植物蛋白质组学研究进展Ⅱ.蛋白质组技术在植物生物学研究中的应用

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域, 主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育(如种子成熟与发芽过程)、组织器官的分化过程、不同亚细胞结构的新蛋白组分的发现及其功能鉴定、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

玉米与叶际微生物组的互作遗传机制

为了解玉米(Zeamays)和其定植微生物组之间的相互作用,探究玉米与叶际微生物组之间的互作遗传机制,该研究采用数学模型量化微生物之间相互作用的4种方式:互利共生、拮抗、侵略、利他,分析230份玉米叶际微生物组数据,利用网络作图研究玉米与叶际微生物组之间的互作遗传机制。结果表明:在微生物互作网络中确定了67个中心节点微生物,通过网络作图筛选到玉米405个显著单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点,最终定位到23个枢纽基因,发现其在促进植物生长、抵御病原菌侵染、耐受非生物胁迫方面起到重要作用。研究结果有助于在作物遗传育种以及构建新型菌剂促进植物生长方面提供思路。     

拟南芥与叶际微生物组的互作遗传机制——基于网络作图理论

叶际微生物组对植物的生长发育至关重要，但植物与其定殖微生物组相互作用机制尚不明确。目前植物与微生物互作研究多集中于根际微生物组，对叶际微生物组的研究较少，且这些研究未能从微生物互作的角度探究植物与微生物的相互作用机理。基于网络作图理论，将拟南芥基因组SNP （Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms）分子标记数据与微生物组网络特征值相关联，挖掘影响叶际微生物组网络结构的枢纽基因，以探究拟南芥塑造叶际微生物组网络结构的遗传机制。通过对188株拟南芥及其叶际微生物组数据的分析，识别出四种关系下的中心节点微生物，筛选到622个显著SNP位点。进一步构建了贝叶斯遗传网络，获得26个枢纽基因，这些基因可能参与了植物抗病、激素分泌和生长发育相关的分子途径。本研究从全基因组角度探究植物调控自身微生物组的遗传机制，揭示植物与微生物组如何互作促进植物健康，将为精准分子育种提供理论基础和遗传资源，并为合成菌群用于创制新型菌剂提供数据支持，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

驯化对作物微生物组多样性和群落结构的影响及作用途径

植物与共存微生物的相互作用对植物的生长、发育、健康等具有重大影响。人类驯化导致现代作物品种与其野生祖先在生理遗传特性、生长环境等方面存在明显差异, 这必然会影响作物与其微生物组的相互作用。理解驯化对作物微生物组的影响及其作用机理, 是充分应用微生物组进行作物改良或人工育种的重要理论基础。结合课题组前期研究基础, 该文综述了驯化对作物地下和地上部分细菌和真菌(尤其是益生菌和病原菌)群落组成和多样性影响的研究现状; 并结合驯化对作物植株形态、根系构型、根系分泌物等生理特征以及生长环境的影响, 分析了驯化塑造作物微生物组的作用途径, 提出了该领域值得重点关注的研究和发展方向。     

蛋白质组学在研究植物响应逆境机理上的应用

逆境条件下植物可以通过改变其基因表达和相关代谢活动来适应,探讨植物基因和蛋白表达谱的变化就成为植物逆境响应机制研究中的重要内容,蛋白质表达谱反映了植物细胞和组织的实际状态,是植物基因表达和最终代谢的关键环节。随着蛋白质分离技术、质谱鉴定技术和植物生物信息学的迅速发展,蛋白质组学在植物响应逆境方面的研究中的应用已经比较成功,加深了人们对植物响应逆境机制的认识,并为人们提供了新的线索和思维。本文主要对蛋白质组学在植物响应非生物逆境(干旱、盐胁迫、低温胁迫、高温胁迫等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的机制研究的应用上进行了综述。     

油菜素内酯对水稻根系发育的调控作用

在油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)化合物中,油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BL)具有活性最高、广谱和无毒等显著特点,而且具有改良植物株型、提高抗逆性等功效。根系是植物吸收水分和矿质元素的主要器官,因此阐明油菜素内酯调控根系发育的遗传、生理和生化机制,有利于更有效地利用BRs激素,实现株型的定向设计。该研究利用叶面喷施的方法分析油菜素内酯对根系侧根、根毛发育的影响;利用植物显微技术分析油菜素内酯对根系侧根结构及发育的作用;利用高压液相色谱法检测油菜素内酯对根系内其他植物激素含量的影响;利用蛋白质组学技术鉴定受油菜素内酯调控的蛋白质,分析油菜素内酯调控根系发育的生化机制。研究表明,一定浓度的油菜素内酯促进种子根、侧根、根毛的发生;提高根系细胞分裂素和赤霉素含量;可能通过调控逆境相关蛋白质来提高植物的抗逆性。     

