沼渣与污泥混合高温堆肥效果及氮素控制

以锯木屑为调理剂,以Mg(OH)2与H3PO4的混合液为高温堆肥过程中的氮素抑制剂,研究沼渣与啤酒厂污泥混合堆肥效果。结果表明:混合物经好氧发酵处理后,均达到腐熟。添加氮素固定剂处理和对照处理的最高温度都可达65℃以上,在堆肥过程中添加氮素固定剂处理可提高堆体中有机物质的转化速率,对氮素的固定率达18%以上,添加固氮剂处理的堆肥结束后P元素增加了51%,堆肥品质得到了大幅度提高。堆肥过程中的物料的种子发芽指数不断提高,达到0.9;添加固氮剂的处理堆肥的种子发芽指数为1.0,明显高于对照。可见采用高温堆肥和氮素固定技术可有效地实现沼渣及啤酒厂污泥的混合资源化,该研究为后期沼渣和啤酒厂污泥堆肥的规模化应用提供了技术参数。     

填充料和通气对污泥堆肥过程的影响

试验研究了不同配比的以料和通气状况对污泥堆肥起始升温的影响。结果表明,填充料含是量高的配比升温速度明显比填充料含量低的配比快;高填充料配比的堆体（填充料占堆料的１／２～１／３）在超始升温阶段可以不进行氢气的供给;低填充料的配比和加入回流堆肥的配比（填充料占堆料的１／４～１／９）,由于堆体的孔隙少,则必须进行通气量的调节。     

复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,社会经济活动中产生的污水和污泥处理问题也越来越严重,广泛存在于污水处理机构中的污泥成为一个日渐严重的问题,复合微生物菌剂在污水处理活动中剩余污泥的处理活动中,因为其对污泥无害化处理的积极作用而备受欢迎,本文将从复合微生物菌剂的角度出发,结合剩余污泥堆肥处理中的实际,对复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥处理中的作用进行简要的分析。     

城市污泥堆肥温度的空间变异性研究

利用半变异函数对城市污泥堆肥温度的空间变异特性进行了研究 ,对堆体温度进行了克里格法 ( KRIGING)插值。采用通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ,试验了 0 .79、2 .0 3m3 / ( min·m3 )两种通风量。沿着堆肥池长度方向设定 2个纵剖面 ,每个纵剖面的面积为 6 .0 m× 1 .0 m,按 0 .5 m× 0 .1 m布设网格。结果表明 ,在水平方向上堆肥温度的半变异函数用球状模型进行拟合效果较好 ,而在垂直方向上的半变异函数用线性模型进行拟合效果较好 ;在水平方向上两个剖面的温度变程 ( range)分别为 0 .90 m、1 .2 5 m,在垂直方向上的变程分别为 0 .75 m、1 .0 0 m;利用克里格法进行最优内插估值得到的温度等值线图表明 ,高温区域一般位于堆体中层 0 .4～ 0 .6 m,低温区域一般位于堆体下层 0～ 0 .4 m;从温度剖面等值线图判断 ,中试规模的城市污泥堆肥 ,其合理通风量小于 0 .79m3 / min· m3 。     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的研究

将广州城市污泥与稻草进行翻堆、接菌-翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气4种方式的堆肥,应用GC／MS技术对堆肥中6种属于USEPA优控污染物的邻苯二甲酸醇化合物(PAEs)进行分析,探讨堆肥产物中PAEs的含量分布以及不同方式堆肥对PAEs的降解效果,结果表明,4种方式堆肥中PAEs总含量(∑PAEs)在9．815～17．832mg·kg^-1之间,依次为翻堆(17．832mg·kg^-1)>接菌-翻堆(13．927mg·kg^-1)>间隙通气(10．765mg·kg^-1)>连续通气(9．815mg·kg^-1),堆肥中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯(DhOP)为主,占∑PAEs的82．2％～89．696,不同方式堆肥中∑PAEs的降解率为连续通气(45．71％)>间隙通气(40．4696)>接菌-翻堆(22．97％)>翻堆(1．3796)(平均降解率为27．63％),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙醇(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的降解率分别为95．7696～98．6896、79．5696～99．46％和87．42％～98．42％;但邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯的含量反而增加,邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)在所有堆肥中均未检出。     

堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质形态及其重金属分配的影响

采用透析、凝胶色谱 (SephadexG 75 )研究了污泥堆肥前后腐殖质分子大小的变化及重金属Cu和Zn在各级组分中的分配。透析结果表明 ,污泥经过堆腐以后 ,腐殖质中小分子物质 (<10 0 0Da)组分的含量下降 6 4 % ,而相对高分子组分 (>2 5 0 0 0Da)却增加了 6 8%。凝胶色谱进一步证实 ,污泥经过 4 9d堆腐后 ,腐殖质中大于 2 0 0 0KDa的大分子组分是堆肥起始时的2 3倍。而小分子组分明显减少 ,表现在小分子组分的凝胶洗脱体积明显减少。堆肥腐熟以后 ,腐殖质吸附的Cu、Zn元素含量增加 ,其中Cu主要被吸附在大分子物质上 ,而Zn主要与小分子物质结合     

