裂解性多糖单加氧酶HcLPMO与纤维素酶协同降解纤维素

【目的】为研究HcLPMO的活性测定方法及其与纤维素酶的协同降解特性。【方法】利用大肠杆菌表达系统进行HcLPMO异源表达,研究以AmplexTM Ultra Red为荧光底物的LPMOs活性检测条件;研究HcLPMO与纤维素酶最优配比协同降解微晶纤维素及其他多种生物质底物的能力。【结果】表达条件确定最适装液量为20%,最适诱导温度为20°C。活性测定研究结果表明HcLPMO需先与铜离子结合才具有活性,电子供体抗坏血酸钠(ASC)最适浓度为10–4 mol/L,并发现AmplexTM Ultra Red浓度以及辣根过氧化物酶浓度对酶活的检测影响较小。HcLPMO与纤维素酶协同降解微晶纤维素研究确定HcLPMO与纤维素酶最优配比为2:3,葡萄糖产量相较纤维素酶单独作用提高了99.48%。此外,针对多种生物质底物,发现该酶与纤维素酶的复配体系对汽爆玉米秸秆和微晶纤维素的协同降解效果较好,相较于单独用纤维素水解酶,葡萄糖产量分别提高了63.81%和59.43%,而对碱处理玉米芯和木薯渣降解效果次之,葡萄糖产量仅分别提高35.41%和11.06%。【结论】HcLPMO与纤维素酶复配能够有效提高酶法降解纤维素效率;而底物前处理如蒸汽爆破或碱处理对于HcLPMO与纤维素酶协同降解木质纤维素影响较大。     

酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮及抗氧化性研究

本文采用纤维素酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮,即先用纤维素酶酶解透骨草,再用乙醇回流法提取透骨草中的总黄酮。分别固定提取剂乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1∶20 g/m L,初步探究了纤维素酶浓度、酶解p H、酶解温度、酶解时间四个单因素对透骨草总黄酮提取率的影响。设计正交实验确定了酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮的较佳条件:纤维素酶浓度为2 U/m L、酶解p H=4.5、酶解温度为45℃、酶解时间2 h,总黄酮提取率为1.27%。本文初步探究了透骨草总黄酮提取液对羟自由基的清除活性,对照实验结果表明透骨草提取液对羟自由基清除活性要高于相同浓度的芦丁与二丁基羟基甲苯。     

秸秆质外体蛋白对纤维素酶活力的影响

研究了玉米秸秆在储存过程中质外体蛋白含量的变化情况,及其对Penicilllumexpansum纤维素酶活力的影响。结果表明随着储存时间的延长,可抽提的玉米秸秆质外体蛋白的数量逐渐减少,与P.expansum纤维素酶的协同作用也随之减弱。储存玉米秸秆质外体蛋白没有内源性纤维素酶活力,而新鲜玉米秸秆有内源性EG活性,但它的稳定性较差,储存半年后基本降解或失活。储存秸秆质外体蛋白对FPA酶活力、棉花酶活力、β-葡萄糖苷酶活力有明显的增效作用,最大增效分别达到95.32%、102.06%和96.6%。而对CMCase却表现出抑制作用,最大抑制率为49.52%,质外体蛋白-EG-βG表现出明显的协同关系,而它对CBH酶活力没有影响。消除内源性EG的影响后,新鲜玉米秸质外体蛋白对FPA活力、棉花酶活力、β-葡萄糖苷酶活力的促进率,以及CMCase的抑制率均高于储存秸秆的质外体蛋白。可见质外体蛋白是天然纤维素酶解研究不可忽视的影响因素。     

秸秆降解菌的筛选及其纤维素降解性能的研究

通过秸秆粉平板、刚果红染色法以及小麦秸秆降解率来筛选高效秸秆降解菌,并测定菌株的胞外纤维素酶活来研究其秸秆纤维素的降解能力。结果表明,在所筛选的4株真菌中,菌株z-5的秸秆降解率最高,为47%;其次是菌株4-1、3-1和2-2,分别为45%、32%和31%,滤纸腐解实验结果与秸秆降解试验结果相似。4株秸秆降解菌均具有外切葡聚糖酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶等3种纤维素酶,但变化趋势不同。菌株z-5和菌株4-1的三种酶活呈现出较好的协同性,菌株2-2和菌株3-1协同性较弱。通过秸秆粉平板,秸秆降解率测定以及滤纸孔洞法可以更准确快速地得到目的菌株;纤维素酶在秸秆降解中起着主导作用。     

