河南省新乡地区金龟甲发生动态及影响因子分析

为明确河南省新乡地区农田地下害虫优势种群组成、发生动态及影响因子,本研究于2015-2021年间利用虫情测报灯对该地区的金龟甲进行了监测。结果表明铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为河南新乡小麦-玉米/花生1年2熟制农田地下害虫的优势种群,且暗黑鳃金龟的年度诱虫量及其在混合种群中的占比呈逐年增加趋势。金龟甲的发生在不同年份呈现单峰或双峰,暗黑鳃金龟发生盛期表现出明显的隔日出土现象即双倍节律。相较于暗黑鳃金龟发生期的6月中旬至9月上旬,铜绿丽金龟的发生期相对较短,在6月下旬至8月下旬。同时暗黑鳃金龟高峰日也晚于铜绿丽金龟,其中高峰日最多差22 d。金龟甲的发生与环境降雨、湿度、温度相关。本研究为新乡地区乃至黄淮海农田地下害虫的危害预警和综合治理提供数据支撑。     

陕西榆林地区农田灯诱地下害虫种类组成及优势种群发生动态

为了明确陕西榆林地区农田地下害虫种类组成及优势种群发生动态,于2016年4月1日至2019年9月28日,在陕西省榆林市现代农业示范园,设置太阳能自动虫情测报箱对地下害虫进行收集,在室内对标本进行鉴定和数据分析。在榆林市农田一共灯诱到地下害虫12种,隶属3目5科。地下害虫混合种群发生期为4月中旬至9月上旬,盛发期为4月下旬至8月上旬。小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon、东方绢金龟Maladera orientalis、阔胫绢金龟Maladera verticalis和黄褐丽金龟Anomala exoleta是榆林农田地下害虫主要优势种群。小地老虎灯诱高峰期为4月上旬至5月中旬以及6月上旬至7月下旬,东方绢金龟的灯诱高峰期为4月中旬至6月中旬,阔胫绢金龟灯诱高峰期为6月上旬至8月上旬,黄褐丽金龟灯诱高峰期为6月中旬至7月上旬。本研究为榆林地区农田地下害虫的监测和综合治理提供了基础资料。     

苎麻田灯下金龟子种类组成及优势种群发生动态研究

为了调查苎麻田金龟子的种类及发生规律,于2013年4~9月,在湖北省咸宁市咸安区苎麻科技示范园进行了频振式杀虫灯诱虫试验,系统诱集金龟子并鉴定种类,分析灯下不同金龟子种群动态。结果表明：频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田诱集金龟子类4科10种,以铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为绝对优势种类。金龟子从4月末至9月初均灯下可见,5月中旬至6月上旬为铜绿丽金龟诱集高峰,6月上旬至7月中旬为暗黑腮金龟诱集高峰期。     

苎麻田灯下主要害虫及天敌成分分析

为了科学利用频振式杀虫灯防治苎麻Boehmeria nivea(Linn)Gaudich害虫,明确苎麻田主要灯诱昆虫种类及其灯下诱集动态,于2012年4月~9月在湖北省咸宁地区进行了苎麻田频振式杀虫灯诱虫试验。结果表明：频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田诱杀害虫4目9科19种,地下害虫种类较多,主要包括金龟子、叩甲、天牛、蝼蛄、拟步甲和地老虎等6类。地下害虫又以金龟子为主,主要有华北大黑鳃金龟、铜绿丽金龟、黑绒鳃金龟、斑喙丽金龟、鲜黄鳃金龟、暗黑鳃金龟等6种。金龟子从4月中旬至9月初均灯下可见,以6~7月为诱集高峰期。主要诱集天敌昆虫为步甲、隐翅甲、寄生蜂和瓢虫等4类,除步甲外,其它3类诱集量相对较小,步甲诱集高峰期为4月下旬至5月上旬。频振式杀虫灯最佳使用时间为6~7月,在此期间诱杀苎麻田金龟子类地下害虫数量大、种类多,且避免大量杀伤天敌昆虫。频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田金龟子类地下害虫预测预报和防治中具有较好的推广应用前景。     

