不同植被恢复模式下中亚热带黄壤坡地土壤微量元素效应

以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为例,研究了中亚热带黄壤坡地7种典型植被恢复模式下土壤微量元素有效性及其与土壤有机质、pH值之间的关系.结果表明： 0～20 cm土层荒草灌丛的B、Mn含量、油桐人工林Mo、Cu含量、杜仲人工林Zn含量和毛竹 杉木混交林Fe含量最高;20～40 cm土层润楠次生林B、Fe、Mn含量、荒草灌丛模式Mo含量、油桐人工林Zn含量和杜仲人工林Cu含量最高;毛竹 杉木混交林B、Mo、Cu、Mn含量在各层土壤均最低.各元素有效性指数以Mn最高,Cu最低,排序为Mn>Zn>Fe>Mo>B>Cu;土壤微量元素有效性综合指数以荒草灌丛模式最高(12.28),毛竹 杉木混交林最低(2.95),排序为Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅵ.土壤有机质含量与B、Zn有效态含量之间线性关系显著,二次多项式亦可较好地描述有机质与有效态Mn之间的关系,而有机质与Mo、Fe、Cu之间曲线回归关系不显著.土壤pH值与土壤Zn、Cu呈显著正相关,与Mn、Mo也有较好的相关性,而与B相关性较低,与Fe为弱负相关.     

Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils

This is the second of two papers presenting the data from an experiment on the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge (AES), anaerobic lagoon septic wastes (ANS), sewage sludge compost and fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn production at two different sites in Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and 9 elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of the crops and the Mehlich-1 extractable content of the soils. The response to the amendments was not consistent at the two sites with the two different crops. We found that the septic sludge (ANS) produced the highest forage Fe, Cu and Zn levels and was equal to compost in elevating corn stover and forage S and the forage B content. The compost produced the highest forage Ca and corn Zn, the AES produced the highest corn Mn, and fertilizer produced the highest forage Mn. None of the amendments produced excessive levels of the above nutrients; rather, the amendments improved the feed quality of the forage and corn stover. Lastly, it was noted that the Mehlich-1 extract only had a significantly positive correlation with forage Cu content.     

Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum and the availability of zinc,copper, manganese,molybdenum and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soil

Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.     

Plant Seeds as Mineral Nutrient Resource for Seedlings--A Comparison of Plants from Calcareous and Silicate Soils

Mineral nutrients of seeds constitute a significant source ofessential elements to seedlings and developing individuals ofvascular plants. In spite of their potential ecological significance,seed nutrient pools have attracted little attention with respectto calcifuge–calcicole behaviour of plants. The objectivesof this study were, therefore, to compare concentrations of13 macro- and micronutrients (K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu,Zn, Mo, B, P and S) in seeds and leaves of 35 mainly herbaceousvascular plant species growing on both limestone (calcareous)and silicate (non-calcareous) soils. Concentrations of Rb andCo in seeds of plants originating from limestone soils were,on average, about half of those from silicate soils. Concentrationsof Mn, Mg, Zn and P of seeds were, or tended to be, lower orslightly lower in limestone-soil plants, whereas mean Ca andMo concentrations were higher. Comparing seed and leaf concentrationsof the same species from limestone and silicate soils generallydemonstrated a high P enrichment ratio, but a particularly lowK enrichment ratio in seeds, valid for both types of soil. Itwas also apparent that Fe and Mn, micronutrients which are lessreadily solubilized and taken up by plants on limestone soils,had significantly higher seed:leaf concentration ratios in plantsfrom limestone than from silicate soils, whereas the oppositewas true for Ca. This indicates a ‘strategy’ tosatisfy the demand of seedlings for elements which are lessreadily available in the soil.Copyright 1998 Annals of BotanyCompany Seed, leaf, plant, nutrient, content, calcareous, silicate, acid, soil.     

Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels

Sustainability of soil-plant systems requires, among other things, good development and function of mycorrhizal symbioses. The effects of P and micronutrient levels on development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and uptake of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by maize (Zea mays L.) were studied. A pot experiment with maize either inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices was conducted in a sand:soil (3 :1) mix (pH 6.5) in a greenhouse. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of mycorrhizae to uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by maize as influenced by soil P and micronutrient levels. Two levels of P (10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and three levels of a micronutrient mixture: 0, 1X and 2X (1X contained, in mg kg⁻¹ soil, 4.2 Fe, 1.2 Mn, 0.24 Zn, 0.06 Cu, 0.78 B and 0.036 Mo), were applied to pots. There were more extraradical hyphae at the low P level than at the high P level when no micronutrients were added to the soil. Root inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of micronutrients increased shoot biomass. Total Zn content in shoots was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants grown in soils with low P and low or no micronutrient addition. Total Cu content in shoots was increased by mycorrhizal colonization when no micronutrients were added. Mycorrhizal plants had lower Mn contents than non-mycorrhizal plants only at the highest soil micronutrient level. AMF increased total shoot Fe content when no micronutrients were added, but decreased shoot Fe when plants were grown at the high level of micronutrient addition. The effects of G. intraradices on Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe uptake varied with micronutrient and P levels added to soil. Accepted: 27 December 1999     

The effects of pruning,fertilizers, and organic amendments on lowbush blueberry production

A four-year field study was conducted on a Hebert gravelly sandy loam (pH 4.5) in Nova Scotia to assess the effects of pruning management and seven fertility amendments on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium Ait) production (yield, above ground and root tissue composition) and soil fertility. Pruning by oil burning produced higher fruit yields than flail mowing but burning had the opposite effect on the plant N content (with a lesser influence on above ground Mn and Zn). None of the fertility treatments (chicken manure, dairy manure, swine manure, urea, sawdust, NPK, NPK+S+Lime+Micronutrients) produced fruit yields significantly greater than the control. Treatments provided the equivalent of 50kg total N/ha/2-yr cycle. Treatments influenced tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo levels. In general, the three manure treatments produced the highest levels of plant macronutrients; the urea treatment produced the lowest levels of plant nutrients. In most cases, extractable levels of soil P, K, Ca and Mg were highly correlated with the plant tissue content of these elements. Overall, the dairy manure treated soils were the highest in soil fertility.     

鼎湖山自然保护区不同演替阶段森林土壤中有效微量元素状况研究

三种森林表层土壤中有效微量元素的平均含量顺序为 :Fe >Zn>Mn>B >Cu >Mo,马尾松林的含量顺序为 :Fe>Zn>Cu >B >Mn >Mo,混交林和阔叶林与平均含量一致。三种森林有效Fe的含量均极高 ,表现出富铁状况 ,而有效Mn含量甚微 ,表明该区森林均严重缺Mn,有效Cu和Zn的含量处于中等水平 ,均高于其临界值。但处于演替初期阶段的马尾松林还缺B和Mo,混交林也略缺Mo。相关分析结果表明 ,土壤pH值与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈负相关 ,且与有效B、Cu和Fe相关极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,与有效Mo相关显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;有机质与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈正相关 ,且与有效B和Fe相关极显著 ,与有效Mn相关显著     

Copper,manganese and iron concentration in berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum) and coppermolybdenum ratio as affected by molybdenum in two types of soil

Summary The effect of Mo on Cu, Mn and Fe; and Cu: Mo ratio in berseem was studied in a normal cultivated and recently reclaimed saline-sodic soil. Mo application decreased Cu, Mn and Fe content in berseem in both the soils. Cu, Mn and Fe content in plant tissue grown in recently reclaimed soil was less than normal cultivated soil. Mo decreased Cu: Mo ratio whereas S application increased Cu: Mo ratio in plant. Cu: Mo ratio from animal nutrition point of view was in the safe range if Mo was not applied in the berseem crop.     

Liming and nutrient interactions in two Ultisols from Southern Nigeria

Summary A short-term pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of liming on nutrient availability to maize plants grown in two acid Ultisols (Ustoxic Paleustult and Oxic Paleudult). Optimum P availability occurred between pH 5 and 6. Liming depressed uptake of Mg, Mn, and Zn by the plants. Maize grown in the Ustoxic Paleustult showed severe Mn deficiency when the soil was limed to near neutrality even though a moderate amount of Mn was applied.A laboratory incubation experiment showed that liming resulted in sharp decreases in soluble Mg, Mn and Zn in the soil, whereas the soluble K level was only slightly affected.Inadequate Ca supply appeared to be a more important factor affecting plant growth and nutrient uptake than Al toxicity in the coarse-textured Ultisols.IITA Journal Paper No. 66 IITA Journal Paper No. 66     