复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

应用复合微生物菌剂对剩余污泥进行堆肥试验,较系统地研究了复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥系统中的作用。结果表明:接种复合微生物菌剂进行剩余污泥堆肥,与对照组相比,不但能够提高堆肥温度,而且高温持续时间长,堆肥反应速率加快,腐熟时间缩短,当接种量为7%(体积比)时,腐熟时间比对照组提前了12 d。     

污泥堆肥对黄梁木幼苗生长和元素吸收的影响

污泥含有丰富的有机质和植物所需的营养元素,将污泥堆肥后用作苗木栽培基质逐渐成为新型的污泥生态化处置途径.通过7个月的盆栽试验,研究污泥堆肥不同添加量,即0%(CK)、25%(T₁)、50%(T₂)、75%(T₃)、100%(T₄)对黄粱木幼苗生长及营养元素和重金属吸收的影响,以及栽培后基质中元素变化特征.结果表明: 污泥堆肥添加量对黄梁木生长有显著影响,纯污泥(T₄)中黄梁木苗木不能正常生长,移栽两周后植株全部死亡,而T₁、T₂和T₃处理则显著增加了黄梁木株高、地径和总生物量,其中,T₂处理效果最佳,3个生长指标均显著高于其他处理;T₂、T₃处理显著促进黄梁木对N、P、K以及重金属(Cu、 Zn、Pb、Cd)的吸收,而T₁处理仅对N和Pb吸收有显著促进作用;同一处理条件下,黄梁木对污泥堆肥重金属吸收能力表现为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd.盆栽试验结束时,污泥混合基质中有机质,以及N、P、K含量较高,但仍残留一定量重金属,不过均低于农用污泥污染物控制标准,具有再次利用的价值.     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨

对城市污泥好氧堆肥稳定化过程的温热条件进行了探讨 ,将物候学中的积温概念应用于堆肥稳定化 (腐熟 )过程。它同时兼顾到堆肥过程中的温度强度和持续时间两个参数。对于采用的强制通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ( CTB自动控制堆肥工艺 ) ,建议以 1 5℃作为生物学零度 ,积温指标为 1 0 0 0 0℃· h左右。堆肥原料的性质、堆肥工艺、微生物种群、生物学零度、外界环境等因素可能会对积温产生一定影响     

污泥堆肥混合基质对香彩雀生长开花的影响及植物适应性评价

采用盆栽试验,研究了以城市污泥堆肥为主要原料的基质对观花植物香彩雀(Angelonia salicariifolia Humb.)生长和开花特性的影响,并采用熵权系数与TOPSIS集成评价法综合评价了不同基质对香彩雀的生长适应性。结果表明,经过60 d高温好氧堆制的污泥堆肥,以不同体积比与泥炭、河沙混配成的栽培基质容重和EC值比研究区的林地赤红壤低,pH值和养分含量更高。污泥堆肥混合基质栽培的香彩雀营养生长和生殖生长均优于土壤栽培,其中株高比后者增加29%~61%,分枝数增加27%~67%,鲜重增加17%~88%,干重增加4%~50%,开花时间提前2~16 d,花朵数增加49%~220%,花期延长8~22 d,花朵畸形率降低1%~5%,对氮、磷、钾的吸收能力显著提高。试验中各种污泥堆肥混合基质均适合香彩雀生长,熵权系数与TOPSIS集成评价结果显示,在所研究的污泥堆肥基质中,污泥堆肥:泥炭:河沙体积比为5∶3∶2的基质植物适应性最强,纯污泥堆肥植物适应性相对较差,但优于土壤。将污泥堆肥作为基质主要成分用于花卉生产,既可提高花卉质量,降低成本,又能消耗大量污泥,是城市污泥资源化处置和利用的重要方向。     

Soil solution chemistry of two reclamation sites in the Lusatian lignite mining district as influenced by organic matter application

Due to a large reclamation (recultivation) demand in the Lusatian lignite mining district, efficient strategies for the rehabilitation of abandoned mine sites are needed. A field study was conducted for comparing the effects of three different fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer, sewage sludge and compost) on soil solution chemistry of both a lignite and pyrite containing spoil as well as a lignite and pyrite free spoil. The lignite and pyrite containing spoil was ameliorated with fly ash from a lignite power plant (17–21 t ha⁻¹ CaO), whereas the lignite and pyrite free site received 7.5 t ha⁻¹ CaO in form of limestone. Fertilizer application rates were: mineral fertilizer 120 N, 100 P and 80 K kg ha⁻¹. 19 t ha⁻¹ sewage sludge and 22 t ha⁻¹ compost were applied. Soil solution was sampled in 20, 60 and 130 cm depth for the period of 16 months. Solution was collected every fortnight and analysed for pH, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Feⁿ⁺, Alⁿ⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, Cl⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, C_inorg and DOC. Lignite and pyrite containing spoil differed clearly from lignite and pyrite free spoil regarding soil solution concentrations and composition. Acidity (H⁺) produced by pyrite oxidation led to an enhanced weathering of minerals and, therefore, to at least 10 fold higher soil solution concentrations compared to the lignite and pyrite free site. Major ions in solution of the lignite and pyrite containing site were Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Feⁿ⁺, Alⁿ⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻, whereas soil solution at the lignite and pyrite free site was dominated by Ca2+, Mg²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻. At both sites application of mineral fertilizer led to an immediate but short term (about 1 month) increase of NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ and K+ concentrations in soil solution down to a depth of 130 cm. Application of sewage sludge caused a long term (about 16 months) increase of NO_{3 3} ⁻ in the topsoil, whereas NO₃ ⁻ concentrations in the subsoil were significantly lower compared to the mineral fertilizer plot. Compost application resulted in a strong long-term increase of K+ in soil solution, whereas NO₃ ⁻ concentrations did not increase. Concentrations of PO₄ ³⁻ in soil solution depend on solution pH and were not correlated with any treatment. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市污泥农用对植物-土壤系统的影响