乙酸分级预处理甘蔗渣对纤维素酶解性能的影响

为提高甘蔗渣的纤维素酶解性能,采用乙酸脱木素结合碱脱乙酰基的预处理工艺 (Acetoline工艺) 对甘蔗渣进行预处理,考察了乙酸脱木素过程中若干因素对预处理结果的影响,并对预处理后甘蔗渣的纤维素酶解性能进行了研究。结果表明,经过Acetoline预处理后甘蔗渣在7.5％固体含量、15 FPU+10 CBU/g固体的纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶用量下酶解48 h,酶解聚糖转化率接近80％。与稀酸预处理相比,Acetoline预处理可以得到更高的酶解聚糖转化率。实验结果表明Acetoline工艺是一种可有效提高甘蔗渣纤维素酶解性能的预处理方法。     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解木质纤维素能力及产酶研究

从农林废物堆肥中分离得到1株细菌经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,将该细菌用于木质素类化合物利用.固态培养条件下考察其对木质纤维素的降解能力及产酶特性,另外对发酵前后的稻草结构进行了红外光谱分析.结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌具有木质素降解能力,兼具低分子量木质素酚型、非酚型类物质的降解能力.其对木质素降解是木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶共同作用的结果.在实验条件下,培养30 d使木质素降解率达9.47%,同时对纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解;降解率分别为38.8%、41.84%.红外光谱分析结果表明,稻草木质素结构被破坏,枯草芽胞杆菌对木质素各官能团的降解作用有所不同.     

青霉菌胞外半纤维素酶的纯化及其性质研究

半纤维素是由己糖和戊糖组成的异质多糖,约占陆生植物干重的15％～30％,微生物产生的半纤维素酶（hendcellulas）可降解半纤维素生成木糖及其它单糖。研究半纤维素生物转化具有重要意义,如在造纸工业的生物制浆和废水处理;转化半纤维素为单糖。酒精等化工产品等。在国外已有不少有关真菌和细菌降解半纤维素的研究［‘·‘］,国内有关真菌降解半纤维素的研究工作已开始逐步展开【｝‘」,但有关青霉菌胞外半纤维素酶的产酶条件及其性质尚未见报道。本研究在优化青霉菌胞外半纤维素酶发酵条件的基础上,对粗酶液进行f初步纯化,并对其讲…     

木霉纤维素酶的诱导形成及其调节I.槐糖对木霉EA3-867纤维素酶形成的诱导作用

在槐豆荚提取液中分离到白色针状的槐糖结晶,该糖对拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudo-Koningii Rafai) EA3-867的纤维素酶(C1和Cx)有强力的诱导作用。在纤维素酶活力,尤其是产酶速度上明显超过纤维素的诱导作用。槐糖的诱导作用与添加槐糖的时间和菌种有关,并受甘油强烈阻遏。在以纤维二糖(0．5％)为碳源培养时,木霉EA3-867也能较迅速地形成纤维素酶,但在EA3-867的甘油培养物中加入纤维二糖(5×10-3M)并不能诱导Cx酶。槐糖和纤维素对纤维素酶的诱导作用,无论在诱导胞外和胞内纤维素酶的成分上或从凝肢电泳图上,都十分相似。作者认为木霉EA,一867的纤维素酶形成同时受诱导一阻遏机制调节,并对组成型和诱导型的纤维素酶的作用,以及固体纤维素对纤维素酶可能的诱导机制作了推测。     

Study on Optimal Conditions of Degradation of Wheat Straw by Cellulase and Analysis of Kinetics

以小麦秸秆为原料,通过正交实验对纤维素酶降解秸秆纤维的影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,影响小麦秸秆降解的因素依次为:酶量＞酶解时间＞料液比＞反应温度,其最适条件是:加酶量为40 u/g,酶解时间为10h,反应温度为40℃,料液比为1∶3,总糖含量达到43.24％.以米氏方程为基础,建立起最适酶解条件下总纤维素降解的动力学模型.     