植物逆境miRNA研究进展

包括生物和非生物在内的多种逆境胁迫是植物正常生长和作物产量提高的重要限制性因素。植物在长期的进化过程中, 通过诱导表达某些抵御或防卫途径的关键基因来实现对胁迫的响应。研究表明, 逆境胁迫不仅会诱导植物蛋白质编码基因的表达, 也会诱导一些非蛋白质编码基因的表达, 这类非蛋白质编码基因的表达产物在植物的生长、发育和应对逆境胁迫等过程中起到重要的调控作用。miRNA(小分子RNA)就是这类非蛋白质编码基因产物中的重要类群, 研究发现, 多种逆境均会诱导miRNA的产生, 其作用是通过引导目的基因mRNA的降解和阻止翻译过程来调控靶基因, 最终通过形态或生理上的变化达到对逆境的适应。文章主要对植物逆境胁迫下miRNA的研究, 特别是逆境胁迫诱导miRNA的产生、靶基因调控以及miRNA在植物适应逆境胁迫过程中的作用进行了综述, 同时, 文章还对在逆境胁迫下植物miRNA的研究方法进行了初步的探讨。     

植物蛋白质组学研究若干重要进展

植物蛋白质组学近年来正从定性向精确定量蛋白质组学的方向发展。国际上近两年发表的约160篇研究论文报道了利用不断改进的双向电泳结合生物质谱技术、多维蛋白质鉴定技术, 以及包括双向荧光差异凝胶电泳、15N体内代谢标记、同位素标记的亲和标签、同位素标记相对和绝对定量等在内的第2代蛋白质组学技术, 对植物组织(器官)与细胞器、植物发育过程和植物响应环境胁迫的蛋白质组特征, 以及植物蛋白质翻译后修饰和蛋白质相互作用等方面的研究成果。该文对上述报道进行总结, 综述了2007年以来植物蛋白质组学若干重要问题研究的新进展。     

WRKY转录因子与植物逆境响应

WRKY转录因子是高等植物特有的一类转录调控因子,也是植物生命活动中不可或缺的调控枢纽。研究发现,WRKY转录因子参与植物生长发育过程及多种生物与非生物逆境响应。本文分析了WRKY转录因子的分类及结构,对其多种作用机制包括上游调控、下游调控、蛋白质相互作用等进行了归类,总结了近年来在各类植物上发现的WRKY转录因子调控植物生长发育和参与植物响应生物及非生物逆境的多重功能。并针对目前WRKY转录因子的研究所存在的问题,提出部分意见,为进一步挖掘WRKY家族的功能机制奠定了基础。     

招聘启事

正中科院上海植物逆境生物学研究中心蛋白质和代谢组学平台招聘ICP-MS工作人员中国科学院上海植物逆境生物学研究中心蛋白质和代谢组学平台利用超高效液相色谱和高分辨的质谱仪器,对植物中的痕量无机元素组分、有机代谢产物和蛋白质进行全面系统的分离、定性和定量分析研究。该平台配备了电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、飞行时间质谱仪(Triple TOF 5600,TOF/TOF 5800)、气质联用仪(GCMS)、轨道阱质谱仪(Orbitrap Fusin,Q Exactive)和超高效液相色谱等植物蛋白质和代     

Temperature and soil microorganisms interact to affect <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dodonaea viscosa</Emphasis> growth on mountainsides

