枯氏住肉孢子虫在黄牛与水牛之间的交叉感染研究

试验选用7日龄黑白花奶牛4头和4—5月龄水牛4头。用从犬获得的水牛源孢子囊人工感染2头奶牛和2头水牛,用黄牛源孢子囊人工感染1头水牛,2头奶牛和1头水牛不感染留作对照。在试验期间,1头感染奶牛和1头对照奶牛因急性肠炎死亡,2头感染水牛因急性住肉孢子虫病死亡,从感染奶牛和感染水牛的内脏器官查出裂殖体。1头感染奶牛、1头感染水牛和2头对照牛在第98—115天剖检,从感染水牛源孢子囊的1头奶牛和感染黄牛源孢子囊的1头水牛肌肉查出大量包囊,1头对照奶牛和1头对照水牛均未查出任何虫体。对奶牛和水牛肌肉包囊超薄切片的电镜观察显示,所有包囊的超微结构均与文献对枯氏住肉孢子虫的报道一致。这一试验性研究证明:水牛与黄牛同是枯氏住肉孢于虫的中间宿主。     

寄生于华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)的梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)

通过对在华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)食道肌形成大型包囊(Macroscopic sarcocyst)的一种住肉孢子虫作感染试验、超微结构等方面的研究,并与国外有关报道作对比,证实该原虫即梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)。     

水牛和黄牛肉孢子虫包囊超微结构研究

左仰贤(1988)曾报道一种寄生于水牛的肉孢子虫未定种(Sarcocystis sp.)包囊,其光学形态和梭形肉孢子虫(S.fusiformis)、莱氏肉孢子虫(S.levinei)、枯氏肉孢子虫(S.cruzi)、毛肉孢子虫(S.hirsuta)的包囊均不同。本文用扫描和透射电镜对这五种肉孢子虫包囊的超微结构进行观察。 材料和方法 将包囊分别用0.85％生理盐水清洗,然后用2.5％戊二醛固定,(1)经脱水、干燥、喷金,用 Jsm 3.5 型扫描电镜观察;(2)用 0.1mol/L、pH7.2 磷酸盐缓冲液洗两次,1％ 锇酸固定,经脱     

流行我国云南的猪人住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis suihominis)的人——猪间循环感染研究

本文对流行于我国云南的猪人住肉孢子虫(Sarcoystis suihominis)作了人——猪间的循环感染研究。表明它与流行于欧洲的猪人住肉孢子虫在寄主特异性、排卵囊前期、缓殖子大小、包囊在中间寄主体内的分布和包囊壁的超徽结构等方面有一定差异。究竟两者是否同属一个种,有待进一步研究。     

水牛枯氏住肉孢子虫在犬体内发育史的研究

10只一月龄幼犬用于研究水牛枯氏住肉孢子虫的内生发育史,其中9只接种包囊,1只不接种作对照。感染后12～24小时,缓殖子进入小肠绒毛内形成大配子(4.73×3.82μm)和小配子(5.20×3.92μm),2—5天发育成卵囊;8—12天卵囊孢子化;18天卵囊孢子化完成。成熟卵囊内含2个孢予囊。孢子囊15.24×9.95μm,内有4个子孢子和成团或散状的残余体。整个发育过程在小肠绒毛(尤其是回肠上段)的基底膜与固有层的带虫空泡内进行。     

塔里木马鹿自然感染住肉孢子虫病的病理学观察

对一例自然感染住肉孢子虫的塔里木马鹿进行病理组织学观察。采集濒死期的塔里木马鹿心、肝、脾、肺、肾、骨骼肌、淋巴结、胃、肠等脏器,10% 福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片、H.E 染色,作病理组织学观察。结果表明:各组织瘀血、出血,均有炎性细胞浸润,尤以嗜酸性粒细胞多见。在骨骼肌组织中观察到了住肉孢子虫包囊,在肾小球入球小动脉内皮细胞中有裂殖子存在,其余各组织未见不同发育阶段的虫体。     

贝氏隐孢子虫在北京鸭体内发育的超微结构研究

贝氏隐孢子虫各期虫体均位于宿主粘膜上皮细胞的带虫空泡中。在虫体与上皮细胞接触处,虫体表膜反复折迭形成营养器。子孢子或裂殖子与粘膜上皮细胞接触后,逐步过渡为球形的滋养体;滋养体经2—3次核分裂、产生含4或8个裂殖子的两代裂殖体,裂殖体以外出芽方式产生裂殖子;裂殖子无微孔,顶端表皮形成3—4个环嵴,裂殖子进一步发育成为配子体;大配子体含有两种类型的成囊体。小配子呈楔形,无鞭毛和顶体,有一个致密的长椭圆形细胞核,小配子表膜内侧有9根膜下微管;孢子化卵囊内含四个裸露的子孢子和一个大残体。本文是有关鸭体内隐孢子虫超微结构的首次报导。     