Effect of Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in saline culture solution on the growth and mineral nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of manganese on accumulation of Zn, Fe, Cu, and B by different soybean genotypes under varying soil pH conditions, in view of determining tolerance towards extremes in soil pH and mineral toxicities. Enon sandy loam soil was used for the investigation in a greenhouse. Manganese rates were 0, 10, and 20 kg/ha. The pH levels were 5.3, 6.3, and 7.0. The soybean genotypes tested were PI 159319, PI 324924, PI 960895, and L-76-0132. Results indicate that Zn concentration in the genotypes leaf and seed was not affected by Mn application whereas the Cu concentration in the leaf was affected. In general, there was an increase in concentration of Fe in the genotypes seed with Mn application. Boron concentration in the genotypes leaf and seed was unaffected by Mn application. The effect of soil pH on Zn, Fe, Cu, and B in the genotypes tissue was significant. This did not result in toxic levels of the elements in the tissues.Contribution of the Department of Plant Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, N.C. 27411, and Agronomic Division, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27611, USA     

Soil-sodicity-induced zinc deficiency in maize

Summary Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Ganga-2) plants were grown in pot culture on a loamy alluvial soil of Lucknow district (India) alkalinized to graded levels of ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) ranging from 15.5 to 55.3. Before sowing maize seeds the soil was fertilised with NPK, Fe, Mn and Cu. At and above ESP 34 Zn-deficiency symptoms first appeared at 30 days. The symptoms gradually became pronounced with increase in age and at 60 days they were found even at ESP 15.5. The severity of symptoms was related to increase in sodicity. Alkalinization of soils depressed available soil Zn and tissue Zn and increased tissue ratios of Na/Zn and P/Zn. It also decreased the total plant content of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and even Na. Increase in soil sodicity increased both tissue concentration and total content of P in plants upto ESP 34 beyond which it decreased it. Among different extractants, 0.1N HCl, DTPA pH 7.3 and EDTA-(NH₄)₂ CO₃ pH 8.6, for measuring available soil Zn the latter showed best correlations with soil ESP (−), tissue P (−), P/Zn ratio (−), dry matter yield (+) and tissue Zn (+). Tissue Zn was related to yield (+), tissue Na (−) and soil ESP (−). Mild, moderate, severe and very severe Zn deficiency in maize was induced by soil ESP levels, 18, 25, 33 and 45, respectively.     

Preliminary study on heavy metals contamination of soil using solid phase speciation and the influence on groundwater in Bozanta–Baia Mare Area,Romania

Abstract

A preliminary study on soil contamination with heavy metals and As based on solid phase speciation according to the Tessier scheme and the influence on groundwater in an area under anthropogenic influence (Bozanta-Baia Mare, Romania) was conducted. The partitioning of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in five fractions is discussed in relation to soil characteristics, pH, organic matter content, mineralogical composition and distribution of the same elements in airborne particulate matter. The airborne particulate matter contains high quantities of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn as exchangeable fraction. The sequential extraction carried out on soil samples revealed the main role of Fe-Mn oxides surface in the immobilization of metals. Organic matter has a specific role in complexation of Cu, Pb, As and Al, since high contents of these metals were recovered in the oxidizable fraction. Cadmium has a high selectivity for carbonate minerals. The amendment of soil with natural fertilizer increases the exchangeable fraction of metals with the highest toxicity. The available fraction for plants (exchangeable + carbonate-bound species) exceeded the alert values in soil, therefore the continuous monitoring of the area is necessary. The soil is unsuitable for agricultural use due to high contamination on surface with toxic elements resulted from anthropogenic activities. Groundwater is contaminated with very toxic elements (As, Cd and Pb) but also with Cu, Mn and Zn and is unsuitable as supply for drinking water.     

Bioavailability and crop uptake of trace elements in soil columns amended with sewage sludge products

In order to assess the potential impact of long-term sewage sludge application on soil health, the equivalent of about 25 years of agronomic applications of low-metal (`EQ') sewage sludge products were made to greenhouse soil columns. After a 6-year period of `equilibration', during which time successive crops were grown with irrigation by simulated acid rain, the plant-available quantities of trace elements were estimated in the soils by extraction with 0.01 M CaCl₂ at 90 °C, and measured directly by uptake into a crop of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Soil pH had a strong influence on the level of extractable and plant-available metals, and because the tested sludge products affected soil pH differently, pH was directly factored into the comparison of different sludge treatments with controls. CaCl₂-extractable levels of several metals (Cu, Zn, Mo), sulfur and phosphorus were found to be higher in the soils amended with organic-rich sludge products than in the control soils. However, extractable Cd and Ni were not significantly elevated by the sludge amendments, presumably because of the low total loading of these metals. Copper, Zn and Mo applied in the form of sludge ash had low soil extractability, suggesting that these trace metals were trapped in high-temperature mineral phases formed during sludge incineration, and resisted subsequent weathering in the soil environment. Extractable soil metals in the alkaline-stabilized sludge treatment were also generally low. Phytotoxicity from the sludge metal loadings (Zn≤125, Cu≤135 kg/ha), was not clearly indicated as long as soil pH was maintained in the 6–7 range by lime amendment. Nevertheless, unexplained depressions in yield were noted with some of the sludge products applied, particularly the dewatered and composted materials. On limed soil columns, the most consistent effect of sludge product amendment on red clover composition was a marked increase in plant Mo.     

