植物种群自疏过程中构件生物量与密度的关系

不论是在对植物种群自疏规律还是在对能量守衡法则的研究中,个体大小(M)大多针对植物地上部分生物量,地下部分和构件生物量及其动态十分重要又多被忽视。以1年生植物荞麦为材料研究了自疏种群地下部分生物量、包括地下部分的个体总生物量以及各构件生物量与密度的关系。结果表明:平均地上生物量和个体总生物量与密度的异速关系指数(γabove-ground和γindividual)分别为-1.293和-1.253,与-4/3无显著性差异(P>0.05),为-4/3自疏法则提供了有力证据;平均根生物量-密度异速指数γroot(-1.128)与-1无显著性差异(P>0.05),与最终产量恒定法则一致;平均茎生物量-密度异速指数γstem(-1.263)接近-4/3(P>0.05),平均叶生物量-密度异速指数γleaf(-1.524)接近-3/2(P>0.05),分别符合-4/3自疏法则与-3/2自疏法则;而繁殖生物量与密度的异速关系指数γreproductive(-2.005)显著小于-3/2、-4/3或-1(P<0.001)。因此,不存在一个对植物不同构件普适的生物量-密度之间的关系。光合产物在地上和地下构件的生物量分配格局以及构件生物量与地上生物量之间特异的异速生长关系导致不同构件具有不同的自疏指数。无论对于地上生物量还是个体总生物量,荞麦种群能量均守衡,而对于地下生物量,荞麦种群能量不守衡。     

植物群落密度调控研究进展

植物群落密度调控是生态学领域的研究热点。从Yoda提出-3/2自疏法则以来,围绕植物群落密度调控规律从自疏线可变性、环境因素对密度调控影响的规律等进行了大量研究。尤其是基于代谢生态学理论建立的WBE自疏规律提出后,密度调控规律的争论和研究更为活跃,其焦点主要是自疏线斜率是否存在相对恒定的α值和值的大小。根据国内外文献,综述了-3/2自疏法则、-4/3自疏法则、质量-密度的等速比例关系和环境对密度调控规律的影响等方面的研究,指出密度调控的机制以及胁迫条件下的密度调控及其应用是未来研究的趋势。     

植物密度调控及其对环境变化响应的研究进展

植物密度调控规律研究对于推动植物生态学理论的发展和指导林业、农业、牧业的合理密植以及恢复、改良不良生态环境等具有重要意义.文章综述了植物-3/2与-1/2自疏法则,自疏指数的不稳定性与争论,以及自疏法则与密度调控指数的关系的研究,总结了密度调控指数对水分梯度、盐分浓度、海拔以及光照条件等环境变化的响应,讨论了植物个体间的正负相互作用及其生态场、植物形态、盖度等植物密度调控机理与环境变化的关系,指出自疏指数研究经历从恒定、变异、随环境变化的发展,最后从WBE模型和代谢生态理论(MTE)、植物邻体效应、根冠整合机制、植物根际微生物对植物相互作用的调控、宏观与微观结合等方面展望了植物密度调控规律的研究发展趋势.     

葎草种群自疏过程中幼苗构件性状及生物量分配变化

以雌雄异株攀援草本植物葎草为材料,通过每10 d测量1次,连续6次,测定幼苗期葎草种群的密度和高度、个体构件性状和生物量分配等参数,分析种群自疏过程中种群密度与个体构件性状及生物量分配的关系,研究葎草种群的自疏规律。结果表明:幼苗期葎草种群存在显著的自疏现象,种群密度60 d内下降了71%;幼苗期葎草由直立生长向横向生长时,种群密度和株高显著降低;自疏过程中存留植株的茎性状有显著变化,变化大小为节间长主茎长茎直径,节间长增加,叶性状变化大小为叶面积叶柄长叶厚叶宽叶长总叶数保留叶片数,根性状变化大小为总根长根体积根数根长最大根长;自疏过程中存留植株的构件生物量、单株生物量显著增加,而单位面积累积生物量呈阶段性下降;留存植株的地上生物量分配比相对稳定(P0.05),根茎比和叶茎比有极显著变化(P0.01);叶、茎、叶柄生物量与根生物量和地上生物量之间均呈极显著的异速关系(P0.01),茎随地上生物量增长呈等速生长,而叶、叶柄和根随地上生物量增长呈异速生长,地上生物量与叶、茎、叶柄及根生物量极显著相关(P0.01);茎生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则,叶、叶柄和根生物量并不满足-3/2或-4/3或-1自疏法则;地上和单株总生物量与密度极显著相关(P0.01),存留单株的地上生物量和总生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则。     

