苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒囊膜蛋白

苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒（ Ａｕｔｏｇｒａｐｈａ ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉｃａ ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＡｃＭＮＰＶ）在细胞质中合成其囊膜蛋白,但在细胞核内组装并包埋病毒粒子,这些蛋白的核定向转运机制是人们甚感兴趣的课题。以ＡｃＭＮＰＶ多角体衍生型病毒ＯＤＶ（ｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ－ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＯＤＶ）的一种囊膜蛋白ＯＤＶ－Ｅ１８为对象,通过Ｅ１８与一个标记短肽Ｆ     

苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒囊膜蛋白ODV-E18的核定向转运研究

苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus,AcMNPV)在细胞质中合成其囊膜蛋白,但在细胞核内组装并包埋病毒粒子,这些蛋白的核定向转运机制是人们甚感兴趣的课题.以AcMNPV多角体衍生型病毒ODV(occlusion-derived virus,ODV)的一种囊膜蛋白ODV-E18为对象,通过E18与一个标记短肽Flag融合的重组病毒的构建,以免疫荧光法跟踪检测E18蛋白的转运过程及形态,并利用酵母双杂交系统法(yeast two hybrid system),通过蛋白-蛋白相互作用的研究,寻找与E18紧密结合的可能的转运蛋白.研究结果表明,E18是先以核内模结构--微泡(microvesicle)的形式存在于核内的;一个被报道具有核定向转运功能的AcMNPV囊膜蛋白-ODV-E66能与E18形成紧密的复合体,推测E-66可能在E18的核定向转运中起着运载体的作用.     

昆虫包涵体衍生型病毒经口感染相关蛋白的研究进展

了解昆虫杆状病毒包涵体衍生型病毒(Occlusion-derived virus,ODV)的经口感染相关蛋白对揭示杆状病毒建立原发感染的机制、明确昆虫的先天免疫系统,以及研究控制昆虫新策略等方面具有重要意义。目前已鉴定的经口感染因子(Per osinfectivity factors,PIF)包括P74、PIF1、PIF2、PIF3、PIF4、PIF5(ODV-E56)和PIF6。此外,与ODV病毒粒子经口感染有关的蛋白有ODV-E66、VP91、Ac108、ORF 145和ORF 150。综述近年来关于上述经口感染相关蛋白的结构和功能等研究成果,分析了这些蛋白的分子生物学特征。     

用裂解气液色谱法鉴定昆虫包涵体病毒的初步研究

用Shimadzu GC-9A气相色谱仪和PyR-2A管式炉裂解器,对11株昆虫包涵体病毒进行了裂解气相色谱鉴定,通过对“指纹图”的分析,既可明显地区分GV、NPV和CPV包涵体病毒彼此间的差异,亦可较好的区别不同分离株间的异同,实验结果初步证明,用裂解气液色谱法分析、鉴定昆虫包涵体病毒是可行的。     

棉铃虫单核衣壳核多角体病毒囊膜蛋白odv—e66基因及其邻近区域的序列分析

杆状病毒ODV－E66蛋白是包涵体来源病毒（occlusion-derived virus,ODV）囊膜的结构蛋白,ODV囊膜对ODV的稳定性和感染性具有重要作用。本文报道了HaSNPV odv-e66基因及其邻近区域共4237bp的核苷酸序列及其分析结果。HaSNPV的odv-e66基因编码区全长2019bp,推测编码一个由672个氨基酸残基组成的,分子量为74.5kD的蛋白质。在起始密码子ATG上游具有杆状病毒晚期转录起始信号ATAAG。与其他杆状病毒ODV－E66的氨基酸序列比较分显示HaSNPV ODV-E66蛋白具有多个保守区域,包括N末端的强疏水功能区、序列中部的一个可能的核定位信号RKIW,两个Leu-xipper以及5个跨膜区。odv-e66基因上游的两个ORF分别与AcMNPV的orf108和orf109具有同源性,下游的ORF与LsNPV的p13基因具有同源性。     