Trace element studies on four species of Fusarium.

Trace element studies were carried out on four species of Fusarium: F. moniliforme, F. solani, F. poae and F. bulbigenum. Out of fifteen trace elements tested, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo and B were found to be essential for growth and sporulation of all these species of Fusarium. Optimum concentrations in ppm of essential trace elements of these fungi were as follows: F. moniliforme Fe 1.0, Zn 0.1, Mn 0.1, Cu 0.1, Mo 0.1, B 1.0-10.0; F. solani Fe 1.0, Zn 10.0, Mn 0.1, Cu 0.01, Mo 1.0, B 0.1; F. poae Fe 1.0, Zn 0.1, Mn 0.1, Cu 1.0, Mo 0.1, B0.1, F. bulbigneum Fe 10.0, Zn 1.0, Mn 1.0, Cu 1.0, Mo 0.01, B 1.0. Concentrations higher than the optimum were inhibitory to the respective fungi.     

Influence of various organic materials on the recovery of molybdenum and copper added to a sandy clay loam soil

Summary In most cases, the lowest percentage recoveries of added Mo and Cu were obtained after 0 weeks. The highest recoveries of Mo were found after 12 weeks except in the case of peat, where it was after 8 weeks; and of Cu after 4 to 12 weeks of incubation. The exch. Mo content of soil was lower when organic materials and Mo were added than from soil where only Mo was added. However, in the absence of added Mo, the exch. Mo content was higher in soils where O.M. was added. Addition of peat resulted in lowest quantities of exch. Mo. Exch. Cu was higher in the presence of added organic materials, with or without the addition of Cu, when compared with soils without added O.M. The largest quantities of exch. Cu were obtained where F.Y.M. was used as a source of O.M., with or without added Cu. Contribution No.201, Research Branch, Research Station, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Canada.     

川西北草原土壤及冷暖季牧草微量元素含量比较

改善土壤的理化环境及提高牧草的营养水平必须了解草地土壤及牧草微量元素的分布与含量。试验从川西北草地的亚高山丘原草甸、亚高山平坝草甸和沼泽平坝草甸采集土样和冷暖季草样。土样采集深度范围是0～10cm,10～20cm,20～30cm。应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了草样中铜、铁、锰、锌和钴的含量和土样中这些元素的有效态含量,应用氟离子选择电极法测定了土样中的氟离子浓度和草样中的氟含量。土壤pH高低顺序为草甸土>冲积土>泥炭草甸土,pH随土壤深度变深而下降;土壤和牧草的钴含量都处于缺乏状态,分别为0.64mg/kg和0.26mg/kg。牧草铁和锰含量都高于正常水平,铁为414.51～565.06mg/kg,锰为138.68～247.09mg/kg.     

Mineral deficiencies in tule elk, Owens Valley, California

Male tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) are susceptible to high rates of antler breakage in Owens Valley, California. We hypothesized that a mineral deficiency in the diet predisposed male elk to antler breakage. We analyzed elk antler, liver, and forage samples to identify mineral imbalances. We compared the mineral content of livers and antlers from elk in Owens Valley to samples taken from tule elk at Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, a population experiencing normal rates (<5%) of antler breakage. Antler and liver samples were collected from 1989 to 1993, and in 2002, and were tested for calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn). Mineral levels from antler and liver samples were compared to reference values established for elk and deer. We also compared the mineral content of elk forage in Owens Valley, collected in 2002-03, to dietary reference values established for cattle. In antlers, Ca, Fe, and Mg levels were higher in Owens Valley elk than in Grizzly Island elk, although all mineral levels were lower than reference values established for deer antlers. In liver samples, Cu levels from elk in Owens Valley were lower than those from Grizzly Island and lower than minimum reference values; liver Ca and Mo levels were higher in elk from Owens Valley than in those from Grizzly Island. Compared to reference values, elk forage in Owens Valley had high levels of Ca and Mo, and low levels of Cu, P, and Zn. Mineral analyses from antlers, livers, and forage suggest that tule elk in the Owens Valley are Cu and/or P deficient. High levels of Mo and Ca may exacerbate Cu and P deficiencies, respectively. Bone fragility is a symptom of both deficiencies, and an imbalance in Cu, P, or a combination of both, may predispose male tule elk in the Owens Valley to antler breakage.     