沙地云杉种群调节的研究

 本文运用种群密度调节的-3/2原则研究沙地云杉种群的自疏过程,模拟种群密度变化的动态规律。由于可塑性生长的影响,不同林型中沙地云杉种群的平均胸径、单株平均干重与种群密度关系之间的变化幅度也不相同,但都表现出幂函数的变化特征。运用主成分分析的方法探讨影响沙地云杉种群密度调节的主要因素,表明影响沙地云杉种群自疏过程的主要因子为：坡向、群落类型、坡位、土壤含水量、海拔、土壤平均容重、针叶密度7个因子。分析了沙地云杉种群自疏过程的机制及其在种群密度管理中运用的可能性,对沙地云杉种群的经营管理具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

同龄纯林自然稀疏过程的经验模型研究

应用-3/2法则及广义Schumacher生长方程导出同龄纯林自然稀疏过程中密度随时间变化规律新模型,采用遗传算法对非线性模型参数进行最优估计.以山杨、云南松、杉木等树种同龄纯林自疏过程中密度随时间变化资料对新模型进行了验证,并与前人提出的主要森林自疏过程密度随时间变化规律模型进行了对比.结果表明,所提出的同龄纯林自疏规律模型能很好地拟合实际观测资料,具有良好的使用价值;新模型拟合效果较前人提出的自疏规律模型效果均更佳,说明新模型是一个描述同龄纯林自疏过程密度随时间变化规律的理想经验模型,可在森林自疏规律研究中应用.杉木林自疏过程密度变化规律的研究可为南方林区杉木林经营管理提供参考.     

望天树种群动态的初步研究

本文采用空间代替时间的方法组建了我国热带雨林的重要优势种望天树(Parashorea chinensis)种群的静态生命表,并建立了种群结构动态模型,种群材积动态模型和种群自疏模型。结果表明望天树种群现阶段足稳定型种群,具不断扩大的潜力;种群材积约170年前符合logistic增长,170年后材积下降;种群的自疏指数约为-2.1。     

基于形态框架数据的淞江鲈种群鉴别(英文)

采用形态框架数据阐明了中国3个现存的淞江鲈地理种群的形态差异。每条鱼测量22个形态度量参数,用Burnaby的多变量方法校正形态度量参数,采用聚类和判别分析来区别种群的差异。结果显示:1)3个地理种群可以分成两组,第1组包括青龙河种群和富春江种群,第2组包括鸭绿江种群;2)根据F-remove值,挑选出最大的5个形态参数:D(2-3)、D(7-9)、D(6-5)、D(6-8)、D(2-1),用挑选后的5个形态参数进行判别分析的判别准确率达100%,显示这3个地理种群是形态上可辨别的种群。地理隔离和环境因子也许是淞江鲈种群形态差异的主要影响因素。虽然形态度量对于判别淞江鲈的种群有效,但对于其种群结构的进一步确认研究是必要的。     

CO2浓度对棉铃虫及其天敌种间关系的影响

近日,中国科学家通过实验探讨春小麦一棉铃虫及其寄生天敌对CO2浓度升高的响应。研究人员用高CO2浓度处理下生长的小麦喂饲棉铃虫,并在棉铃虫幼虫低龄时接入它的寄生天敌一中红侧沟茧蜂,连续两代测定它们的种群参数、取食及寄生能力。结果显示,CO2浓度升高后,春小麦营养水平下降,导致棉铃虫生长发育延长,     

缙云山马尾松种群数量动态初步研究

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群是我国亚热带森林植被演替的先锋种群之—。研究其数量动态对亚热带森林群落和生态系统的研究有着重要意义。“样地编年序列”的应用为长命多年生植物种群数量动态的研究提供了一条捷径。缙云山马尾松种群,约在7龄前,其密度随时间而增长,其后降低。其间关系可用下式近似表达：(07), 式中,D是种群密度估计值,A是种群年龄。缙云山马尾松种群生物量在灌草从到松阔混交林初期的演替中呈现Logistic增长。符合公式：式中,Bp是种群生物量的估计值,A,e是自然对数的底。在从混交林到常绿阔叶林的演替中,其生物量表现出随时间下降的趋势。在自疏过程中,马尾松种群平均植株生物量与种群密度服从-3/2稀疏定律。符合公式：式中,Bi是平均植株生物量,D是种群密度。导致缙云山马尾松种群数量动态变化的动力,主要是种内光资源竞争引起的自疏和种间光资源竞争引起的他疏。     

