慈姑匍匐茎的起源和球茎的膨大研究

匍匐茎的发生一般见于主茎倒二或倒三叶原基的叶腋部位。在匍匐茎发生区域的主茎一侧,匍匐茎原始细胞的基部形成壳状区;壳状区的形成对匍匐茎原基的外凸起一定作用。匍匐茎无居间分生组织;它的伸长依靠顶端分生组织细胞的横向分裂,使轴向细胞数目增多,并使细胞的轴向延伸。球茎的膨大是通过匍匐茎第8—10节基本分生组织的细胞有丝分裂,增加细胞数目,然后细胞体积的扩大来实现的。球茎中的淀粉一般为单粒淀粉;匍匐茎中的淀粉由单粒和复合两种淀粉粒组成。     

益口黄瓜香——蔓茎堇菜

蔓茎堇菜（Ｖｉｏｌａｄｉｆｆｕｓａ）是堇菜科多年生草本植物。常被白色柔毛,茎短缩,匍匐茎由基部叶腋抽出,有时倾斜向上。叶互生、基生或簇生于匍匐茎的顶端,卵形,常沿叶柄下延呈翅状,边缘具圆钝锯齿,两面疏生白色长柔毛。花小,茎生,或生于匍匐茎的叶腋,白色或淡黄色。...     

马尾松雌球果的发生和早期发育研究

采用常规石蜡制片技术对马尾松雌球果的发生和早期发育进行了研究。结果表明：雌球果原基发生时间为10月中旬,不同的树龄和着生部位,其发生时间不同。雌球果原基与营养茎端在外部形态及内部细胞组织学分区结构有明显差异。营养茎端外形扁平,内部顶端分生组织结构有顶端原始细胞区、中央母细胞区、形成层状过渡区、周围分生组织区及肋状分生组织区5个明显的分区;而雌球果原基外形呈圆锥状,内部结构只有套层和髓区。12月初,最初的苞片原基在雌球果原基的鳞片的叶腋处产生,之后其由基部向顶部连续发生。翌年1月初,在苞片原基的叶腋处,珠鳞原基发生,发生方向亦为向顶发育。2月底,苞片体积不再发生变化,珠鳞膨大端的基部的近轴面分化出2个倒生胚珠。从雌球果原基发生到胚珠分化历时4个多月。亚热带的冬季气候对马尾松雌球果的生长发育没有明显的抑制作用。     

橐吾属一新种

多年生草本。根稍带肉质,较细,疏被短柔毛,茎细瘦,直立,高30～60cm,连同花序密被黄褐色短柔毛夹疏的白色柔毛,基部直径3～6mm,被褐色枯叶柄纤维包围。丛生叶及茎基部叶具短柄,柄长2～4cm,有翅、基部扩大成鞘状,茎中上部叶不具柄而半抱茎;叶片倒宽卵形,卵形或长圆形,长     

慈姑腋生小鳞片的发育及其超微结构的研究

慈姑叶腋内有许多１－２层细胞厚、无维管束的小鳞片,它们由叶鞘基部背腹面及叶腋部的表皮细胞分裂形成;小鳞片的发生与顶端分生组织无直接关系。靠近生长锥的幼叶叶腋内的小鳞片能覆盖生长锥;由于小鳞片细胞具有分泌粘液的功能,使生长锥和叶原基片于粘液的包裹之中,从而有效地防止了水流的侵袭。小鳞片进入分泌期后,细胞内高尔基体数量明显增多,并活跃地溢出囊泡;内质网膨大成囊泡状;线粒体由近质膜,且出现变形。小鳞片发     

菱属植物沉水叶和不定根的观察

菱属(Trapa)植物是广泛分布于旧大陆淡水水域的一年生植物。菱茎大部分沉于水中,基部有根固着于水底,顶端着生莲座状排列的叶,浮于水面(菱盘),在菱盘与根之间的一段伸长茎上,节上常着生两列(稀四列)纤维状根状物。在过去的文献上,常有两种不同的记载:有的认为是变态的沉水叶;有的则认为是同化根——含叶绿素的不定根。为     

海南凤仙花属一新种

<正> 多生年草本,高30—50厘米,全株无毛。茎粗壮,肉质,中部以上叉状分枝或不分枝,下部节膨大、长,裸露。叶互生,具柄,通常密集于茎枝上端,节间长5—15毫米。叶片薄纸质,卵状椭圆形或卵形,长5—8厘米,宽2.5—4厘米,顶端尖或短渐尖,基部宽楔形或近圆形,两侧有2个卵圆形无柄的腺     