显示SARS病毒包涵体的技术探讨

SARS病毒包涵体是一种非常微小的微生物 ,在一般的情况下用光学显微镜是不易被发现的 ,但当它侵及细胞并形成小体时 ,则可用光学显微镜来检测 ,但较难寻找。为了寻找较有效的病毒包涵体染色方法来显示SARS病毒包涵体 ,我们对现有的病毒染色法如Macchiavello氏法的改良法、Mann氏法、Lendram氏法进行对照应用 ,经实验认为 ,Macchiavello氏的改良法效果最好 ,该法应用省时、易操作 ,可将病毒包涵体显示为鲜红色。至今为止 ,认为引起SARS的病毒是变性的冠状病毒 ,但由于该病毒非常微小 ,必须依靠电镜才能对其进行鉴定和鉴别。由于进入细…     

重组含有Epstein—Barr病毒潜伏膜蛋白1（LMP1）基因的杆状病毒在昆虫？…

用杆状病毒表达系统重组病毒,在昆虫细胞中表达了完整的含有ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ１基因３个外显子开放读码框架的长２．３ｋｂ的ｃＤＮＡ片段。用重组病毒感染Ｓｆ９细胞,用免疫荧光染色,结果表明：４８小时表达重组蛋白,７２小时细胞较完整,免疫荧光染色强阳性,９６小时后细胞出现破碎。我们采集７２小时的组织培养上清和细胞破碎裂解液,分别采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＡＥ、ＨＰＬＣ分子筛法,用免疫蛋白印迹法实验证明,表达的蛋白能被     

昆虫病毒研究的回顾与展望

在病毒学研究一个多世纪的发展史中,以昆虫作为宿主,并在宿主种群中发生流行病的昆虫病毒研究起步较迟,落后于植物病毒、动物病毒、细菌病毒.但是近五十年来,昆虫病毒研究得到很大的发展.据国际病毒分类委员会第七次报告的统计,至今已报告的昆虫病毒有1600多种,涉及昆虫纲几乎所有的目.这些昆虫病毒分属于13个病毒科、2个病毒亚科和21个病毒属.按病毒核酸类型划分,可分为:1)双链DNA病毒,其中有杆状病毒科、痘病毒科、多分病毒科、泡囊病毒科和虹彩病毒科;2)单链DNA病毒中的细小病毒科;3)双链RNA病毒,其中有呼肠孤病毒科、二分RNA病毒科;4)单链RNA病毒,其中有微RNA病毒科、野田村病毒科和T四病毒科;5)DNA和RNA的反转录病毒,包括前病毒科和变位病毒科[2].昆虫病毒已经成为病毒研究比较活跃的领域之一,它在生命科学研究中占有显著的地位并显示出广阔的发展前景.我国的昆虫病毒研究实际上始于二十世纪50年代中期高尚荫、曹诒荪等人对家蚕核型多角体病毒(NPV)病研究[3].近五十年来,在昆虫病毒--昆虫细胞离体培养系统;昆虫病毒资源的识别鉴定;昆虫病毒分子生物学;昆虫病毒生物防治技术等研究领域得到很大的发展,取得长足进步,并在国际上产生重要影响.     

基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白假病毒模型的构建

目的:以HIV为骨架构建单次复制性的含基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白的假病毒模型,观察其对哺乳动物细胞的侵染性。方法:PCR合成基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白基因,克隆到真核表达载体上,与HIV慢病毒包装系统质粒共转染293FT细胞,48 h后收培养上清,在8μg/mL Polybrene存在下感染293FT细胞,感染48 h后在荧光显微镜下观察结果。结果:PCR合成了基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白基因并克隆到真核表达载体上,测序结果正确;共转染293FT细胞后,检测到基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白的表达并包装成假病毒,感染新鲜293FT细胞后能够检测到绿色荧光蛋白。结论:合成的基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白基因能正确表达并包装成假病毒,含基孔肯雅病毒囊膜蛋白的假病毒能感染293FT细胞并表达绿色荧光蛋白,可用该假病毒模型进一步研究基孔肯雅病毒的感染性,筛选评价抗基孔肯雅病毒药物。     

Semliki Forest virus envelope proteins function as proton channels

It has been shown that isolated nucleocapsids of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) contract upon low pH exposure (Soederlundet al., 1972). This contraction of the nucleocapsids has been used as an indicator to demonstrate that the spike proteins of SFV can translocate protons into the interior of the virus particle upon low pH (5.8) exposure. Spikeless virus particles obtained after bromelain digestion, which were used as a control, did not translocate protons. This implies that the ectodomain of the spike plays a crucial role for the proton translocation.     