There is considerable interest in understanding the drivers of plant growth in the context of climate change. Soil microorganisms play an important role in affecting plant growth and functional traits. However, the role of interaction between soil microbes and temperature in affecting plant growth and functional traits remains unclear. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of soil microbes, temperature, and their interaction on the growth and functional traits of Dodonaea viscosa in a mountain in Yuanmou county, southwest China. The experiment was conducted in climate chambers with a factorial design of three soil microbial communities (inoculated rhizosphere microbes from high elevation, inoculated rhizosphere microbes from low elevation, and autoclaved control) and two temperature conditions (colder and warmer). D. viscosa planted in inoculated rhizosphere microbes from both high and low elevations produced more total biomass with a lower root–shoot allometric exponent, and accumulated significantly more N and P nutrients than those in an autoclaved control, with no significant differences between the two microbial inoculations. Thus, rhizosphere soil microorganisms had positive effects on D. viscosa growth. However, the effect of the microbes on plant growth strongly depended on temperature. Warming had a positive effect on D. viscosa growth in inoculated rhizosphere microbe treatments, while the positive effect disappeared in the autoclaved control treatment. Our results indicate that temperature and soil microorganisms interact to affect D. viscosa growth. As the climate changes in the future in the studied region, the growth of D. viscosa may be greatly affected both directly and indirectly through the temperature–soil microbe interaction.     

The effects of Epichloë endophytes on the growth and competitiveness of Achnatherum sibiricum are mediated by soil microbe diversity

季节性干旱驱动亚热带森林的碳积累 本研究旨在表明处于南亚热带的鼎湖山生物圈保护区的干旱频率和强度正在增加,并说明季节性干旱对亚热带森林碳积累的影响。这是为了应对全球气候变化导致的干旱加剧所带来的威胁开展的一项研究。我们使干旱指数(标准化降水指数、标准降水蒸散发指数、降水距平百分率及自校准帕尔默干旱指数)准确确定干旱期和降水量增加期。此后,将2003至2014年(12年)监测采集的实测涡动通量和土壤含水量数据在干旱期和湿润期之间进行比较,以确定干旱对生态系统碳积累的影响。在本研究所选择的12年期间,干旱的发生时间约占比20%,最强干旱事件和严重程度发生于2012至2013年。研究期间的年平均降水量和气温分别为1404.57 ± 43.2 mm和22.65 ± 0.1 °C,与30年记录(1990–2020)相比较,年降水量减少量可达523 mm,而气温则增加了2.55 °C。与全球针对大多数森林生态系统研究所发表的数据呈相反趋势,处于中国南亚热带区域的鼎湖山生物圈保护区在60%的干旱期内所监测的森林生态系统记录到显著的碳积累趋势,说明季节性干旱驱动了森林的碳积累。     

Knöllchenbakterien: Helfer der Landwirtschaft

Knöllchenbakterium – the “microbe of the year” In 2015, the VAAM selected Knöllchenbakterium as “microbe of the year”. Knöllchenbakterium ist a collective term for a number of different bacterial species that are able to establish a root nodule symbiosis with legumes. During nodule development the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids that are confined by an additional membrane. These organelle‐like structures are now called symbiosomes, whose task is to fix molecular nitrogen for the benefit of the plant. In return, the plant has to supply all nutrients. The symbiotic interaction is initiated by a specific signal exchange. The first signals are flavonoids secreted by the plant. This leads to the activation of the bacterial nod genes. The Nod proteins synthesize and secrete Nod factors: modified and fatty acid‐carrying oligosaccharide. They serve as a specific signal to the plant and induce nodule formation. Besides this core signaling, a number of extracellular components, e.g. exopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides and secreted proteins influence the symbiotic interaction very specific for each individual system.     

Microbial effects on plant phenology and fitness

Plant development and the timing of developmental events (phenology) are tightly coupled with plant fitness. A variety of internal and external factors determine the timing and fitness consequences of these life-history transitions. Microbes interact with plants throughout their life history and impact host phenology. This review summarizes current mechanistic and theoretical knowledge surrounding microbe-driven changes in plant phenology. Overall, there are examples of microbes impacting every phenological transition. While most studies have focused on flowering time, microbial effects remain important for host survival and fitness across all phenological phases. Microbe-mediated changes in nutrient acquisition and phytohormone signaling can release plants from stressful conditions and alter plant stress responses inducing shifts in developmental events. The frequency and direction of phenological effects appear to be partly determined by the lifestyle and the underlying nature of a plant–microbe interaction (i.e., mutualistic or pathogenic), in addition to the taxonomic group of the microbe (fungi vs. bacteria). Finally, we highlight biases, gaps in knowledge, and future directions. This biotic source of plasticity for plant adaptation will serve an important role in sustaining plant biodiversity and managing agriculture under the pressures of climate change.     