北亚热带森林土壤有效微量元素状况研究

研究了北亚热带25a生栓皮栎林,杉木林,火炬松林,毛竹林和5年生2代杉木萌芽林土壤中B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn的有效含量,在土壤剖面中的分布规律,影响其有效性的土壤因子以及不同林分对土壤微量养分含量的影响。结果表明,在该地区的森林土壤中,有效B,Mo,Cu的平均含量均低于各自临界值,有效Zn平均含量接近临界值,Fe,Mn含量丰富;有效微量养分在土壤剖面中的分布园林分和元素种类而异影响微量元素有效性的主要土壤因子为有机质和有效磷含量;不同林分对土壤有效微量元素含量有显著影响,栓皮栎林土壤中有效微量养分含量最高,2代杉木萌芽林最低,其余林分居中且基本接近。     

Availability and zinc accumulation in forage grasses grown in contaminated soil

Zinc is an important micronutrient to plant growth, but when present in large quantities it can become a toxic element to plants. This study was aimed to evaluate the growth, concentration, accumulation and availability of Zn to forage grasses (Megathyrsus maximus cvs. Aruana and Tanzania, Urochloa brizantha cvs. Xaraés and Marandu and Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk) cultivated in Zn contaminated soils. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions over a 90-day evaluation period, and Zn rates were 0, 100, 300 and 900 mg kg^?1 of soil. The Zn rates in soil caused growth reduction in all evaluated forage grasses. The cultivar Aruana was generally more tolerant to Zn, while the Marandu was generally more susceptible to the addition of Zn. The cultivar Aruana proved to be superior to others due to its higher growth and higher critical level toxicity of Zn. None of the forage grasses evaluated can be considered a Zn hyperaccumulator. The extraction order was DTPA at pH 7.3 < Mehlich-1 < USEPA 3051 < USEPA 3052 in the soil independent of forage grasses cultivation. The USEPA 3051 extractor was similar to Mehlich-1 in predicting the availability of Zn in soil.     

Influence of iron and pH on the yield and iron,manganese, zinc,and sulfur concentrations of carrots grown on sphagnum peat soil

Summary In two greenhouse experiments, sphagnum peat, adjusted to various pH levels, was used to study the effect of various levels of Fe on the growth of carrots (Daucus carota L., var. sativa D.C.). The Fe was added to the medium as sequesterine 330 chelate. Maximum carrot root and top tissue yields were obtained at soil pH 6.6 and 7.1. At soil pH 5.2 and 7.8 the yields were in the intermediate range. The yields were low at pH 4.3, 4.5 and 8.1 and at pH 8.4 the carrots did not grow. The chlorotic symptoms on carrot leaves, accom-panied by reduced yields, were associated with 39 to 82 ppm Fe and > 332 ppm Mn in the leaf and were likely due to Mn toxicity. Toxic levels of Mn in tissue were found even at soil pH 8.1 and were associated with reduced carrot yields. The leaf tissue concentrations of Fe and Mn decreased as the pH of soil increased; however, at pH 5.2, 7.8, and 8.1 the tissue Mn concentration increased. The added Fe had no effect on the Fe concentration but decreased the Mn and Zn concentration of leaf tissue and increased carrot root yields. There was a significant interaction between added lime and Fe, whereby the decrease in leaf tissue Mn concentration and increases in root yields with added Fe were much greater at pH 4.5 and 5.2 than at pH values of 6.6 and 7.8. The S concentration in the leaf tissue decreased with added Fe and lime. The leaf tissue Zn concentrations of 184 to 490 ppm and S concentrations of 0.32 to 0.63%, as found here, are considered to be high but not in the toxic range.Contribution No. 321, Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. and No. 1534, Research Station, Kentville, N.S.Contribution No. 321, Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. and No. 1534, Research Station, Kentville, N.S.