油松雌球果的发生和发育研究

运用薄切片技术对油松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｌａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）雌球果的发生和发育进行了研究。结果表明：８月初,雌球果原基发生,共外部形态发生明显变化,但内部细胞组织学分区结构与营养茎端结构相似;１０月中旬,雌球果原基的鳞片叶腋处产生最裨的苞片原基,以后苞片原基由基部向顶端连续发生。此时球果原基的顶端结构姨生变化,顶端分生组织区、中央母细胞区和周围分生组织区衍化为套层,肋状分生组织衍化为     

广东大戟科两新种

<正> 灌木,高1—2米。当年生小枝、叶柄和花梗被细毛,老枝有时有木栓质增厚的棱,无毛。叶纸质,倒卵状椭圆形至倒卵形,长2—4.5厘米,宽1.5—2.5厘米,顶端钝、近圆形、微短尖或稀微凹,基部阔楔形至近圆形,边全缘或微背卷,两面无毛,背面灰棕色,侧脉每边3—5条,近边缘处分叉成网状消失;叶柄长2—6毫米。雄花未见,雌花1—4朵从新枝顶端或近顶端叶腋生出,花梗长约5毫米;萼片5片,卵状三角形,长约1.5毫米,被疏柔毛;子房被疏长柔毛,后无毛,3室,每室有1胚珠,花柱3枚,基部短短地合生,上部     

慈菇下胚轴毛的形态发育研究

慈菇种子萌发前,下胚轴基部的表皮细胞分化成生毛细胞。当下胚轴穿出种皮约1—2毫米时,生毛细胞的外壁向外突出,形成下胚轴毛。开始时,其顶端膨大,呈分泌毛状,后呈根毛状。下胚轴毛的主要功能是起固着作用。下胚轴毛发育后期,在其保留细胞核的膨大的基部和突起的毛状体之间形成一细胞壁,此时毛状体便开始萎缩脱落。下胚轴毛的基部重新形成完整的表皮细胞。     

BIFURCATION OF THE STEM APEX IN ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA

In Asclepias syriaca the overall inflorescence is an anthoclad in which the peduncles are non-axillary, each occurring about 60° away from the axil of a leaf. Ontogenetically, a peduncle is initiated when the stem apex expands laterally and bifurcates into separate apices, neither of which is subtended by any type of organ. One of the two apices continues as the functional apex of the stem (bifurcating again at each subsequent node), and the other functions as the apex of the peduncle. The peduncle first produces a bract and, then, a pedicel in the axil of the bract. Subsequent pedicels are each axillary to separate bracts. The pedicels, therefore, can be interpreted as ordinary lateral branches. However, because the bifurcations of the stem apex are not associated with subtending organs, the branching of the stem does not conform to expected monopodial or sympodial systems in the angiosperms. This suggests the possibility that each bifurcation of the stem apex is a true dichotomy. The anthoclad axis, thus, is a series of dichotomies. Although such a series may have been phylogenetically derived from a monopodial or sympodial ancestor, it is also possible that it may have been retained from a primitive, dichotomizing inflorescence.     

Aspects of the Comparative Physiology of Ranunculus bulbosus L. and Ranunculus repens L.: II. Carbon Dioxide Assimilation and Distribution of Photosynthates

Detailed analysis of the interrelationships between sourcesof photosynthate production and sites of utilization in thetaxonomically closely related species Ranunculus bulbosus L.and R. repens L. showed that leaves whether present on rosette,stem, or stolon had similar levels of ¹⁴CO₂-fixation but thepattern of distribution of radiocarbon to the rest of the plantdiffered. Fruits of R. bulbosus had a lower fixation rate thanleaves but were characterized by total retention of the fixedradiocarbon. Rosette leaves of R. bulbosus supplied the youngleaves, developing apices in the rosette, roots, and corms,whereas the labelled assimilates from cauline leaves were evenlydistributed between reproductive and vegetative parts. The cormwas the major sink both at the flowering and fruiting stages.When plants were treated with ¹⁴CO₂ in the field even higherlevels of radiocarbon moved into the corm than in comparableexperiments under greenhouse conditions. The rosette leaf ofR. repens exported mainly to actively growing stolons in plantswith many stolons bearing rooted ramets although growth of astolon was also substantially supported by photosynthates producedby its own ramets. A proportion of the radiocarbon fixed byleaves of mature ramets was exported and moved in a predominantlyacropetal direction into the stolon apex, stolon axis, and youngramets of the same stolon. The stock in R. repens had a muchlower demand for assimilates than the corm in R. bulbosus. The results are consistent with the concept that R. bulbosusoperates a conservative policy involving the replacement ofthe parent in situ by a daughter from the corm, coupled withextensive fruit production. In R. repens the emphasis is onlateral spread and exploitation of substantial areas of groundby vegetative spread and replacement of the parent by daughtersmany of which may occupy sites some distance from the parent.     