纤维素酶降解小麦秸秆最适条件的研究及其动力学分析

以小麦秸秆为原料,通过正交实验对纤维素酶降解秸秆纤维的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,影响小麦秸秆降解的因素依次为:酶量>酶解时间>料液比>反应温度,其最适条件是:加酶量为40u/g,酶解时间为10h,反应温度为40℃,料液比为1∶3,总糖含量达到43.24%。以米氏方程为基础,建立起最适酶解条件下总纤维素降解的动力学模型。     

一株纤维素分解菌的筛选、鉴定及其对玉米秸秆的降解效果

为了筛选具有高效分解玉米秸秆纤维素能力的菌株,采集玉米秸秆还田土样作为样品,并于20℃条件下进行富集培养。利用以玉米秸秆纤维素为唯一碳源的固体分离培养基和刚果红染色法进行初筛,再将筛选到的菌株进行液体发酵培养并取上清液测定酶活,最终获得1株产纤维素酶能力较强的真菌SY-403。结合形态学特征与分子生物学鉴定结果得知,菌株SY-403为蓝状菌属（Talaromyces stollii）。对其所产纤维素酶酶学性质进行初步研究,结果表明,该酶最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为20℃。在模拟室外条件（15℃）下进行秸秆降解试验,玉米秸秆经菌株SY-403处理40 d时,秸秆失重率及纤维素分解率分别达到42.67%、55.26%。利用傅里叶变换红外（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）光谱技术对降解过程中官能团的变化进行分析,结果表明,纤维素相关谱峰（1 052~1 054 cm-1）相对强度减弱,而羟基相关谱峰（1 328~1 330 cm-1）相对强度增强,这说明纤维素已被分解为可利用的短链结构,即菌株SY-403可用于降解玉米秸秆。     

The effect of biological pretreatment with the selective white-rot fungus Echinodontium taxodii on enzymatic hydrolysis of softwoods and hardwoods

Selective white-rot fungi have shown potential for lignocellulose pretreatment. In the study, a new fungal isolate, Echinodontium taxodii 2538, was used in biological pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of two native woods: Chinese willow (hardwood) and China-fir (softwood). E. taxodii preferentially degraded the lignin during the pretreatment, and the pretreated woods showed significant increases in enzymatic hydrolysis ratios (4.7-fold for hardwood and 6.3-fold for softwood). To better understand effects of biological pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis, enzyme–substrate interactions were investigated. It was observed that E. taxodii enhanced initial adsorption of cellulase but which did not always translate to high initial hydrolysis rate. However, the rate of change in hydrolysis rate declined dramatically with decreasing irreversible adsorption of cellulase. Thus, the enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis was attributed to the decline of irreversible adsorption which may result from partial lignin degradation and alteration in lignin structure after biological pretreatment.     

Synergistic effects of cellulosomal xylanase and cellulases from Clostridium cellulovorans on plant cell wall degradation

Plant cell walls are comprised of cellulose and hemicellulose and other polymers that are intertwined, and this complex structure presents a barrier to degradation by pure cellulases or hemicellulases. In this study, we determined the synergistic effects on corn cell wall degradation by the action of cellulosomal xylanase XynA and cellulosomal cellulases from Clostridium cellulovorans. XynA minicellulosomes and cellulase minicellulosomes were found to degrade corn cell walls synergistically but not purified substrates such as xylan and crystalline cellulose. The mixture of XynA and cellulases at a molar ratio of 1:2 showed the highest synergistic effect of 1.6 on corn cell wall degradation. The amounts both of xylooligosaccharides and cellooligosaccharides liberated from corn cell walls were increased by the synergistic action of XynA and cellulases. Although synergistic effects on corn cell wall degradation were found in simultaneous reactions with XynA and cellulases, no synergistic effects were observed in sequential reactions. The possible mechanism of synergism between XynA and cellulases is discussed.     

Synergistic Activity of Plant Extracts with Microbial Cellulases for the Release of Free Sugars

Agricultural lignocellulosic waste such as corn stover is a potential source of inexpensive, abundant, and renewable biomass for the production of bioethanol. The enzymatic process for the economically viable breakdown of cellulose to ethanol relies on the availability of inexpensive microbial cellulases. Although the cost of cellulase has decreased in recent years, current costs still preclude the production of economically viable bioethanol from lignocellulose. Substantive efforts in this lab are being directed to transgenic production of cellulases in maize in order to boost efficiency both of production of enzymes and degradation of corn stover. We serendipitously observed that the addition of non-transgenic maize seed extracts to cellulose and microbial enzymes potentiated free sugar release by as much as 20-fold. Further, this synergistic effect between cellulase enzymes and extract was seen with a variety of plant species and tissue extracts, but varied in efficiency, and was optimal at low concentrations of cellulases. Although the nature of the synergistic molecule is not known, the use of extracts to potentiate cellulose breakdown provides opportunities for a clearer mechanistic understanding of the degradation process as well as an economical way to improve the efficiency of cellulases to produce more cost-effective bioethanol from agricultural waste.     