Unique virus morphogenesis and cytopathology of a baculovirus (hypertrophy strain) in larva of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta

Nuclear polyhedrosis in tracheal cells caused by the hypertrophy strain of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) has many morphological and developmental features that distinguish it from that caused by the typical strain (TNPV). The most obvious difference is the morphogenic sequence due to the relatively slow virogenic development in HNPV-infected cells, in which are found extensive membranous profiles similar to viral envelopes, electron dense granules, large fibrous bodies, and microtubules. These structures also occur in TNPV-infected cells but are far less abundant and conspicuous. Fibrous bodies found in the cytoplasm and nucleus appear to be morphologically identical. Cellular distortion in a hypertrophied tracheal cell is seen as tearing of mestracheon folds between cells, separation of septate desmosomes, and attenuation in the cellular sheath.     

New monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant second envelope protein of Hepatitis C virus

To study the immunological features of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E2 protein), new specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. WKA/H rats were immunized with syngeneic cells infected with a vaccinia virus expressing the E2 protein and with soluble E2 protein obtained from Chinese hamster ovary cells with a plasmid-based expression system. By screening hybridoma cells obtained from spleen cells of the immunized rats, three specific mAbs were obtained. One mAb was reactive to a peptide corresponding to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in E2 protein, while the others reacted to regions outside HVR1. The significance of these antibodies for the diagnosis of HCV infection as well as for analysis of the structure of the HCV E2 protein will be discussed.     

Characterization of SUN-domain proteins at the higher plant nuclear envelope

Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN)-domain proteins are inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins that are part of bridging complexes linking cytoskeletal elements with the nucleoskeleton, and have been shown to be conserved in non-plant systems. In this paper, we report the presence of members of this family in the plant kingdom, and investigate the two Arabidopsis SUN-domain proteins, AtSUN1 and AtSUN2. Our results indicate they contain the highly conserved C-terminal SUN domain, and share similar structural features with animal and fungal SUN-domain proteins including a functional coiled-coil domain and nuclear localization signal. Both are expressed in various tissues with AtSUN2 expression levels relatively low but upregulated in proliferating tissues. Further, we found AtSUN1 and AtSUN2 expressed as fluorescent protein fusions, to localize to and show low mobility in the nuclear envelope (NE), particularly in the INM. Deletion of various functional domains including the N terminus and coiled-coil domain affect the localization and increase the mobility of AtSUN1 and AtSUN2. Finally, we present evidence that AtSUN1 and AtSUN2 are present as homomers and heteromers in vivo , and that the coiled-coil domains are required for this. The study provides evidence suggesting the existence of cytoskeletal–nucleoskeletal bridging complexes at the plant NE.     

Interaction between the movement protein of barley yellow dwarf virus and the cell nuclear envelope: role of a putative amphiphilic alpha-helix at the N-terminus of the movement protein

The open reading frame 4 (ORF 4) gene product of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) may act as a movement protein (MP) by assisting the transport of viral genomic RNA across the nuclear envelope (NE) of host plant cells. To investigate interactions between BYDV MP and the NE, wild-type and mutant open reading frame (ORF 4)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion cistrons were expressed in insect cells. A fusion protein expressed by the wild-type ORF 4-GFP cistron associated with the NE and caused protrusions from its surface. The fusion protein expressed by the mutant ORF 4-GFP cistron lacked a putative amphiphilic alpha-helix at its N-terminus and although associating with the NE, showed decreased levels of protrusions. A peptide homologue of this putative alpha-helix induced an increase of 7 degrees C in the phase transition temperature of dimyrystoyl phosphatidylserine (DMPS) membranes, accompanied by a decrease in membrane fluidity, but exhibited no significant interaction with either dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) membranes. These results strongly support the view that BYDV MP may interact with the NE to help transport viral genomic RNA into the nuclear compartment. This function of BYDV MP appears to involve protrusions on the surface of the NE and may require the presence of an N-terminal amphiphilic alpha-helix, which is speculated to destabilize membranes, thereby assisting the entry of BYDV-GAV into the nuclear compartment.     