约氏疟原虫红外期成熟裂殖体的超微结构研究

用细胞色素氧化酶组织化学方法处理感染了约工疟原虫子孢子的大鼠肝脏,通过透射电镜研究红外期裂殖体的超微结构。在接种子孢子后４８小时的标本中发现一成熟裂殖体,外周仍由一寄生虫质膜包裹,膜下有许多小泡,粗面内质肉、圆形或蚕豆形具明显嵴的线粒体,以及大量成熟裂殖子。     

黄牛、水牛体内人肉孢子虫18 rRNA基因研究及虫种鉴定

本文对自然感染的水牛源的人肉孢子虫以及黄牛源人肉孢子虫DNA的18S rRNA基因的PCR扩增产物进行了测序。对所获的863 bp的18S rRNA基因分析比较表明，二者有较高的同源性，因此认为二者可能同是一种肉孢子虫——人肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis hominis Railliet and Lucet，1891)。由此推断，不仅黄牛可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主，水牛也可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主。     

贝氏隐孢子虫在鸡体内发育的形态学特征及其对寄生器官的影响

取 2日龄海兰雏鸡 5 0只 ,分为 5组 ,分别接种 0、 0 8× 10 6、 1 6× 10 6、 3 2× 10 6、 6 4× 10 6个鸭源贝氏隐孢子虫 (Cryptosporidiumbaileyi)卵囊。接种后在不同的时间间隔内剖杀雏鸡 ,取法氏囊、气管和喉头。扫描电镜观察发现贝氏隐孢子虫主要寄生在鸡的喉头、法氏囊、气管。裂殖体有 2种类型 :Ⅰ型裂殖体含 8个裂殖子 ,Ⅱ型裂殖体含 4个裂殖子。子孢子或裂殖子在钻入过程中 ,虫体逐渐由香蕉形过渡到鼓槌形 ,最后形成球形的滋养体。带虫空泡分为有球形残体的带虫空泡和无球形残体的带虫空泡。观察到小配子的释放和虫体寄生于杯状细胞的现象。贝氏隐孢子虫寄生于气管引起纤毛倒伏、排列紊乱、纤毛融合、脱落 ;致使法氏囊上皮肿胀 ,法氏囊粘膜表面形成皱褶 ,微绒毛脱落、融合、排列紊乱 ,粘液性分泌物增多 ,炎性细胞渗出     

Identification of Sarcocystis hominis-like (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) cyst in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) based on 18S rRNA gene sequences

DNA templates were extracted from isolates of Sarcocystis hominis-like cysts collected from cattle and water buffalo, as well as from Sarcocystis fusiformis cysts and Sarcocystis suihominis cysts. The 18S rRNA genes were amplified using DNA from a single cyst as the templates. Approximately 1,367-1,440 bp sequences were obtained. The sequence difference in isolates of Sarcocystis hominis-like cysts from water buffaloes, and isolates of S. hominis cysts from cattle were very low, only about 0.1%, much lower than the lowest value (1.7%) among different species. Combined with their morphological structure, these sequence data indicate that the 4 isolates from cattle and water buffalo might be the same species, i.e., S. hominis, suggesting that both cattle and water buffalo may serve as the intermediate hosts for this parasite. Apparently, this is the first report using a single cyst to do such work and is a useful way to distinguish the Sarcocystis cyst in an intermediate host that may be simultaneously infected by several different Sarcocystis species.     

An electron microscopic study of the macro- and microcysts of coccidia in the genus Sarcocystis from buffalo

Two sarcosporidian species from muscles of the water buffalo examined in Azerbaijan were studied. The one making macrocysts was identified as S. fusiformis, whereas the other producing microcysts appeared to be not S. levinei as it might have been expected. Indeed, the microcysts found in the muscles of the buffalo in the slaughterhouse [correction of slaughtery] of Baku differed essentially in morphology of the cyst wall from that of S. levinei, sooner resembling that of S. cruzi from cattle. The cyst wall of these microcysts was seen to make deep invaginations towards the ground substance of cysts. From these invaginations some curved channels were grown outlined with a filamentous material. The described pattern of cyst wall is not characteristic of the S. cruzi sarcocyst. No specification was achieved, and the sarcocysts found in the bubaline muscles are designated as Sarcocystis sp. from the buffalo.     

A PCR-based RFLP analysis of Sarcocystis cruzi (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) in Yunnan Province,PR China,reveals the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) as a natural intermediate host

A polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach is used to examine Sarcocystis cruzi-like taxa from the atypical intermediate host, water buffalo, in Yunnan, People's Republic of China. The loci examined lie within the 18S rRNA gene. A total of 15 water buffalo isolates are compared with those of 10 S. cruzi from cattle. RFLP patterns for the S. cruzi isolates from cattle and the S. cruzi-like taxon from water buffalo are found to be identical with all the 12 restriction enzymes used. Interpopulation variation between samples from Kunming and Gengma (Yunnan) is found to be undetectable at these loci for both S. cruzi and the S. cruzi-like taxon. But RFLPs are found between the S. cruzi taxa and S. suihominis from pigs at the same study sites. These findings support the hypothesis that S. cruzi is able to use the water buffalo as an intermediate host and is not restricted to cattle as was previously supposed.     