The Architecture of the Stem Apex and the Origin and Development of the Axillary Buds in Seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus L.

The structure and changes in the size of the stem apex of seedlingsycamores are described. There is no evidence for any regularincrease in size of the apex from pastochrons 6 to 14 inclusive. The formation of the collar by the bases of each pair of foliarprimordia and its association with the formation of axillarybuds has been studied. The first pair of primordia on the axillary bud apex is alwaysat right angles to the axil; the pair of primordia formed inthe plane of the axil are always unequal. On extension growththese axillary buds give rise to lateral shoots which are anisophyllous.An explanation for the anisophylly is offered in terms of thespatial conditions obtaining in the developing axillary bud. The vascularization of the apex is briefly described.     

TENDRILS OF PASSIFLORA FOETIDA: HISTOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGY

Passiflora foetida bears an unbranched tendril, one or two laterally situated flowers, and one accessory vegetative bud in the axil of each leaf. The vegetative shoot apex has a single-layered tunica and an inner corpus. The degree of stratification in the peripheral meristem, the discreteness of the central meristem, and its centric and acentric position in the shoot apex are important plastochronic features. The procambium of the lateral leaf trace is close to the site of stipule initiation. The main axillary bud differentiates at the second node below the shoot apex. Adaxial to the bud 1–3 layers of cells form a shell-zone delimiting the bud meristem from the surrounding cells. A group of cells of the bud meristem adjacent to the axis later differentiates as an accessory bud. A second accessory bud also develops from the main bud opposite the previous one. A bud complex then consists of two laterally placed accessory bud primordia and a centrally-situated tendril bud primordium. The two accessory bud primordia differentiate into floral branches. During this development the initiation of a third vegetative accessory bud occurs on the axis just above the insertion of the tendril. This accessory bud develops into a vegetative branch and does not arise from the tissue of the tendril and adjacent two floral buds. The trace of the tendril bud consists of two procambial strands. There is a single strand for the floral branch trace. The tendril primordium grows by marked meristematic activity of its apical region and general intercalary growth.     

The Stem Cell Niche in Leaf Axils Is Established by Auxin and Cytokinin in Arabidopsis

Plants differ from most animals in their ability to initiate new cycles of growth and development, which relies on the establishment and activity of branch meristems harboring new stem cell niches. In seed plants, this is achieved by axillary meristems, which are established in the axil of each leaf base and develop into lateral branches. Here, we describe the initial processes of Arabidopsis thaliana axillary meristem initiation. Using reporter gene expression analysis, we find that axillary meristems initiate from leaf axil cells with low auxin through stereotypical stages. Consistent with this, ectopic overproduction of auxin in the leaf axil efficiently inhibits axillary meristem initiation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that auxin efflux is required for the leaf axil auxin minimum and axillary meristem initiation. After lowering of auxin levels, a subsequent cytokinin signaling pulse is observed prior to axillary meristem initiation. Genetic analysis suggests that cytokinin perception and signaling are both required for axillary meristem initiation. Finally, we show that cytokinin overproduction in the leaf axil partially rescue axillary meristem initiation-deficient mutants. These results define a mechanistic framework for understanding axillary meristem initiation.     

STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN NEPHROLEPIS EXALTATA AND PLATYCERIUM BIFURCATUM

Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Bostoniensis, the Boston fern, exhibits extreme stem dimorphism. The plant has orthotropic, dictyostelic shoots which bear pinnatifid leaves and plagiotropic, protostelic stolons which are aphyllous. Vegetative reproduction occurs by budding from primary and secondary stolons. Secondary stolons arise exogenously from derivatives of the apical cell of the primary stolon, whereas root primordia develop endogenously. Shoots develop in vivo when a creeping stolon makes contact with the substrate via extensive root proliferation. When stolon segments are excised and grown in vitro, secondary stolon primordia expand and initiate leaf primordia, forming new leafy shoots. In Platycerium bifurcatum, the staghorn fern, asexual propagation occurs on ageotropic roots ramifying among the basal nest fronds. Root bud initiation is marked by root tip hypertrophy following cortical parenchyma expansion. Root apical cell derivatives produce the bud apex; the root apical cell remains separate from the developing root bud. Superficially, vegetative reproduction in Nephrolepis and Platycerium appears to involve unusual organs. However, both ferns exhibit leafy bud development from distinct sites of origin, not from undetermined primordia or from direct transformation of root to shoot. Thus, distinctness of organ types is maintained in these two ferns and no evidence for interconvertibility of organ types has been found.     