城市污泥的合理处置是目前资源与环境科学研究领域中的重要课题之一.城市污泥因富含大量的有机质和有效营养成分,对农业土壤肥力、土壤物理结构和农业生产均有一定的积极促进作用,使得污泥农用成为可能.但城市污泥中含有的重金属、有机污染物等有害物质尤其是重金属,成为污泥农用处置的瓶颈.为提高我国城市污泥的农业资源化利用效率和减少污染物造成的负面效应,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对植物-土壤互作系统的影响及过程进行了综述,为进一步提高污泥利用效率提供理论依据和科学指导.     

城市污泥堆肥温度动态变化过程及层次效应

对城市污泥强制通风静态垛堆肥的温度变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当调理剂比例较低时,堆体升温速率和降温速率都较为缓慢,堆肥处理长,堆体温度较低,当调理剂比例较高时,堆体升温速率较快,堆肥温度将在较短时间内达到灭菌稳定化所要求的高温。堆体温度在高温阶段持续的时间与调理剂比例有着密切的联系,当调理剂比例太高时,高温持续时间短,如加入适当比例的回流污泥,堆温可以在50℃以上高温阶段持续足够的时间,当堆肥原料的起始温度高于15℃,堆体一般要经历升温阶段、高温持续阶段和降温阶段,但是当堆肥原料的起始温度很低时,堆体温度还要经历一个起爆阶段。堆体内不同层次的温度有着不同的变化趋势,堆肥初始阶段,堆体下层温度高于上层温度,随后上层温度逐渐高于下层温度。     

Distribution of heavy metals in a sewage oxidation pond and their adsorption in residual solid (sewage sludge ash)

Abstract

Electrometric studies were carried out on the interaction of heavy metal ions such as manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead with the extracted organic matter, humic and fulvic acid from the sludge in a sewage oxidation pond. The distribution of heavy metals was between 60 and 97%, which is associated with the solid waste (sludge) of the oxidation pond. The adsorption/removal efficiency of metal ions onto the sludge ash was more than 90% and 97%, respectively, in the pure system. To obtain the ash, the sludge was burnt at 500°C, treated with nitric acid (1+1) to leach out all the metals and then filtered; the residue left on the filter paper was the pure ash. Both this and that coated with organic matter were studied. The adsorption isotherm for metals, humic/fulvic acids and metal-humic/fulvic acid complexes in the metal-free sludge ash and in the organic matter in the pure system were studied using the Freundlich relationship. Good agreement was found suggesting that sediment and humic/fulvic acids have an important role in the mobility, dispersion and sedimentation of metal ions in an aquatic environment. More of these heavy metals are removed in the pure system than in the natural system. This may be due to the lesser availability of humic and fulvic acids in the lagoons during the short detention time of sewage in suspension in the oxidation pond, whereas the sludge which has settled to the bottom of the pond for several years contains rich decomposed organic matter in the form of humic and fulvic acids containing heavy metals. Such pure systems could be useful for the effective removal of heavy metals.     

鼓风对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度变化的影响

采用强制通风静态垛和温度反馈自动测控堆肥工艺,研究了鼓风过程对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度的影响。当城市污泥和调理剂比例为1：1时（体积比）,处于鼓风口远端（风向远点）各个层次的堆体温度基本上不会随鼓风过程而变化,处于鼓风方向中部（风向中点）、鼓风口近端（风向近点）的堆体,其中层、上层的温度将会下降,平均下降速度分别为0.05℃/min、0.04℃/min,但是温度下降的速率在整个鼓风过程中并不均匀,温度下降速度在0－10min较快,在10－40min较慢;当混合堆料中调理剂含量较低时（3：2）,堆体上层温度在鼓风过程中将会上升,上升速率约为0.022-0.05℃/min,中层温度下降,在鼓风开始阶段（0－10min）,下降速率较快,约为0.12℃/min,随后变化速率较小,约为0.01℃/min。对于不同调理剂比例的堆体,处于风向远点、中点的下层温度基本不受鼓风作用的影响;处于风向近点的堆体,其下层温度会随着鼓风过程而下降,平均下降速率约为0.025-0.03℃/min。