Fine structure of immature cysts of Sarcocystis cruzi.

Sarcocystis cruzi forms cysts in striated muscle of the bovine host following schizogony. The fine structure of the immature cyst within muscle fibers of the ventricular myocardium was studied in relation to its development and to the multiplication of parasites within it. The young cyst is enclosed by a cyst wall containing numerous small protuberances. Metrocytes within the cyst are irregular in shape and are separated from each other and the cyst wall by a thin layer of ground substance. The parasite multiplies by endodyogeny within the metrocyte. As the cyst enlarges, the host muscle fiber is disrupted and large protrusions are present in the cyst wall.     

黄牛、水牛体内人肉孢子虫18S rRNA基因研究及虫种鉴定

本文对自然感染的水牛源的人肉孢子虫以及黄牛源人孢子虫ＤＮＡ的１８Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＰＣＲ扩增产物进行了测序。对年获的８６３ｂｐ的１８Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因分析比较表明,二者有较高的同源性,因此认为二者可能同是一种肉孢子虫－－人肉孢子虫（Ｓａｒｃｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ ｈｏｍｉｎｉｓ Ｒａｉｌｌｉｅｔ ａｎｄ Ｌｕｃｅｔ,１８９１）。由此推断,不仅黄牛可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主,水牛也可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主。     

Sarcocystis cruzi: comparative studies confirm natural infections of buffaloes

Controversy exists concerning whether cattle and water buffalo sustain infections with cysts of distinct arrays of species in the genus Sarcocystis. In particular, morphologically similar parasites have been alternately ascribed to Sarcocystis cruzi or to Sarcocystis levinei, depending on their occurrence in cattle or water buffalo. We used light and transmission electron microscopy, genetic analysis, and experimental infections of definitive canine hosts to determine whether consistent differences could be identified from parasites derived from several natural infections of each host, examining several tissue types (esophagus, skeletal muscles, and heart). Cysts derived from cattle and water buffalo shared similar structure; variation among 18S rRNA sequences did not segregate consistently according to intermediate host type; parasites derived from cattle and water buffalo induced similar outcomes in the canine definitive host. One cattle specimen harbored unusually large (macroscopic) sarcocysts which nonetheless conformed to previously reported ultrastructural and genetic features of S. cruzi. Finding no consistent basis to differentiate between them, we conclude that the parasites infecting each host and tissue type correspond to S. cruzi. In our sample, no phylogenetically distinct taxon was sampled which might correspond to a distinct taxon previously described as S. levinei. Either that taxon was missed by our sampling effort, or it may represent a junior synonym to S. cruzi, which would then cycle between dogs and a broader range of intermediate bovine hosts than was previously considered.     

Sarcocystis neurona n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa), the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Sarcocystis neuronan n. sp. is proposed for the apicomplexan taxon associated with myeloencephalitis in horses. Only asexual stages of this parasite presently are known, and they are found within neuronal cells and leukocytes of the brain and spinal cord. The parasite is located in the host cell cytoplasm, does not have a parasitophorous vacuole, and divides by endopolygeny. Schizonts are 5-35 microns x 5-20 microns and contain 4-40 merozoites arranged in a rosette around a prominent residual body. Merozoites are approximately 4 x 1 micron, have a central nucleus, and lack rhoptries. Schizonts and merozoites react with Sarcocystis cruzi antiserum but not with Caryospora bigenetica. Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, or Neospora caninum antisera in an immunohistochemical test.     

Sarcocystis canis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), the etiologic agent of generalized coccidiosis in dogs

Sarcocystis canis n. sp. is proposed for the protozoon associated with encephalitis, hepatitis, and generalized coccidiosis in dogs. Only asexual stages are known in macrophages, neurons, dermal, and other cells of the body. The parasite is located free in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorous vacuole; schizonts divide by endopolygeny. Schizonts are 5-25 x 4-20 microns and contain 6-40 merozoites. Merozoites are approximately 5-7 microns x 1 micron and do not contain rhoptries. The parasite is PAS-negative and reacts with Sarcocystis cruzi antiserum but not with Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, or Caryospora bigenetica antisera in an immunohistochemical test.     

Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. cysts in Japanese and imported beef (Loin: Musculus longissimus)

A survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Sarcocystis infection in the loin (Musculus longissimus) of Japanese and imported beef. In all, the muscle tissue of 482 samples were examined by histological method. The prevalence of Sarcocystis unspecified species cysts was lower in Japanese beef (total 6.31%: 0% in Holstein castrated, 12.96% in Holstein milk cow, 3.33% in Japanese shorthorn and 11.58% in Japanese black cattle) than in beef imported from America (36.78%) or Australia (29.49%). The infection density of imported beef, especially in American, was higher than in Japanese beef. All detected cysts except one were identified as Sarcocystis cruzi. One thick walled cyst was found in Australian beef but it could not be distinguished as either Sarcocystis hirsuta or Sarcocystis hominis.