More than words: the chemistry behind the interactions in the plant holobiont

Plants and microbes have evolved sophisticated ways to communicate and coexist. The simplest interactions that occur in plant-associated habitats, i.e., those involved in disease detection, depend on the production of microbial pathogenic and virulence factors and the host's evolved immunological response. In contrast, microbes can also be beneficial for their host plants in a number of ways, including fighting pathogens and promoting plant growth. In order to clarify the mechanisms directly involved in these various plant–microbe interactions, we must still deepen our understanding of how these interkingdom communication systems, which are constantly modulated by resident microbial activity, are established and, most importantly, how their effects can span physically separated plant compartments. Efforts in this direction have revealed a complex and interconnected network of molecules and associated metabolic pathways that modulate plant–microbe and microbe–microbe communication pathways to regulate diverse ecological responses. Once sufficiently understood, these pathways will be biotechnologically exploitable, for example, in the use of beneficial microbes in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this review is to present the latest findings on the dazzlingly diverse arsenal of molecules that efficiently mediate specific microbe–microbe and microbe–plant communication pathways during plant development and on different plant organs.     

植物蛋白质翻译后修饰组学研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰(Protein post-translational modification,PTMs)是一种重要的细胞调控机制,通过在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合一些化学小分子基团来调节蛋白质的活性、结构、定位和蛋白质间的互作关系,从而精细调控蛋白质生物学功能的动态变化。PTMs是植物对环境变化最快、最早的反应之一,是植物蛋白质组多样性的关键机制,在植物生长发育和对环境适应中起重要作用。主要介绍了近年来植物磷酸化、乙酰化、琥珀酰化、糖基化、泛素化、巴豆酰化、S-亚硝基化及2-羟基异丁酰化等PTMs研究进展,旨为认识植物PTMs的关键生物学功能和研究前景提供参考。     

Endocytosis in plant–microbe interactions

Plants encounter throughout their life all kinds of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or oomycetes, with either friendly or unfriendly intentions. During evolution, plants have developed a wide range of defense mechanisms against attackers. In return, adapted microbes have developed strategies to overcome the plant lines of defense, some of these microbes engaging in mutualistic or parasitic endosymbioses. By sensing microbe presence and activating signaling cascades, the plasma membrane through its dynamics plays a crucial role in the ongoing molecular dialogue between plants and microbes. This review describes the contribution of endocytosis to different aspects of plant–microbe interactions, microbe recognition and development of a basal immune response, and colonization of plant cells by endosymbionts. The putative endocytic routes for the entry of microbe molecules or microbes themselves are explored with a special emphasis on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we evaluate recent findings that suggest a link between the compartmentalization of plant plasma membrane into microdomains and endocytosis.     

粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）对稻根氧化还原特性及水稻多元酚和内根际激素水平的影响

联合固氮粪产碱菌结合于水稻根表时能增强水稻根部还原力和稻根超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性。实验室和田间试验证明粪产碱菌能提高水稻幼苗对高、低温不良环境的抗逆性。经浸种处理的水稻幼苗植株内多元酚含量增加了１２．５％。粪产以菌对接种水稻多元酚抽提物有强烈的趋化性,而该抽提物对粪产碱菌的固氮活性有明显的刺激作用。多元酚抽提物经双向纸层析和薄层层析表明接种诱导了至少一个特征组分含量提高。采用粪产减菌野生型Ａ１５０１（ｎｉｆ＋）和固氮缺陷型Ａ１５０６（Ｎｉｆ－）浸种能改变宿主水稻内源激素水平,提高内根际的ＩＡＡ和Ｚ的含量,促进植株及根系的生长发育,使其侧根和根毛数目明显增多。在根际联合体系形成过程中,多元酚或激素可能充当植物与细菌间相互作用的一类特异信号分子。     

花粉蛋白质组学研究进展

花粉是高度退化的生物体（雄配子体）,在植物有性生殖过程中具有重要作用。解析花粉发育、花粉-柱头识别、萌发和花粉管生长等细胞学过程的分子机制是当前研究的热点问题之一。近年来,应用高通量的蛋白质组学技术平台,对水稻、拟南芥和裸子植物花粉的蛋白质组学研究揭示了花粉中表达蛋白质的功能类群特征。花粉中参与细胞壁代谢、蛋白质代谢、细胞骨架动态和信号转导的蛋白质被高度代表,并且近1／4蛋白质有多个同工型。本文综述了花粉蛋白质组学的研究进展。