant positive correlation was observed between viscosity and G-block}. The ratio of guluronic: mannuronic acid was also assessed. Low levels of M/G ratio were recorded in the ‘stem’ region followed by ‘leaf’ and entire thallus.     

The resistance of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn to insect attack by Trichoplusia ni (Hübn.)

Summary Resistance of Pteridium aquilinum to insect attack was studied by incorporating air dried bracken leaf meal and extracts of bracken leaf meal into an artificial diet for Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). When larvae are reared on diets containing 6% bracken leaf meal, they do not mature past the second instar and after 16 days the average weight is approximately 1 mg compared to 70 mg for control larvae. Feeding initiation studies indicate that a feeding deterrent is present in bracken fern but feeding rates and food utilization efficiency studies suggest that either the deterrent or another compound also functions as a toxin. This toxin does not affect growth, feeding rates, or utilization efficiency for the first 4 days after third instar larvae are transferred to a diet containing the water extract of bracken leaf meal; thereafter growth is terminated and feeding is greatly reduced. The active factor is water soluble, heat labile, and non-volatile and this partial characterization indicates that neither the bracken ecdysones or the anti-thiamine factor of bracken is involved in the resistance of this fern to insect attack by T. ni.     

Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) using the temporary immersion technique

Summary A culture procedure using temporary immersion in a liquid medium was tested for somatic embryogenesis of Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.). Embryogenic callus was placed under regeneration conditions, either on a gelled medium (Phytagel, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or in a container designed for temporary immersion. The latter technique has some advantages over the use of a gelled medium during both the early steps of somatic embryogenesis, i.e., embryo development, and later on, i.e., during maturation, desiccation and germination. Somatic embryo production in a liquid medium was three to four times greater than on a semi-solid medium: 400 embryos/g fresh weight under the best embryogenesis induction conditions. Somatic embryogenesis had to be initiated on a gelled medium before the embryogenic callus was transferred to temporary immersion, and the amounts of 3,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and N⁶-benzyladenine had to be reduced. Temporary immersion resulted in substantially more consistent, synchronized somatic embryo development, reducing the number of abnormal embryos by half and stimulating germination. All of the late events could be carried out in the temporary immersion container. Effective drying conditions were achieved after 12 wk without immersion and without selection of the embryos. Temporary immersion during germination greatly stimulated root development (+60%) and epicotyl emergency (+35%), combined with increased synchronization and a substantially reduced workload.