海滨沙地单叶蔓荆匍匐茎对沙埋适应的生长对策

单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia var.simplicifoli)是一种耐盐、耐旱固沙地被植物。依据海滨沙地自然沙埋特点对单叶蔓荆匍匐茎进行了不同厚度(半埋和全埋)和不同长度交叉沙埋处理,研究探讨了单叶蔓荆沙埋适应生长对策,为其开发利用、科学管理和海滨环境修复提供指导。结果表明,正常情况下,单叶蔓荆匍匐茎基部和中部生长缓慢,顶部生长快。轻度(沙埋匍匐茎基部)和中度(沙埋匍匐茎基部和中部)半埋和全埋使匍匐茎顶部生长加速,茎长增长量较对照高出1.5到3.1倍;但重度(沙埋整个匍匐茎)半埋和全埋使匍匐茎顶部净增长量减少12%和13%。在20d沙埋中,对照整个匍匐茎各段均无不定根长出,但不同程度半埋和全埋沙埋处理下沙下匍匐茎上均长出不定根,重度半埋使不定根生长受抑;同时匍匐茎上各段茎生物量上升,枝叶生物量下降,且随着沙埋程度的增加而增减幅度提高,在重度半埋和全埋达到最大。在轻度和中度半埋和全埋下,匍匐茎上未沙埋部位枝条生长加速。研究表明,在自然环境中,单叶蔓荆匍匐茎顶端是一个对环境变化反应敏感的部位,并与沙埋后单叶蔓荆茎延伸生长和植株能否生存密切相关。当匍匐茎顶部没被沙埋时,沙埋促进沙埋部位匍匐茎和枝叶中物质转移,加速匍匐茎顶部快速生长和物质积累以弥补沙埋带来的损伤维持物质和能量的代谢平衡。沙埋后,单叶蔓荆以茎顶端快速生长、形成不定根、枝条生长维持茎水分平衡和能量和物质代谢平衡,以快速生长摆脱沙埋影响的生长方式为其对沙埋环境的重要适应对策。因此,在海岸沙地单叶蔓荆种群管理和维护中,在强风移沙引起的重度沙埋后,及时剥离匍匐茎顶部沙子对维护单叶蔓荆种群的延续生存和扩散均有重要作用。     

Correlative integration in dormant tubers of circaea intermedia

The apical dominance in dormant tubers ofCircaea intermedia preventing the extension of lateral buds under favourable conditions differs from the apically directed growth inhibition inducing true dormancy in the tubers. This acropetal inhibition affects the tuber tip more strongly than its lateral buds, which develop into long stolon-like shoots after the tuber decapitation. The local supply of ABA shows no tuberizing effect, but enhances the dormancy of the tuber top. MH interrupts the correlation between the tuber laterals tuberizing without previous stolon formation. The uppermost leaf structures participate in the apical dominance, inhibiting their own axillaries on intact tubers. Mature scales disclose this correlative influence only on decapitated or dissected tubers on which IAA or BA release their inhibitory effect, but ABA increases it. Two scale pairs occurring regularly at the top of dormant tubers and seen later at the erect base of the stem are involved in the initiation of foliage leaves for the next-year growth period. BA applied to an axil at the top of the tuber provokes its sylleptic branching.     

Growth and morphogenesis at the vegetative shoot apex of Anagallis arvensis L

A non-destructive replica method and a 3-D reconstruction algorithm are used to analyse the geometry and expansion of the shoot apex surface. Surface expansion in the central zone of the apex is slow and nearly isotropic while surface expansion in the peripheral zone is more intense and more anisotropic. Within the peripheral zone, the expansion rate, expansion anisotropy, and the direction of maximal expansion vary according to the age of adjacent leaf primordia. For each plastochron, this pattern of expansion is rotated around the apex by the Fibonacci angle. Early leaf primordium development is divided into four stages: bulging, lateral expansion, separation, and bending. These stages differ in their geometry and expansion pattern. At the bulging stage, the site of primordium initiation shows an intensified expansion that is nearly isotropic. The following stages develop sharp meridional gradients of expansion rates and anisotropy. The adaxial primordium boundary inferred from the surface curvature is shifting until the separation stage, when a crease develops between the primordium and the apex dome. The cells forming the crease, i.e. the future leaf axil, expand along the axil and contract across it. Thus they are arrested in this unique position.