Modelling the Time Course of Self-thinning in Crowded Plant Populations

A logarithmic model for the self-thinning of plants is proposed.This model describes the time course of self-thinning very welland fits data from forest stands and yield tables, which followthe 3/2 power law. An approximated expression of this modelshows that plant density decreases with age along a Gompertzcurve. This appears to be a basic property of the time courseof self-thinning in plants. Pinus strobus L., Pinus densiflora Sieb, et Zucc., stand development, self-thinning, 3/2 power law, logarithmic model, mortality     

Species-specific allometric scaling under self-thinning: evidence from long-term plots in forest stands

Experimental plots covering a 120 years' observation period in unthinned, even-aged pure stands of common beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and common oak (Quercus Petraea) are used to scrutinize Reineke's (1933) empirically derived stand density rule [see text], N=tree number per unit area, [see text]=mean stem diameter), Yoda's (1963) self-thinning law based on Euclidian geometry ([see text] [see text]=mean biomass per tree), and basic assumptions of West, Brown and Enquist's (1997, 1999) fractal scaling rules ([see text] [see text] w=biomass per tree, d=stem diameter). RMA and OLS regression provides observed allometric exponents, which are tested against the exponents, expected by the considered rules. Hope for a consistent scaling law fades away, as observed exponents significantly correspond with the considered rules only in a minority of cases: (1) exponent r of [see text] varies around Reineke's constant -1.605, but is significantly different from r=-2, supposed by Euclidian or fractal scaling, (2) Exponent c of the self-thinning line [see text] roams roughly about the Euclidian scaling constant -3/2, (3) Exponent a of [see text] tends to follow fractal scaling 8/3. The unique dataset's evaluation displays that (4) scaling exponents and their oscillation are species-specific, (5) Euclidian scaling of one relation and fractal scaling of another are coupled, depending on species. Ecological implications of the results in respect to self-tolerance (common oak>Norway spruce>Scots pine>common beech) and efficiency of space occupation (common beech>Scots pine>Norway spruce>common oak) are stressed and severe consequences for assessing, regulating and scheduling stand density are discussed.     

Competitive regulation of plant allometry and a generalized model for the plant self-thinning process

Taking into account the individual growth form (allometry) in a plant population and the effects of intraspecific competition on allometry under the population self-thinning condition, and adopting Ogawa's allometric equation 1/y = 1/axb + 1/c as the expression of complex allometry, the generalized model describing the change mode of r (the self-thinning exponential in the self-thinning equation, log M = K + log N, where M is mean plant mass, K is constant, and N is population density) was constructed. Meanwhile, with reference to the changing process of population density to survival curve type B, the exponential, r, was calculated using the software MATHEMATICA 4.0. The results of the numerical simulation show that (1) the value of the self-thinning exponential, r, is mainly determined by allometric parameters; it is most sensitive to change of b of the three allometric parameters, and a and c take second place; (2) the exponential, r, changes continuously from about -3 to the asymptote -1; the slope of -3/2 is a transient value in the population self-thinning process; (3) it is not a 'law' that the slope of the self-thinning trajectory equals or approaches -3/2, and the long-running dispute in ecological research over whether or not the exponential, r, equals -3/2 is meaningless. So future studies on the plant self-thinning process should focus on investigating how plant neighbor competition affects the phenotypic plasticity of plant individuals, what the relationship between the allometry mode and the self-thinning trajectory of plant population is and, in the light of evolution, how plants have adapted to competition pressure by plastic individual growth.     

Relationships Between Population Growth and Population Density in Monocultures of Larix leptolepis

One year-old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) seedlings were planted in a nursery from 1984 to 1986 at four density levels with four replicates in order to investigate the relationships between plant growth and density of survivors. As the results shown, self-thinning occurred severely in populations growing at high densities. The rate of the self-thinning followed a trajectory defined by the 3/2 power law. The relationship between mean dry weight per tree and population density at a given stage of growth followed the reciprocal equation and power equation at early experimental stages, but changed gradually to follow the 3/2 power law as plants grew further. Shch a change was mainly caused by the constant basal area per ms and decreased growth of tree height along a gradient of the density. The relationship between tree height (h) and density (p) also be discussed and in the 3/2 power law system it could be described by an equation consisting of h=αp（-1/2） where α is a constant.     