两种诱集方式对田间金龟甲诱集效果的比较研究

为了明确灯诱和引诱剂对田间金龟害虫的诱捕效果,利用自动虫情测报灯和2种引诱剂诱捕器对同一块花生田发生的金龟甲的诱集效果进行了对比试验。结果表明,两种方式对金龟甲的诱集效果差异明显。诱虫灯对东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta的日均诱虫量分别为3.30头和1.27头,引诱剂诱捕器对两种金龟甲的日均诱虫量分别为1.25头和0.34头。自动虫情测报灯的诱虫总量和持效性较好,均明显优于引诱剂诱捕器的诱捕效果。引诱剂诱捕器对雌性东北大黑鳃金龟的特异诱集效果优于自动虫情测报灯。尽管两种诱捕方式全年诱虫量存在较大差异,但两者所监测得到的金龟甲发生动态趋势基本一致,且特殊气象条件诱集数据可相互补充,并提出大面积防治工作中应以虫情测报灯为主,引诱剂诱捕器可作为重要辅助手段。     

鲜黄鳃金龟生活史及其习性研究

<正> 鲜黄鳃金龟Metabolus impressifrons Fai-rmaire是我省普遍发生的蛴螬,在丹东、辽阳和营口等地的部分农田已经逐渐发展成为优势种,危害日趋加重,现将研究结果简述如下。 一、生活史 一年发生一代,由卵发育至成虫320—350天。成虫羽化始期5月29日至6月21日,盛期6月8日至26日,末期6月13日至7月8日,羽化历期7—16天。 成虫产卵始期6月末至7月上旬,峰期7月上、中旬,末期7月中、下旬;卵期10—17天,孵化盛期7月中、下旬。     

金龟子活虫性诱试验初报

有关鞘翅目昆虫性诱的报道,目前较少。我们遵照毛主席关于“世上无难事,只要肯登攀”的伟大教导,对当地为害严重的金龟子进行了性诱试验。初步掌握了利用雌性成虫诱集雄虫的办法。 1.虫情调查 1976年3月下旬至7月中旬,对华北大黑鳃金龟、四纹丽金龟、苹毛丽金龟及毛黄鳃金龟的出土、交尾期、发生基地等进行了调查,所得结果列表1。     

金龟甲广谱引诱剂配方筛选及田间评价

【目的】为了探讨国内外已经报道的金龟甲性信息素或植物源引诱剂对河南花生产区金龟甲的诱捕效果,以便实现"地下害虫地上治理"的目标。【方法】作者于2016年6月2日至8月31日,在驻马店和许昌两个地区,比较了10种候选引诱剂的诱捕效果。【结果】暗黑鳃金龟是两个地区占绝对优势的种类。暗黑鳃金龟性信息素二元成分R-(-)-芳樟醇与L-异亮氨酸甲酯组成的3个配方(1︰4、1︰5、1︰7),平均累计诱捕量显著大于其他候选引诱剂及对照空白诱捕器,但3种不同配比的捕获量之间没有显著性差异。【结论】在以暗黑鳃金龟为优势种的花生产区,我们推荐采用1︰4的R-(-)-芳樟醇︰L-异亮氨酸甲酯作为活性成分,以500?L的总剂量混入0.5%的琼脂胶载体中,于6月13日至7月23日之间即该金龟甲成虫的发生盛期实施大田诱捕。     

4种金龟甲的寄主偏好性及对不同植物挥发物的EAG反应

为了揭示华北大黑鳃金龟、暗黑鳃金龟、小黄鳃金龟和福婆鳃金龟对不同植物的寄主偏好性,本研究调查了四种金龟甲在6种寄主植物桃树、梨树、榆树、山楂、丁香和金银木上的发生情况。同时采用动态顶空吸附法收集7种植物挥发物,利用触角电位EAG技术,测定四种金龟甲雌、雄虫对不同寄主植物玉兰、柿树、金银木、榆树、芙蓉葵、丁香及非寄主植物银杏的挥发物的EAG反应。结果显示,金龟甲对不同寄主植物的偏好性有显著差异,华北大黑鳃金龟的偏好寄主为梨树,暗黑鳃金龟的偏好寄主为榆树、山楂和梨树,而小黄鳃金龟和福婆鳃金龟的偏好寄主均为丁香。四种金龟甲均对其共同寄主植物榆树挥发物的EAG反应最大,另外,小黄鳃金龟和福婆鳃金龟对丁香挥发物也有较大的EAG反应。对同一植物挥发物,华北大黑鳃金龟雌虫对部分植物挥发物的EAG反应比雄虫大;而其它3种鳃金龟雌、雄虫对所测试的植物挥发物的EAG反应均无显著性差异。上述结果说明金龟甲EAG反应的大小与其寄主偏好性一致。     

北京地区铜绿金龟子发生规律与防治

1974—1975年,我们在我院大兴分校,进行了铜绿金龟子的发生规律与综合防治的研究。现将所得结果整理出来,供参考。 一、生活史 铜绿金龟子在北京地区一年发生一代,以幼虫越冬。从7月上旬即出现初孵化的蛴螬,一直到第二年7月中、下旬才进入末期。5月下旬开始化蛹,6月中旬进入盛期,7月中、下旬为末期。成虫于6月上旬始见,6月下旬至7月上、中旬进行入盛期,直到9月中、下旬为末期。6月中旬开始产卵,6月下旬至7月上、中旬为即盛期,9月中、下旬才结束(详见右图)。     

Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute

Studies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.     