Azo Dye Biodecolorization Enhanced by Echinodontium taxodii Cultured with Lignin

Lignocellulose facilitates the fungal oxidization of recalcitrant organic pollutants through the extracellular ligninolytic enzymes induced by lignin in wood or other plant tissues. However, available information on this phenomenon is insufficient. Free radical chain reactions during lignin metabolism are important in xenobiotic removal. Thus, the effect of lignin on azo dye decolorization in vivo by Echinodontium taxodii was evaluated. In the presence of lignin, optimum decolorization percentages for Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R, Direct Red 5B, Direct Black 38, and Direct Black 22 were 91.75% (control, 65.96%), 76.89% (control, 43.78%), 43.44% (control, 17.02%), and 44.75% (control, 12.16%), respectively, in the submerged cultures. Laccase was the most important enzyme during biodecolorization. Aside from the stimulating of laccase activity, lignin might be degraded by E. taxodii, and then these degraded low-molecular-weight metabolites could act as redox mediators promoting decolorization of azo dyes. The relationship between laccase and lignin degradation was investigated through decolorization tests in vitro with purified enzyme and dozens of aromatics, which can be derivatives of lignin and can function as laccase mediators or inducers. Dyes were decolorized at triple or even higher rates in certain laccase–aromatic systems at chemical concentrations as low as 10 µM.     

Over-expression of the cucumber expansin gene (Cs-EXPA1) in transgenic maize seed for cellulose deconstruction

Plant cell wall degradation into fermentable sugars by cellulases is one of the greatest barriers to biofuel production. Expansin protein loosens the plant cell wall by opening up the complex of cellulose microfibrils and polysaccharide matrix components thereby increasing its accessibility to cellulases. We over-expressed cucumber expansin in maize kernels to produce enough protein to assess its potential to serve as an industrial enzyme for applications particularly in biomass conversion. We used the globulin-1 embryo-preferred promoter to express the cucumber expansin gene in maize seed. Expansin protein was targeted to one of three sub-cellular locations: the cell wall, the vacuole, or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To assess the level of expansin accumulation in seeds of transgenic kernels, a high throughput expansin assay was developed. The highest expressing plants were chosen and enriched crude expansin extract from those plants was tested for synergistic effects with cellulase on several lignocellulosic substrates. Activity of recombinant cucumber expansin from transgenic kernels was confirmed on these pretreated substrates. The best transgenic lines (ER-targeted) can now be used for breeding to increase expansin expression for use in the biomass conversion industry. Results of these experiments show the success of expansin over-expression and accumulation in transgenic maize seed without negative impact on growth and development and confirm its synergistic effect with cellulase on deconstruction of complex cell wall substrates.     

一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对 玉米秸秆的降解特性

[目的]获得高产纤维素酶细菌菌株,探讨以氨化预处理玉米秸秆为底物时的纤维素酶产酶特性及底物降解特性,探讨纤维素酶作用机理,提高玉米秸秆利用率.[方法]用LB培养基分离并纯化菌株,羧甲基纤维素钠培养基培养、刚果红染色进行初步筛选.考察氨化预处理对底物降解率、产酶能力的影响.通过形态特征观察及16S rRNA、Biolog鉴定菌株.[结果]分离到一株高效纤维素降解菌NH11,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis). 30℃、发酵5d时,预处理前后玉米秸秆降解率分别为14.24％和24.73％.30℃、pH 7.2时,处理组CMC酶活力峰值处为153.84 U/mL,FPA酶活力为197.24 U/mL,比未处理组分别高出11.45％和10.59％.[结论]NH11具有较高的纤维素酶产酶能力,氨化预处理能够提高菌株对玉米秸秆的降解率.该菌株在秸秆堆肥、制作食用菌培养基和制取反刍动物粗饲料方面具有很高的应用价值.     

The use of canola meal as a substrate for xylanase production by Trichoderma reesei

Summary Tests made utilizing canola meal as a substrate for the production of xylanase indicate that Trichoderma reesei produced this enzyme in similar or better yields from canola meal than from Solka-floc, xylan or glucose. The maximum xylanase activity obtained from canola meal was 210 IU/ml in 9–12 days. The enzyme system produced using canola meal also contained a higher proportion of acetyl-xylan esterase, cellulase, and xylosidase activities. This system was more than or equally efficient as that produced using Solka-floc in hydrolysing canola meal, corn cobs, corn and wheat brans, straw, and larchwood xylan to fermentable sugars. Offprint requests to: Z. Duvnjak