不同品种春小麦根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

采用水培法,以3个春小麦品种(加春1号、2号、4号)为试验材料,研究了低钾胁迫下不同品种春小麦根系的形态学与生理学特征。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,低钾胁迫下小麦的根重、根数、总根长、总吸收面积、根活力、根系SOD及POD活性、根系活性吸收面积均明显降低,但根冠比有所增加,不同春小麦品种间的变化趋势相似,但变化幅度存在明显差异。(2)供试品种小麦根系的形态与生理学特征在同一供钾水平下和不同供钾水平间均存在着明显的差异,表明这两种性状的差异是由基因型和环境因素共同决定的,因此,根系形态学和生理学特征可以作为筛选高效吸收钾小麦品种的参考指标。(3)供试的3个春小麦品种中‘加春4号’对低钾环境的适应性最强。     

Relationship between the virtual dynamic thinning line and the self-thinning boundary line in simulated plant populations

The self-thinning rule defines a straight upper boundary line on log-log scales for all possible combinations of mean individual biomass and density in plant populations. Recently, the traditional slope of the upper boundary line, -3/2, has been challenged by -4/3 which is deduced from some new mechanical theories, like the metabolic theory. More experimental or field studies should be carried out to identify the more accurate self-thinning exponent. But it＇s hard to obtain the accurate self-thinning exponent by fitting to data points directly because of the intrinsic problem of subjectivity in data selection. The virtual dynamic thinning line is derived from the competition-density （C-D） effect as the initial density tends to be positive infinity, avoiding the data selection process. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the virtual dynamic thinning line and the upper boundary line in simulated plant stands. Our research showed that the upper boundary line and the virtual dynamic thinning line were both straight lines on log-log scales. The slopes were almost the same value with only a very little difference of 0.059, and the intercept of the upper boundary line was a little larger than that of the virtual dynamic thinning line. As initial size and spatial distribution patterns became more uniform, the virtual dynamic thinning line was more similar to the upper boundary line. This implies that, given appropriate parameters, the virtual dynamic thinning line may be used as the upper boundary line in simulated plant stands.     

Fusarium head blight: distribution in wheat in Latvia

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat has, in recent years, been a very important worldwide disease in intensive growing of cereal. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of FHB in wheat in Latvia and to identify the Fusarium species involved. This paper describes the distribution of Fusarium species that were isolated from samples representing winter and spring wheat varieties in Latvia, identified both by the classical morphological analyses of J. Leslie and B. Summerell (2006) and by PCR. The FHB incidence range in winter wheat was 1-20%, in spring wheat was 1-42%. The most significant factor affecting the incidence of fusarial head blight in wheat in Latvia was heightened temperature at the time of an thesis of wheat. In winter wheat 9 Fusarium species caused FHB: F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. poae, F. oxysporum, F. cerealis, F. sporotrichoides and F. verticillioides were identified by morphological characterization, and 5 were confirmed by PCR-analysis. After experience of 5 years, it can be concluded that the most frequent in winter wheat were F. poae and F. culmorum. In spring wheat from F. culmorum was dominant among 8 Fusarium species. Among 13 varieties of spring wheat, three were sensitive ('Chamsin', 'W 166', 'Azurite') and one was resistant ('Granny') to FHB in conditions of high natural infection in 2009. The monitoring surveys demonstrate a significant presence of FHB in spring wheat in conditions of heightened temperature at the time of flowering in Latvia.     

The self-thinning process in mangrove <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kandelia obovata</Emphasis> stands

The self-thinning process was monitored in crowded Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong stands over four years. The frequency distribution of tree phytomass was an L-shape, which was kept over the experimental period. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for phytomass decreased as the time span of the comparison became longer, a result which indicates that the rank of phytomass changes as stands grow. Death of trees resulted from one-sided competition, i.e., death occurred in lower-rank trees. Surviving trees continued to grow. Whatever the current spatial distribution of the trees, death occurred randomly and the spatial distribution gradually became close to random as stands grew. The self-thinning exponent was 1.46, which can be regarded as evidence in favor of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning. Relative growth rate, RGR, decreased in proportion to decreasing relative mortality rate, RMR, with a proportionality constant of 1.57, which was not significantly different from the slope of the self-thinning exponent. This experimental result probably justifies the assumption that the ratio of RGR to RMR in the mean phytomass-density trajectory for any self-thinning population with different densities becomes constant as the growth stage progresses.