Investigating the stability of dengue virus envelope protein dimer using well-tempered metadynamics simulations

We explored the stability of the dengue virus envelope (E) protein dimer since it is widely assumed that the E protein dimer is stabilized by drug ligands or antibodies in an acidic environment, neutralizing the virus's ability to fuse with human cells. During this process, a large conformational change of the E protein dimer is required. We performed Molecular Dynamics simulations to mimic the conformational change and stability of the dimer in neutral and acidic conditions with the well-tempered metadynamics method. Furthermore, as a few neutralizing antibodies discovered from dengue patients were reported, we used the same simulation method to examine the influence of a selected antibody on the dimer stability in both neutral and acidic conditions. We also investigated the antibody's influence on a point-mutated E protein that had been reported to interrupt the protein-antibody interaction and result in more than 95% loss of the antibody's binding ability. Our simulation results are highly consistent with the experimental conclusion that binding of the antibody to the E protein dimer neutralizes the virus, especially in a low pH condition, while the mutation of W101A or N153A significantly reduces the antibody's ability in stabilizing the E protein dimer. We demonstrate that well-tempered metadynamics can be used to accurately explore the antibody's interaction on large protein complexes such as the E protein dimer, and the computational approach in this work is promising in future antibody development.     

Computational identification of self-inhibitory peptides from envelope proteins

Fusion process is known to be the initial step of viral infection and hence targeting the entry process is a promising strategy to design antiviral therapy. The self-inhibitory peptides derived from the enveloped (E) proteins function to inhibit the protein-protein interactions in the membrane fusion step mediated by the viral E protein. Thus, they have the potential to be developed into effective antiviral therapy. Herein, we have developed a Monte Carlo-based computational method with the aim to identify and optimize potential peptide hits from the E proteins. The stability of the peptides, which indicates their potential to bind in situ to the E proteins, was evaluated by two different scoring functions, dipolar distance-scaled, finite, ideal-gas reference state and residue-specific all-atom probability discriminatory function. The method was applied to α-helical Class I HIV-1 gp41, β-sheet Class II Dengue virus (DENV) type 2 E proteins, as well as Class III Herpes Simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein, a E protein with a mixture of α-helix and β-sheet structural fold. The peptide hits identified are in line with the druggable regions where the self-inhibitory peptide inhibitors for the three classes of viral fusion proteins were derived. Several novel peptides were identified from either the hydrophobic regions or the functionally important regions on Class II DENV-2 E protein and Class III HSV-1 gB. They have potential to disrupt the protein-protein interaction in the fusion process and may serve as starting points for the development of novel inhibitors for viral E proteins.     

Development of antiviral carbon quantum dots that target the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein

Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that is prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific. Currently, there is no effective treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Curcumin (Cur) is a compound extracted from the roots of Curcuma longa, and many studies have reported its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the high cytotoxicity and very low solubility of Cur limit its biomedical applications. In this study, Cur carbon quantum dots (Cur-CQDs) were synthesized by mild pyrolysis-induced polymerization and carbonization, leading to higher water solubility and lower cytotoxicity, as well as superior antiviral activity against JEV infection. We found that Cur-CQDs effectively bound to the E protein of JEV, preventing viral entry into the host cells. In addition, after continued treatment of JEV with Cur-CQDs, a mutant strain of JEV was evolved that did not support binding of Cur-CQDs to the JEV envelope. Using transmission electron microscopy, biolayer interferometry, and molecular docking analysis, we revealed that the S123R and K312R mutations in the E protein play a key role in binding Cur-CQDs. The S123 and K312 residues are located in structural domains II and III of the E protein, respectively, and are responsible for binding to receptors on and fusing with the cell membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that the E protein of flaviviruses represents a potential target for the development of CQD-based inhibitors to prevent or treat viral infections.