Population dynamics of species with gynogenetic sibling species

Models are formulated for the population dynamics of a monoecious or dioecious species with an all-female parthenogenetic sibling species which is also gynogenetic. Continuous, deterministic reproduction and mortality, a stationary age distribution, random mating, and limited sexual competence for all individuals are posited. It is also supposed that in the dioecious case males do not distinguish between true and gynogenetic females. Similarly, hermaphrodites do not differentiate hermaphrodites and gynogens. The model implies that extinction is highly likely in the dioecious situation, but much less so in the monoecious one. Empirical evidence is reviewed and related to the assumptions and conclusions.     

Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi

The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.     

Predicting species establishment using absent species and functional neighborhoods

Species establishment within a community depends on their interactions with the local environment and resident community. Such environmental and biotic filtering is frequently inferred from functional trait and phylogenetic patterns within communities; these patterns may also predict which additional species can establish. However, differentiating between environmental and biotic filtering can be challenging, which may complicate establishment predictions. Creating a habitat‐specific species pool by identifying which absent species within the region can establish in the focal habitat allows us to isolate biotic filtering by modeling dissimilarity between the observed and biotically excluded species able to pass environmental filters. Similarly, modeling the dissimilarity between the habitat‐specific species pool and the environmentally excluded species within the region can isolate local environmental filters. Combined, these models identify potentially successful phenotypes and why certain phenotypes were unsuccessful. Here, we present a framework that uses the functional dissimilarity among these groups in logistic models to predict establishment of additional species. This approach can use multivariate trait distances and phylogenetic information, but is most powerful when using individual traits and their interactions. It also requires an appropriate distance‐based dissimilarity measure, yet the two most commonly used indices, nearest neighbor (one species) and mean pairwise (all species) distances, may inaccurately predict establishment. By iteratively increasing the number of species used to measure dissimilarity, a functional neighborhood can be chosen that maximizes the detection of underlying trait patterns. We tested this framework using two seed addition experiments in calcareous grasslands. Although the functional neighborhood size that best fits the community's trait structure depended on the type of filtering considered, selecting these functional neighborhood sizes allowed our framework to predict up to 50% of the variation in actual establishment from seed. These results indicate that the proposed framework may be a powerful tool for studying and predicting species establishment.     

Finding unknown species in the genomes of extant species

Although many species have gone extinct, their genetic components might exist in extant species because of ancient hybridization. Via advances in genome sequencing and development of modern population genetics, one can find the legacy of unknown or extinct species in the context of available genomes from extant species. Such discovery can be used as a strategy to search for hidden species or fossils in conservation biology and archeology, gain novel insight into complex evolutionary history, and provide the new sources of genetic variation for breeding and trait improvement in agriculture.     

Exotic species richness and native species endemism increase the impact of exotic species on islands

Aim Exotic species pose one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, especially on islands. The impacts of exotic species vary in severity among islands, yet little is known about what makes some islands more susceptible than others. Here we determine which characteristics of an island influence how severely exotic species affect its native biota. Location We studied 65 islands and archipelagos from around the world, ranging from latitude 65° N to 54° S. Methods We compiled a global database of 10 island characteristics for 65 islands and determined the relative importance of each characteristic in predicting the impact of exotic species using multivariate modelling and hierarchical partitioning. We defined the impact of exotic species as the number of bird, amphibian and mammal (BAM) species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened by exotics, relative to the total number of BAM species on that island. Results We found that the impact of exotic species is more severe on islands with more exotic species and a greater proportion of native species that are endemic. Unexpectedly, the level of anthropogenic disturbance did not influence an island's susceptibility to the impacts of exotic species. Main conclusions By coupling our results with studies on the introduction and establishment of exotic species, we conclude that colonization pressure, or invasion opportunities, influences all stages of the invasion process. However, species endemism, the other important factor determining the impact of exotic species, is not known to contribute to introduction and establishment success on islands. This demonstrates that different factors correlate with the initial stages of the invasion process and the subsequent impacts of those invaders, highlighting the importance of studying the impacts of exotic species directly. Our study helps identify islands that are at risk of impact by exotics and where investment should focus on preventing further invasions.